Forest composition and structure of the ultramafic forest of the Meliau Range, Ulu Tungud An Expedition Report
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1 Forest composition and structure of the ultramafic forest of the Meliau Range, Ulu Tungud An Expedition Report Reuben Nilus & Robert C. Ong (April 2004)
2 - smalller stature compare to other forest growing on non-marginal soil Introduction Physical environment - series of high ridges, steep slopes (> 25 ) & V-shape valleys Edaphic condition - soil marginal (low P, K & Ca) - soil potentially toxic (high Mg, Cr, Co & Ni) Forest structure
3 Introduction No documentation of flora and forest types Objective - Describe forest composition and structure
4 Study site: Location
5 Study site : Meliau Range Meliau Range Bidu Bidu FR
6 Study site : Climate Trusan Sapi climate station ( ) - Rainfall 3487 mm; Temperature C Mean monthly rainfall (mm) Mean monthly temperature (C o ) 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 20 Rainfall Temperature Month
7 Study site Geology -formed by the ultrabasic intrusive rock Soil - Bidu Bidu association - soil marginal (low P, K & Ca) - soil potentially toxic (high Mg, Cr, Co & Ni)
8 Methods Plot - 11 sample plots (eight 0.05 ha; one 0.02 ha; two 0.01ha Tree enumeration - all trees 5 cm dbh Plant identification - common species (direct in the field) - difficult (voucher collected & ID at SAN) Data analysis - importance value of each species or family of trees was calculated as the average of relative tree density and relative basal area as follow (Brower & Zar 1977)
9 Vegetation Map
10 Vegetation Map: Coverage Vegetation Type Conservation Total Area Area (ha) Meliau Range (ha) Lowland ultramafic forest 2350 (13) (8) Lowland ultramafic forest (disturbed) 2121 (12) (25) Upland ultramafic forest (60) (45) Upland ultramafic forest (disturbed) 109 (1) (3) Lower montane ultramafic forest 1914 (11) (7) Lowland mixed dipterocarp forest (disturbed) 337 (2) (2) Secondary Forest 269 (1) (7) Oil Palm 34 (0.2) (1) Clearing 0 (0) (0.4) Total
11 Forest Structure Tree enumeration 1125 trees were enumerated 160 number of taxa 94 genus 53 families Tree ID 113 identified to species level 47 identified to genus level 4 taxa could not be identified
12 Forest Structure
13 Forest Structure Density/ha vs Diameter size class Altitude (m) > 70 Total a b a Plots on smaller and exposed peak b Plots on larger and continuous peak
14 Forest Composition Model of Species Distribution Total Species = 68 Total Species = 114 Lowland (L) Ultramafic Forest L only = 27 LU = 26 LUM = 10 LM = 5 UM = 20 M Only = 14 Lower Montane (M) Ultramafic Forest Upland (U) Ultramafic Forest U only = 58 Total Species = 49
15 Forest Composition DIPTEROCARPACEAE Important tree family in lowland & upland importance with elevation other families ANACARDIACEAE & GUTTIFERAE Importance with elevation Celastraceae, Fagaceae (oak), Pittosporaceae, Podocarpaceae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae, Sapotaceae & Theaceae
16 Ultramafic Forest
17 Lowland Ultramafic Forest Main canopy trees > 40 cm dbh can attain 40 m tall few trees exceeded > 80 cm dbh Dominant group of trees Dipterocarps, Anacardiaceous & Guttiferae
18 Lowland Ultramafic Forest
19 Lowland Ultramafic Forest
20 Lowland Ultramafic Forest
21 Lowland to Upland
22 Upland Ultramafic Forest Main canopy trees > 30 cm dbh can attain 30 m tall no tree recorded > 70 cm dbh Dominant group of trees Dipterocarps, Anacardiaceous & Guttiferae
23 Upland Ultramafic Forest
24 Lower Montane Ultramafic Forest
25 Lower Montane Ultramafic Forest Main canopy trees > 20 cm dbh can attain 20 m tall no tree recorded > 50 cm dbh Dominant group of trees Mountain peaks (>750 m a.s.l.) no tree exceeded > 20 cm dbh ground were covered by sedges and shrubs Mossy forest (Vogel pers. com.) highest mountain range
26 Lower Montane Ultramafic Forest
27 Lower Montane Ultramafic Forest (Peak 975m asl)
28 Lower Montane Ultramafic Forest
29 Disturbed & Secondary vegetation LANDSLIDE natural phenomenon narrow scar Gymnostoma LOGGING Vege. condition level of degradation FOREST FIRE Originated from adjacent area
30 Disturbed (Landslide)
31 Disturbed Lowland
32 Disturbed Lowland
33 Disturbed Lowland
34 Disturbed Lowland-Regeneration
35 Disturbed Lowland-Regeneration
36 Habitat Conservation Extend 3500 km sq. (4.6 % of Sabah land area) Meliau Range one of the largest extend Landscape level Environmental regulator Unique plants rare & endemic The Threats of Fire Drought event (ENSO) Wildfire
37 Habitat Conservation
38 Habitat Conservation
39 Threats of forest fire
40 Conclusion Distinct dryland ecosystem with three vegetation zones Smaller forest stature and distinct forest zones High importance in landscape, water, soil & biodiversity conservation Monitor adjacent land-use activities prevent occurrence of wildfire Limitation short survey period (far from complete)
41 Acknowledgement Keindaren Nature Conservation Fund Global Environment Centre Forest Research Centre, Sabah Forestry Department - field staff & tree ID team
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