Chapter 5. The Shoulder Joint. The Shoulder Joint. Bones. Bones. Bones
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1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Reprinted by permission. Chapter 5 The Shoulder Joint Structural Kinesiology R.T. Floyd, Ed.D, ATC, CSCS Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-1 The Shoulder Joint Shoulder joint is attached to axial skeleton via the clavicle at SC joint Scapula movement usually occurs movement of humerus Humeral flexion & abduction require scapula elevation, rotation upward, & abduction Humeral adduction & extension results in scapula depression, rotation downward, & adduction Scapula abduction occurs with humeral internal rotation & horizontal adduction Scapula adduction occurs with humeral external rotation & horizontal abduction Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-2 The Shoulder Joint Bones Wide range of motion of the shoulder joint in many different planes requires a significant amount of laxity Common to have instability problems Rotator cuff impingement Subluxations & dislocations The price of mobility is reduced stability The more mobile a joint is, the less stable it is & the more stable it is, the less mobile Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-3 Scapula, clavicle, & humerus serve as attachments for shoulder joint muscles Scapular landmarks supraspinatus fossa infraspinatus fossa subscapular fossa spine of the scapula glenoid cavity coracoid process acromion process inferior angle Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-4 Bones Scapula, clavicle, & humerus serve as attachments for shoulder joint muscles Humeral landmarks Head Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Intertubercular groove Deltoid tuberosity Bones Key bony landmarks Acromion process Glenoid fossa Lateral border Inferior angle Medial border Superior angle Spine of the scapula Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-5 Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-6 1
2 multiaxial ball- &-socket enarthrodial Glenoid labrum slightly enhances stability Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-7 Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-8 Glenohumeral ligaments provide stability especially anteriorly & inferiorly inferior glenohumeral ligament Ligaments are quite lax until extreme ranges of motion reached due to wide range of motion involved Stability is sacrificed to gain mobility Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-9 Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-10 Determining exact range of each movement is difficult due to accompanying shoulder girdle movement 90 to 95 degrees abduction 0 degrees adduction, 75 degrees anterior to trunk Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-11 Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint
3 40 to 60 degrees of extension 90 to 100 degrees of flexion 70 to 90 degrees of internal & external rotation Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-13 Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint degrees of horizontal abduction 135 degrees of horizontal adduction Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-15 Frequently injured due to anatomical design shallowness of glenoid fossa laxity of ligamentous structures lack of strength & endurance in muscles anterior or anteroinferior glenohumeral subluxations & dislocations common posterior dislocations rare posterior instability problems somewhat common Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-16 Pairing of shoulder girdle & shoulder joint movements Rotator cuff is frequently injured Subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, & teres minor muscles attach to the front, top, & rear of humeral head point of insertion enables humeral rotation vital in maintaining humeral head in correct approximation within glenoid fossa while more powerful muscles move humerus through its wide range of motion Shoulder joint Abduction Adduction Flexion Internal rotation External rotation Horizontal abduction Horizontal adduction Shoulder girdle Upward rotation Downward rotation Elevation/upward rotation Depression/downward rotation Abduction (protraction) Adduction (retraction) Adduction (retraction) Abduction (protraction) Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-17 Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint
4 Movements Movements Abduction upward lateral movement of humerus out to the side, away from body Adduction downward movement of humerus medially toward body from abduction Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-19 Flexion movement of humerus straight anteriorly movement of humerus straight posteriorly Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-20 Movements Horizontal adduction (transverse flexion) movement of humerus in a horizontal or transverse plane toward & across chest Horizontal abduction (transverse extension) movement of humerus in a horizontal or transverse plane away from chest Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-21 Movements External rotation movement of humerus laterally around its long axis away from midline Internal rotation movement of humerus medially around its long axis toward midline Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-22 Movements Diagonal abduction movement of humerus in a diagonal plane away from midline of body Diagonal adduction movement of humerus in a diagonal plane toward midline of body Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-23 Muscles Intrinsic glenohumeral muscles Originate on scapula & clavicle Deltoid, Coracobrachialis, Teres major Rotator cuff group subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, & teres minor Extrinsic glenohumeral muscles latissimus dorsi & pectoralis major Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint
5 Anterior Pectoralis major Coracobrachialis Subscapularis Superior Deltoid Supraspinatus Muscles Superior Deltoid Supraspinatus Posterior Latissimus dorsi Teres major Teres minor Muscles Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-25 Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-26 Nerves Nerves All shoulder joint muscles are innervated from the brachial plexus Lateral pectoral nerve arising from C5, C6, & C7 Pectoralis major (clavicular head) Medial pectoral nerve arising from C8 & T1 Pectoralis major (sternal head) Thoracodorsal nerve arising from C6, C7, & C8 Latissimus dorsi Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-27 Axillary nerve branching from C5 & C6 Deltoid Teres minor Sensation to lateral patch of skin over deltoid region of arm Upper subscapular nerves arising from C5 & C6 Subscapularis Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-28 Nerves Lower subscapular nerve arising from C5 & C6 Subscapularis Teres major Suprascapula nerve originating from C5 & C6 Supraspinatus Nerves Musculotaneous nerve branching from C5, C6, & C7 Coracobrachialis Sensation to radial aspect of forearm Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-29 Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint
6 Pectoralis Muscle Upper fibers (clavicular head): internal rotation, horizontal adduction, flexion, abduction (once arm is abducted 90 degrees, upper fibers assist in further abduction), & adduction (with arm below 90 degrees of abduction) Lower fibers (sternal head): internal rotation, horizontal adduction, extension, & adduction Latissimus Dorsi Muscle Adduction Internal rotation Horizontal abduction Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-31 Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-32 Deltoid Muscle Coracobrachialis Muscle Anterior fibers: abduction, flexion, horizontal adduction, & internal rotation Middle fibers: abduction Posterior fibers: abduction, extension, horizontal abduction, & external rotation Flexion Adduction Horizontal adduction Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-33 Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-34 Rotator cuff muscles Supraspinatus attach to greater tubercle from above (Abduct) Infraspinatus attach to greater tubercle posteriorly (Ext. Rot.) Teres Minor attach to greater tubercle posteriorly (Ext. Rot.) Subscapularis attach to lesser tubercle anterior (Int. Rot.) Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-35 Rotator cuff muscles not very large must possess strength & muscular endurance conducting repetitious overhead activities (throwing, swimming, & pitching) with poor technique, muscle fatigue, or inadequate warmup & conditioning leads to failure of rotator cuff muscle group in dynamically stabilizing humeral head in glenoid cavity leads to further rotator cuff problems such as tendinitis & rotator cuff impingement within subacromial space Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint
7 Subscapularis Muscle Supraspinatus Muscle Internal rotation Adduction Stabilization of the humeral head in glenoid fossa Weak abduction Stabilization of the humeral head in glenoid fossa Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-37 Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-38 Infraspinatus Muscle External rotation Horizontal abduction Stabilization of humeral head in the glenoid fossa Teres Minor Muscle External rotation Horizontal abduction Stabilization of humeral head in the glenoid fossa Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-39 Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-40, particularly from the flexed position to the posteriorly extended position Internal rotation Adduction, particularly from the abducted position down to the side & toward midline of body Teres Muscle Glenohumeral Flexion Anterior Deltoid Upper Pectoralis Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-41 Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint
8 Teres Latissimus Dorsi Lower Pectoralis Glenohumeral Deltoid Supraspinatus Upper Pectoralis Glenohumeral Abduction Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-43 Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-44 Glenohumeral Adduction Glenohumeral Internal Rotation EX. Lat. Pull - pull down weights Latissimus Dorsi Teres Lower Pectoralis Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-45 Latissimus Dorsi Teres Subscapularis Pectoralis All attach anteromedially on humerus Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-46 Glenohumeral External Rotation Teres Minor Both attach posteriorly on greater tubercle Glenohumeral Horizontal Abduction Posterior Deltoid Middle Deltoid Teres Minor Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-47 Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint
9 Glenohumeral Horizontal Adduction Anterior Deltoid Pectoralis Coracobrachialis Glenohumeral Diagonal Abduction Posterior Deltoid Teres Minor Triceps Brachii (Long Head) Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-49 Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-50 Glenohumeral Diagonal Adduction - both low & high Anterior Deltoid Coracobrachialis Biceps Brachii (short head) Pectoralis - Upper & Lower Web Sites Anatomy & Physiology Tutorials Radiologic Anatomy Browser This site has numerous radiological views of the musculoskeletal system. University of Arkansas Medical School Gross Anatomy for Medical Students Dissections, anatomy tables, atlas images, links, etc. Loyola University Medical Center: Structure of the Human Body An excellent site with many slides, dissections, tutorials, etc. for study of human anatomy. Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-51 Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-52 Web Sites Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics This site has an extensive index of links to the fractures, joints, muscles, nerves, trauma, medications, medical topics, lab tests as well as links to orthopaedic journals, other orthopaedic, and medical news. Premiere Medical Search Engine This site allows the reader to enter any medical condition and it will search the net to find relevant articles. Arthroscopy.Com Patient information on various musculoskeletal problems of the upper and lower extremity. Web Sites Virtual Hospital Numerous slides, patient information, etc. The Dynamic Human version 2.0 CD-ROM: The Visual Guide to Anatomy & Physiology Web site that accompanies the CD-ROM Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint 5-53 Structural Kinesiology The Shoulder Joint
THE SHOULDER JOINT T H E G L E N O H U M E R A L ( G H ) J O I N T
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