Biogas Developments in International Energy Agency Countries David BAXTER Leader of IEA Bioenergy Task 37

Transcription

1 Biogas Developments in International Energy Agency Countries David BAXTER Leader of IEA Bioenergy Task 37

2 Overview IEA Bioenergy and Task 37 Overview Task 37 "Country Reports" AD process and feedstocks AD of waste Landfill Future Trends

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4 Set up in 1978 by IEA Member Countries Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Canada Croatia Denmark European Commission Finland France Germany Ireland Italy Japan Korea Netherlands New Zealand Norway South Africa Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom USA

5 IEA Bioenergy presently has 10 Tasks Task 32: Biomass Combustion and Co-Firing Task 33: Thermal Gasification of Biomass Task 34: Pyrolysis of Biomass Task 36: Integrating Energy Recovery into Solid Waste Management Task 37: Energy from Biogas Task 38: Climate Change Impacts of Biomass and Bioenergy Systems Task 39: Commercialisation of Conventional and Advanced Liquid Biofuels from Biomass Task 40: Sustainable Bioenergy Markets and International Trade: Securing Supply and Demand Task 42: Biorefineries: Sustainable Processing of Biomass into a Spectrum of Marketable Biobased Products and Bioenergy Task 43: Biomass Feedstocks for Energy Markets

6 Member countries participating in Task 37 Austria Brazil Denmark European Commission Finland France Germany Ireland Korea Netherlands Norway Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom

7 Objectives of Task 37 To address challenges related to the economic and environmental sustainability of biogas production and utilisation. To promote best practices in the biogas sector for the achievement of optimum environmental performance and competitive economic performance.

8 Scope of Task 37 work programme Agricultural slurries, crops & crop residues Organic fraction of municipal solid waste Waste water treatment/sewage sludge (Landfill gas) Heat, electricity generation & CHP Up-grading to biomethane - Injection into grid/compression for vehicle fuel Storage and Power-to-gas

9 Country Reports Annual summary report published each January

10 Biogas facilities included in data collection Waste water treatment plants (WWTP) Biowaste co-digestion or monodigestion of food waste and other types of biowaste Agriculture digestion at farms (mainly manure and energy crops) Industrial digestion of waste stream from various industries (e.g. food industries) Landfill landfills with collection of the landfill gas

11 Total biogas plants in Task 37 countries 9945

12 Biogas plants: very large to very small IEA Bioenergy Task 37

13 Landfill plants in Task 37 countries No data for Austria and Switzerland

14 Ireland and Netherlands data are capacities: No energy data for Norway IEA Bioenergy Task 37 Energy recovered from biogas in Task 37 countries GWh

15 Task 37 Biogas upgrading plant list

16 Biogas upgrading technologies (T37 plant list)

17 Economic performance of biogas plants IEA Bioenergy Task 37 Drivers for biogas Increased need to treat residues and wastes in an environmentally friendly manner - agriculture; manure/slurry management - industry; organic residues - municipalities; food waste Renewable energy production, environmental protection and security of energy supply - decarbonising energy supply - renewable fuels in transport Optimum use of output from biogas plants

18 Particular challenges for the biogas sector Maximising utilisation of products; Heat use limited availability of heat distribution grids Availability of financial support Long-term stability of financial support schemes Meeting environmental performance requirements Feedstock prices

19 Wastes: The main feedstock for AD Intense use in some countries leading to competition for their use IEA Bioenergy Task 37 AD Process and Feedstocks Dedicated crop or residue/waste?? Dedicated crops: Favoured in some countries, not favoured in others Many possibilities, some crops grown on degraded land Residues from farming operations: Favoured in all countries, some residues have competing uses

20 Feedstock pretreatment ISBN (Electronic)

21 Biogas plant process monitoring ISBN (Electronic)

22 European Landfill Legislation EU Directive (99/31/EC) of April 26, 1999 on the landfill of waste (LFD) (Amended version: 13/12/2011) Basic rules: prevent pollution of the soil, groundwater or surface water by the combination of a geological barrier and a bottom liner during both the operational/active phase and by the combination of a geological barrier and a top liner during the passive phase/post closure collect and treat contaminated water and leachate, collect and use landfill gas. If the gas collected cannot be used to produce energy, it must be flared.

23 European landfill directive: IEA Bioenergy Task 37 Landfill legislation Landfill reduction targets for biodegradable municipal waste: 2006: reduced to 75% of 1995 amount (by weight) 2009: reduced to 50% of 1995 amount (by weight) 2016: reduced to 35% of 1995 amount (by weight) (extensions applied to some countries) EU Council Decision of December 19, 2002 establishing criteria and procedures for the acceptance of waste at landfills in Article 16 of and Annex II of the LFD

24 Landfill diversion Requirements for gas control (Annex I, Paragraph 4,2). Landfill gas shall be collected from all landfills receiving biodegradable waste and the landfill gas must be treated and used.. Waste hierarchy: promotes in the EU directive on waste (2008/98/EC) (prevent, reuse, recycle, recover, dispose) Other significant EU legislation: Industrial emissions directive: 2010/75/EC Animal by-products regulation: 1069/2009

25 Laflèche Bioreactor, Ontario, Canada Multiple small cells landfill Each cell: 250,000 tonnes (~ 10 months of MSW) Cells with double wall impermeable membrane on the bottom and sides to prevent leachate leakage After each daily addition of MSW to the bioreactor compost is added as a cover to reduce odours. Biogas contains 60% methane (high compared to traditional landfill gas). Estimated that biogas production in each cell of the bioreactor will drop significantly after years Power generating capacity = 4.5 MW

26 Developments in waste management Separation of waste at source providing clean individual waste streams for recycling and recovery of biodegradable municipal waste (including biowaste for composting or anaerobic digestion) Rapid growth of biogas production from food waste (source separated food waste good for process stability and use of digestate as fertiliser)

27 Courtesy Optical sorting at Vänersborg AD plant, Sweden

28 Task 36 + Task 37 Source Separation ISBN (Electronic)

29 Digestate Web Address:

30 Future Trends Very large increase in biogas production Very large increase of biogas upgrading to biomethane (grid injection and use as vehicle fuel) Very large increase in use of residues and wastes (what will happen with energy crops??) Intensive efforts to improve economic performance

31 Needs for the Future Improvements in economic performance Stricter attention to process emissions & control Compatible regulations for grid injection, biomethane trade, certification Successful operation in energy market increasingly supplied by wind and solar Social involvement in projects (e.g. renewable energy villages) Stable regulatory environment

32 The Biogas Handbook Science, production And applications en/book.aspx?bookid=2576

33 Thank you for your attention