2. The loose attachment of the scapula allows it to back & forth against the thorax 3. The is shallow & the shoulder joint is by

Transcription

1 Name Period The Appendicular Skeleton The Appendicular Skeleton bones o Limbs ( ) o ( to the axial skeleton) o ( to the axial skeleton) The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Composed of two bones o collarbone o shoulder blade These bones are very light and allow the upper limb to have exceptionally because: 1. Each pectoral girdle attaches to axial skeleton at only = 2. The loose attachment of the scapula allows it to back & forth against the thorax 3. The is shallow & the shoulder joint is by Consists of 2 bones: 1. Clavicle (collar bone) = slender, double curved bone

2 o & to the o to hold the arm away from the thorax & 2. Scapula (shoulder blade) = triangular & flare when we move our arms posteriorly ( ) o ; held o Flattened body w/ 2 processes: = enlarged end of the spine of the scapula Connects w/ the the acromioclavicular joint = beaklike Points over the shoulder & anchors some of the arm muscles o serves as a o Scapula has 3 borders & 3 angles: (vertebral) borders (axillary) Angles Bones of the Upper Limb ( ) The arm is formed by a single bone o Rounded proximal end

3 o Opposite of the head 2 bony processes = sites of muscle attachment o Midpoint of shaft where the deltoid m. attaches o Radial groove runs obliquely down the posterior shaft o Distal end (looks like a spool) & lateral both articulate w/ bones of forearm o Above the trochlea anteriorly is a o On posterior surface is the o Both are flanked by Forearm consists of the radius & ulna o when the arm is in the anatomical position (on the thumb side) & the o When the hand is rotated, the of the & ends up medial to the o Radius & ulna small o They are connected along their entire length by a flexible membrane o Both have their o Disc-shaped radial head forms a joint w/ the capitulum of the humerus. o Below the head is the where tendon of biceps m. attaches.

4 o On the ulna s proximal end are the process & the process, which are separated by the These 2 processes grip the trochlea of the humerus in a pliers-like joint. Hand consists of carpals, metacarpals & phalanges o arranged in 2 irregular rows of 4 bones each form the part of the hand called the carpus (wrist) Bound together by that restrict movements between them. o form the Numbered from the Clenched fist of the metacarpals =

5 o ( ) are the finger bones ( & ) Carpals starting (pinky to thumb - both rows): Joe took a and hit poor Pete in the, breaking it into a and He did it b/c he was (d) times. The Judge said he was and sent him to the The Bony Pelvis vs. the Pelvic Girdle Bony Pelvis o Composed of: (coxae) or ossa coxae (Hip bones) Pelvic Girdle o Coxae are composed of

6 The Pelvic Girdle: Right Coxal Bone are large, heavy & to the axial skeleton. that are. Function = ; total wt. of upper body rests on pelvis. organs, & lie within & by pelvis. Each coxa is formed by the fusion of : 1. Ilium (Large flaring bone - forms most of the coxa) Connects joint. - winglike portions of the ilia. upper edge of alae that ends anteriorly in the anterior superior iliac spine & posteriorly in the posterior superior iliac spine w/ small inferior spines located below these. 2. Ischium ( )

7 ., a roughened area, when sitting., superior to the tuberosity, allows & the large to pass from the pelvis posteriorly into the thigh 3. Pubis or pubic bone of the coxa. of the pubis & the forms a bar of bone enclosing the, an opening through which blood vessels & nerves pass into the anterior part of the thigh. Pubic bones fuse anteriorly to form a called the. The ilium, ischium, & pubis the deep socket called the ( vinegar cup ); it The Bony Pelvis Male pelvis Female pelvis Bony pelvis is divided into 2 regions: o, superior to the true pelvis, is the area medial to the flaring portions of the ilia. o lies inferior to the flaring parts of the ilia & the pelvic brim.

8 o Dimensions of the true pelvis are must be large enough for the head to pass. Outlet is the inferior opening of the pelvis. Inlet is the superior opening. Differing characteristics between the male & female pelvis Female inlet is Female pelvis as a whole is & the bones are Female ilia Female Female ischial spines are ; thus the outlet is Female pubic arch is more rounded because the Bones of the Lower Limbs Carry our total body weight = thicker & stronger. The thigh has one bone (thigh bone) Femur (thigh bone) o Heaviest, o Proximal end has ball-like, and. Trochanters are separated anteriorly by intertrochanteric and posteriorly by intertrochanteric o Trochanters, inter.-crest & gluteal tuberosity are sites for o as it runs downward to bring knees in line w/. (more noticeable in females b/c of wider pelvis) o Distally are the. (condyles separated by condylar fossa) o Anteriorly on distal end is the patellar surface forms a (kneecap)

9 Lower leg has 2 bones Tibia & Fibula o Connected by Tibia (shinbone) o o At proximal end medial & lateral (separated by intercondylar eminence) o attaches to tibial (anter.) o Distally, a process called forms o Anterior surface has sharp ridge (unprotected by muscle so you can feel this) Fibula o o Distally -. Foot composed of, o Two important functions: allowing us to propel body forward when walking,etc. o tarsals Weight carried by the 2 largest tarsals: (heelbone) & (lies b/n tibia & calcaneus) o metatarsals form the sole o phalanges form the toes (each toe has 3, except the big toe)

10 o Bones are arranged to form 3 strong arches: longitudinal (medial & lateral), transverse of the foot muscles help to but weak arches are referred to as fallen arches or flat feet