The Road to War (Again) The War Begins in Europe

Transcription

1 The Road to War (Again) The War Begins in Europe

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3 The Treaty of Versailles Harsh Reparations High Inflation Unemployment Political Chaos Weak Central Government Article 231 War Guilt Clause 3

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6 Hitler in Power 30 January 1933 Reichstag Fire 27 February 1933 Enabling Act 23 March 1933 *Acting without Reichstag 6

7 Hitler in Power 1 May 1933 Dissolution of Labor Unions Elimination of Political Parties Introduction of Press Censorship Reduces Unemployment Public Works Projects 7

8 Hitler in Power 30 June 1934 Dissolution of Labor Unions Elimination of Political Parties Night of the Long Knives 30 June 2 July 1934 Elimination of Political Rivals Introduction of Press Censorship Reduces Unemployment Public Works Projects Ernst Rohm 8

9 The Death of President Hindenburg 2 August 1934 / Lung Cancer / 86 years old 19 August 1934 Plebiscite Combine Offices 90% JA (Yes) Burial at Tannenberg, East Prussia (Poland) January 1945 Moved to the West! 9

10 Marburg, Germany July 2014 Moved here August 1946 Operation Body-snatch 10

11 Hitler in Power August 1934 Dissolution of Labor Unions Elimination of Political Parties Introduction of Press Censorship Reduces Unemployment Public Works Projects Rearms Military Nurnberg Laws of 1935 Jews loose citizenship Lebensraum (Living Room) Sub-Humans in the East 11

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13 Re-Occupation of Rhineland 7 March 1936 Re-Militarize Unsure of World Reaction French Response No Action Germans Enthusiastic Hitler Emboldened 13

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15 Anschluss with Austria - 12 March 1938 Greater German Reich 10% (4 million) against unification No response from England or France Some (Jews) start to leave Austria 15

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17 The Munich Conference of September 1938 Sudetenland Germans vs. Czechoslovakia England (Chamberlain PM) France (Daladier PM) Italy (Mussolini) Germany (Hitler) Czech President Benes (Absent!) Peace in our time?? Churchill outspoken Against Appeasement! 17

18 Kristallnacht 9 & 10 November 1938 ( Night of the Broken Glass ) Beginning of the real persecution of the Jews in Germany and Austria Flee to Israel, USA, UK others Stateless (See Life Magazine Evian, France) World reaction was of shock Widely documented in foreign press (See Life Magazine Handout) 18

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20 15 March 1939 Occupation of Czechoslovakia Germany moves to occupy the entire country of Czecho(Slovakia) Bohemia Moravia = Protectorate Slovakia Msgr. Joseph Tiso - President 6 April 1939: Mutual Assistance Pact - England and France are quick to warn Germany of attempts on Poland Treaty of each with Poland 20

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22 Mussolini Acquires his Empire Ethiopia & Somalia: 3 October 1935 Emperor Halie Selassie 22

23 Albania invaded 7 12 April 1939 Pact of Steel - 22 May 1939 German and Italy = Allies 23

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26 Blitzkrieg / 1 September August 1939 Soviet Non-Aggression Pact with Germany 1 September 1939 (General George Marshall Note to Mrs. Patton) 1 Million+ Germans invade Poland Introduction of the Blitzkrieg ( Lightning War ) Combined arms operations Luftwaffe attack targets in rear airfields/fortifications/aircraft in sky German mechanized (armor/artillery/infantry) units move quickly Followed by slower units (Horse Drawn) 26

27 1 September 1939 Population: Germany = 80 million France = 42 million England = 46 million German soldier = excellent 6 Panzer (tank) divisions 4 motorized divisions Majority of Army lacking motorized transport Majority of horse drawn equipment Raw materials and Germany s need Import 80% of oil Import 85% of rubber Import 20% of food 27

28 Blitzkrieg / 1 September August 1939 Soviet Non-Aggression Pact with Germany 1 September 1939 (General George Marshall Note to Mrs. Patton) 1 Million+ Germans invade Poland Introduction of the Blitzkrieg ( Lightning War ) Combined arms operations Luftwaffe attack targets in rear airfields/fortifications/aircraft in sky German mechanized (armor/artillery/infantry) units move quickly Followed by slower units 17 September 1939 Soviet Union invades in the east Polish Campaign ends 6 October 1939 (5 Weeks!) Germany suffers 50,000 casualties! Poland Divided Soviet Union gains a Buffer State Stalin Awed by display of German power future? 28

29 Katyn Forest Massacre March 1940 Russians against Polish people: Prisoners of War Military leaders Political leaders Police leaders Educators Religious 22,000 total murdered Blame against Germany 1943 German response Allied complacency Post-war Communism 29

30 Germans Publish Rebuttal to the World!! April

31 1990 Collapse of Soviet state, acknowledgement to world of massacre April 2000 National Katyn Memorial Monument Located - Baltimore Inner Harbor 31

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33 England / France Declare War Winston Churchill Winston is Back! 3 September 1939 First Lord of the Admiralty Royal Navy Blockade British Army mobilizes moves to French / Belgian border French mobilization remain behind the Maginot Line 33

34 Sitzkrieg (October 1939 April 1940) Sitting War Phony War Germans remain behind the Siegfried Line ( Westwall ) Germans shift forces from Poland to west create armies of one million+ men 34

35 Sitzkrieg October April 1940 ( Phony War / Sitting War ) 35

36 Russo Finnish War (Winter War) November 1939 March 1940 Century of discord Russia demands land near Leningrad Finns fortify border Russia Invades Norway, Sweden, England & France send supplies 36

37 Simo Hayha - Sniper - White Death Kills! November December 1939 Soviets invade Finland on Broad Front Outnumber Finns Poorly Led (Remember the Purges) Poorly Equipped Suffer Catastrophic Losses Harsh Weather Conditions 37

38 January March 1940 Finland overwhelmed by Soviet Forces at odds! Set precedent for Soviet operations Gained crucial territory Weaknesses of Soviets noticed by the Germans! 38

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40 Sitzkrieg (October 1939 April 1940) Sitting War Phony War Germans remain behind the Siegfried Line ( Westwall ) Germans shift forces from Poland to west create armies of one million+ men Ends with German invasion of Denmark 9 April 1940 Danish Army (15,000) Token resistance 16 KIA Over in two hours Resistance emerges Jewish situation 40

41 Denmark No Resistance! Norway Resists Campaign Ends in June (German Combined Arms Operations) German Navy suffers serious losses Vidkun Quisling 41

42 10 May 1940 Churchill replaces Chamberlain ( November 1940) Speech 4 June 1940 I have, myself, full confidence that if all do their duty, if nothing is neglected, and if the best arrangements are made, as they are being made, we shall prove ourselves once again able to defend our Island home, to ride out the storm of war, and to outlive the menace of tyranny, if necessary for years, if necessary alone. At any rate, that is what we are going to try to do. That is the resolve of His Majesty's Government-every man of them. That is the will of Parliament and the nation. The British Empire and the French Republic, linked together in their cause and in their need, will defend to the death their native soil, aiding each other like good comrades to the utmost of their strength. Even though large tracts of Europe and many old and famous States have fallen or may fall into the grip of the Gestapo and all the odious apparatus of Nazi rule, we shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender, and even if, which I do not for a moment believe, this Island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our Empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the British Fleet, would carry on the struggle, until, in God's good time, the New World, with all its power and might, steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the old. 42

43 Germans Cross Belgian/ Dutch Frontiers 16 May

44 Dunkirk Pocket Created 5 Days Later! 44

45 Operation Dynamo Begins 26 May 4 June

46 Operation Dynamo Dunkirk Evacuation 26 May to 4 June 1940 British Naval and Civilian Craft of all types 338,000 evacuated to England (224,000 = British soldiers) (54,000 = French soldiers) (60,000 = Others) Loss of heavy weapons and equipment German Army halts on 24 th of May Resupply? Overextension of forces? Luftwaffe alone? Hitler s Sentiments? 46

47 Italy Declares War on France 10 June 1940 Invades Southern France 16 June 1940 Makes few gains halted in Alps Italy gains small amount of territory in Alpine France (Italian Zone!) 47

48 Occupied Capital at Vichy Un-Occupied 48

49 French Surrender at Compiegne 22 June 1940 France falls in 35 Days! Rail Car of 1918 Moved to Berlin (1944) Vichy France Established Occupied vs. Un-Occupied Marshall Petain (84 years old) Charles De Gaulle 4 th French Division Battle of Montcornet (Colonel) Battle of Abbeville (Brig. General) Flees to England 18 June 1940 = Free French Government in exile 49

50 Marshall Petain as French Head of State (Hero of Verdun/Controversial!/Collaborator?)? Figurehead or Puppet? Age Issue or Ego? Effective? German Control of Vichy after November 1942! Gestapo Arrest Late 1944? French Captivity April 1945 Treason Trial July 1945 (89 yr.) Guilty Death! DeGaulle Life! Traitor or Scapegoat?? 50

51 Ile d Yeu July

52 +July 1951 (95 yr.) 52

53 Operation Sea Lion Invasion of England 53