Ch. 10 The Structure and Function of DNA Study Guide
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1 Ch. 10 The Structure and Function of DNA Study Guide Instructions: Circle the one best choice that answers the questions or completes the statement. For the true/false questions, circle True or False. If the statement is false, write it what would make it true. For the fill in the blank questions, write it the word or phrase that completes the statement. Biology and Society: Sabotaging HIV 1. Which one of the following statements is false? a. AIDS is one of the most significant health challenges facing the world today b. The letters in AID S stand for acquired immune deficiency syndrome c. AIDS is spread through the exchange of body fluids d. There is no cure for AIDS e. HIV uses special enzymes to convert its DNA into RNA 2. A molecule of AZT has a shape very similar to: a. ATP, an important molecule in energy transport inside cells b. Thymine, one of the four nucleotides that comprise DNA c. Water d. Ribosomal RNA e. Glucose, a common type of sugar found in cells 3. TRUE or FALSE? AZT prevents the synthesis of HIV RNA. DNA: Structure and replication 4. In the 1950s, scientists understood the functions of DNA to be all of the following except: a. The capacity to store genetic information b. The capacity to create genetic information c. The capacity to copy genetic information d. The capacity to pass along genetic information from generation to generation 5. True or False? Mendel worked on inheritance patterns without knowing about DNA s role in heredity. 6. By the 1950 s, a race was on to understand the of DNA. DNA and RNA structure 7. The backbone of DNA and RNA polynucleotides consists of a repeating pattern of: a. Sugar, base, sugar, base b. Phosphate, base, phosphate, base c. Sugar, phosphate, sugar, phosphate d. Sugar, base, phosphate, sugar, base, phosphate 8. True or false? The D in DNA comes from deoxyribose because compared to the sugar in RNA, the sugar in DNA has an extra oxygen atom. 9. The sugars on DNA and RNA are different. DNA has the sugar and RNA has the sugar 10. RNA uses the nitrogenous base which DNA does not use. 11. The two types of bases in DNA are the single-ring bases, and and the double-ring structures, and 12. In DNA and RNA, the polymers are and the monomers are
2 Watson and the Crick s Discovery of the Double Helix 13. The genetic information in a chromosome is encoded: a. In the nucleotide sequence of the molecule b. By the base pairing of the DNA molecule c. By the interaction between DNA and the associated histone proteins d. In the types of sugars used in the molecule e. In the types of chemical bonds formed between the bases forming DNA 14. The shape of a DNA molecule is most like the shape of: a. Railroad tracks b. A spiral staircase c. The strings on a tennis racquet d. The letter x 15. If adenine paired with guanine and cytosine paired with thymine in DNA, then: a. DNA would have irregular widths along c. The DNA molecule would be much its length shorter b. The DNA molecule would be much d. The sequential information would be lost longer e. The DNA molecule would be circular 16. True or False? Watson and Crick discovered that the backbone of DNA was located on the inside of the molecule. 17. If one side of a DNA molecule has the bases CGAT, the opposite side would have the bases. DNA Replication 18. When a DNA molecule is copied, how much of the original DNA is included in the new copy? a. None d. 75% b. 25% e. 100% c. 50% 19. DNA replication is most like: a. Picking students to make two baseball teams b. Two people getting divorced followed by each person remarrying c. Splitting a large plant into two and planting each half d. Mixing vinegar and oil to make salad dressing 20. True or false? The DNA molecule of eukaryotic chromosome has a single replication origin. 21. Covalent bonds between the nucleotides of a new DNA strand are made by the enzyme. 22. DNA repair is accomplished by the enzyme and some of the proteins associated with DNA replication. 23. The beadle and Tatem hypothesis about function of genes is best stated as one gene-. a. One protein d. One polypeptide b. One enzyme e. One monomer c. One DNA 24. Which one of the following best represents the flow of genetic information in a cell? a. RNA transcription DNA translation PROTEIN b. DNA transcription RNA Translation PROTEIN c. DNA transcription PROTEIN translation RNA d. DNA translation RNA Transcription PROTEIN 25. True or false? The molecular basis of the phenotype lies in an organism s DNA. 26. An organism s is its genetic makeup. An organism s specific traits are its. 27. Cells produce RNA by the process of and proteins by the process of
3 28. If a gene consisted of 60 bases, the protein made from the gene would be about: a. 180 amino acids long c. 10 amino acids long b. 60 amino acids 20 amino acids long d. None of the above. 29. True or false? A DNA molecule may contain thousands of genes 30. True or false? A gene may consist of thousand of nucleotides 31. A codon consists of base(s) in a DNA or RNA molecule. 32. The sequence of nucleotides of the RNA molecule dictates the sequence of of the polypeptide. 33. Of the 64 possible codons: a. 61 code for an amino acid and 3 stop codons b. All of them code for at least one amino acid c. 20 code for 2 amino acids and the rest code for a single amino acid d. 2 are start codons, 3 are stop codons, and 59 code for a single amino acid e. 1 is a start codon, 1 is a stop codon, and the remaining 62 code for a single amino acid 34. Examine the sets of codons in figure that code for the same amino acid. How do the codons that all code for the same amino acid compares? a. The first letter in the codon is most likely to be different b. The second letter in the codon is most likely to be different c. The third letter in the codon is most likely to be different d. The second and third letters in the codon are always the same e. The first and third letters in the codon are always the same 35. True or false? there are gaps between the codons of RNA. 36. True or false? Different codons may codons may code for the same amino acid. 37. The set of rules relating nucleotide sequence to amino acid sequence is the. 38. Which of the following statements about transcription is false? a. In RNA, U, rather than T, pairs with A b. The RNA molecule is built one nucleotide at a time c. Both DNA strands serve as the template for one RNA d. Transcription begins when RNA polymerase to the promoter e. As the RNA molecule is produced, it peels away from its DNA template 39. True or False? The terminator sequence indicates the end of a gene. 40. The dictates which of the two DNA strands is to be transcribed 41. The RNA nucleotides are linked by the enzyme. 42. In the eukaryotic cells, RNA transcribed from DNA undergoes processing before leaving the nucleus, In the processing: a. A cap and tail are added, introns are edited out, and exons are joined together to make mrna b. A cap and tail are removed, introns are edited out and exons are joined together to make mrna c. A cap and tail are added, exons are edited out, and introns are joined together to make mrna d. A cap is removed, a tail is added, exons are edited out, introns are joined together to make mrna 43. True or False? The cap and tail on an mrna molecule protects mrna from cellular enzymes and helps ribosomes RNA as mrna. 44. RNA splicing involves the removal of and the joining of to produce mrna. Translation: The Players 45. The actual translation of codons into amino acids is the job of: a. mrna b. trna c. rrna d. Ribosomes e. RNA polymerase
4 46. Which one of the following statements about trna is false? a. An anticodon recognizes a particular mrna codon by using base-pairing rules b. There is a slightly different version of trna for each amino acid c. Some parts of the trna molecule twists, folds around, and base-pairs with itself d. Each trna molecule must pick up the appropriate amino acid e. A trna molecule is made of a double strand of RNA about 800 nucleotides long 47. A ribosome consists of: a. One subunit made up of proteins and DNA b. Two subunits, each made up of trna and rrna c. Two subunits, each made up of proteins and mrna d. Two subunits, each made up of proteins and rrna e. Three subunits, each made up of proteins, mrna and trna 48. True or False? The part of a trna molecule that binds to a codon is a parallel codon 49. A fully assembled ribosome has a binding site for on its small subunit and a bonding site for on its large subunit Translation: The process, Review: DNA -> RNA->Protein 50. During the initiation stage of translation: a. A ribosome assembles with the mrna and the initiator trna bearing the first amino acid b. Additional amino acids are brought in, one at a time, as a polynucleotide forms c. The ribosome subunits form by the combination of rrna and proteins d. The mrna molecule is edited further, beginning with the removal of the cap and tail 51. Which one of the following is the correct molecular sequence in the combined process of transcription and translation a. DNA->mRNA->polypeptide->protein d. DNA->mRNA->protein->polypeptide b. mrna->dna->polypeptide->protein e. mrna->polypeptide->dna->protein c. DNA->polypeptide->mRNA->protein 52. True or false? An incoming trna molecule first binds with the mrna codon at the A site 53. After new amino acid is brought in, the polypeptide leave the trna in the P site and attaches to the on the trna in the A site. 54. Once a new amino acid is added to a polypeptide, the trna and mrna move together from the site to the site. This process is known as. 55. Elongation continues until a (n) reaches the ribosome s A site. Mutations 56. Compare the two sentences below The cat hid the red toy pig The caz thi tth ere dto ypig The second sentence has been changed in a way that is most like a mutation caused by: a. A base substitution d. A multiple base deletion b. A single base deletion e. A multiple base addition c. A single base addition 57. In the mutation above, the second sentence no longer reads properly because: a. Of a shift in the reading frame d. Of a word substitution b. Most of the letters are different e. Of word deletion c. Several key letters were lost 58. True or False? Alleles frequently differ by only a single base pair 59. True or False? A base substitution shifts the reading frame 60. True or False? Mutations are usually beneficial
5 61. Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA is a(n) 62. Chemicals and X-rays that cause mutations care called Viruses: Genes in Packages Bacteriophages 63. In the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage: a. The DNA inserts by genetic recombination into the bacterial chromosomes b. The phage genes remain inactive c. The viral DNA can be passed along through many generations of infected bacteria d. The DNA immediately turns the cell into a virus producing factory e. The phage DNA is referred to as a prophage 64. Which one of the following is most like the way that phage DNA is replicated during a lysogenic cycle? a. Having a friend photocopy your two-page essay while he is photocopying a 50-page article b. Having your friend wash a shirt for you while she washed her cloths c. Asking a friend to help you while you change the tires on your truck d. Inviting friends over to your house to share a good home-cooked meal e. Working with a group of friends to design an experiment for a science class 65. True or False? The Lysogenic cycle leads to the lysis of the host bacterial cell 66. True or False? Once a prophage forms, it cannot leave its chromosome 67. True or False? Prophage DNA is replicated along with the host cell s DNA 68. Phage DNA that is incorporated into the bacterial chromosome is referred to as a (n). Plant Viruses, Animal Viruses 69. Which one of the following statements about plant viruses is false? a. Most plant viruses consist of RNA surrounded by proteins b. Plant viruses cannot easily penetrate a healthy plant epidermis c. Plants infected with viruses can pass the virus on to their offspring d. Unlike for animals, there are many simple cures for the viral diseases of plants 70. Which one of the following does not typically occur during the reproductive cycle of an enveloped RNA virus? a. A protein coated RNA enters the host cell. Once inside the host cell, the protein coat around the virus is removed b. A viral enzyme starts making complementary strands of the viral RNA c. Some of the new RNA serves as a mrna for the synthesis of the new viral proteins d. The new viral proteins assemble around the new viral RNA e. The new viruses escape by killing the cells 71. True or False? Antibiotics are effective for the treatment of viral infections. 72. True or False? We usually recover from colds by replacing cells damaged by the virus 73. The herpes virus DNA may remain as in the nuclei of certain nerve cells. 74. Most RNA viruses get their outer membranes from the of the host cell. But DNA viruses, such as the herpes virus, get their outer membranes from the of the host cell.
6 HIV, THE AIDS VIRUS 75. Which one of the following statements about HIV is false? a. The virus that is transmitted into cells contains RNA b. Once in a host cell, the viral RNA synthesizes more RNA from the host s DNA c. Double stranded DNA produced by reverse transcription is inserted into the host cell s chromosomal DNA as a provirus d. The provirus is transcribed and translated into a viral proteins e. New HIV leaves without killing the host cell 76. The outer envelope of HIV is derived from the of a previous hot cell 77. HIV is an example of a(n), a virus that reproduces by means of a DNA molecule 78. HIV uses the enzyme to catalyze reverse transcription Evolution Connection: Emerging Viruses 79. RNA viruses mutate more quickly than our DNA because RNA viruses: a. Come into contact with many mutagens b. Are made of more fragile amino acids c. Are smaller d. Lack proofreading steps after replication e. Have weaker covalent bonds between their bases 80. True or False? Annual flu vaccines are necessary because last year s flu virus may be mutated enough that you have little immunity against it 81. True or False? New viral diseases may result when an old virus is introduced to a new host 82. Viruses that have appeared suddenly or may have only recently come to the attention of science are called viruses.
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