Nationalism in Europe Section 1

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2 Preview German Unification Main Idea / Reading Focus Steps Toward Unification Bismarck s Plan for Germany Quick Facts: Steps to Unification in Germany Faces of History: Otto von Bismarck Unification and Empire

3 Preview, continued German Unification Map: The Unification of Germany The Empire s Growth and Change Quick Facts: Germany s Economic Growth

4 Main Idea German Unification In the late 1800s, Otto von Bismarck transformed Germany from a loose confederation of separate states into a powerful empire. Reading Focus What steps did Germany take toward unification? What was Bismarck s plan for Germany and how did he hope to achieve it? How did wars lead to the unification of a German Empire? In what ways did Germany grow and change after unification?

5 Click the icon to play Listen to History audio. Click the icon below to connect to the Interactive Maps.

6 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Section 1: Building a German Nation Witness History Audio: Blood and Iron Taking Initial Steps Toward Unity When Napoleon s conquests and eventual defeat changed the power structure of the German states, some Germans began to call for unification. In 1848, liberals demanded German political unity and offered Prussian ruler Frederick William IV the throne, which he declined. Note Taking Transparency 138 Bismarck Unites Germany When Otto von Bismarck became chancellor, he united the German states under Prussian rule. He built up the Prussian army and aggressively won provinces from Denmark and north German states under the control of Austria. Then Prussia defeated Napoleon III s forces in the Franco-Prussian War of of 5

7 Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 1 Color Transparency 131: Events Leading to German Unification 4 of 5

8 Steps Toward Unification Germany was not a unified nation in 1848, although the patchwork of independent states did have a common language and culture. Nurturing Nationalism Napoleon nurtured nationalism by uniting German states into confederation 1815, after Napoleon s defeat, Congress of Vienna retained organization, renamed it German Confederation 39 separate states with common language, culture poised for movement to unite Revolution 1848, revolution swept through Europe German liberals also took opportunity to revolt Differed over whether to support constitutional monarchy or republic Agreed that German unity would promote individual rights, liberal reforms

9 Unkept Promises Facing calls for increased democracy, Prussian king Frederick Wilhelm IV promised constitution, other reforms End of 1848, went back on promises; constitution never written Banned publications, organizations that supported democracy Economic, Cultural Unity 1834, Zollverein, customs union, created; removed tariffs on products traded between German states Inspired businesspeople to support unification; encouraged growth of railroads connecting German states; joined Germans economically German economy growing; sense of German culture growing as well

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11 Identify What was the outcome of the revolution of 1848 in Prussia? Answer(s): failed to bring democratic reform to Prussia

12 Bismarck s Plan for Germany Otto von Bismarck, conservative politician, leading force behind German unification Became prominent in Prussian politics 1847, gave strongly conservative speech at National Assembly 1862, new Prussian king, Wilhelm I, chose Bismarck as prime minister Bismarck s Philosophy Blood and Iron Not liberal like revolutionaries Conservative, supported king of Prussia Believed Prussia destined to lead German people to unification Practiced realpolitik, policies based on interests of Prussia Politics of reality evident in push to increase Prussian military power Speech to Parliament: German unity not won by speeches, majority vote but by blood and iron Built Prussian army into great war machine

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14 Disagreement Leads to War Bismarck s First War Result of War Disagreement over two border states Schleswig, Holstein gave Bismarck opportunity to begin war with Denmark 1864, formed military alliance with Austria against Denmark Believed both Schleswig, Holstein should be controlled by German Confederation After brief fight, Denmark gave territory to Austria, Prussia Prussia controlled Schleswig, Austria controlled Holstein Austria now held small bit of territory inside Prussia Bismarck knew to unite Germany, war with Austria inevitable

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16 Describe What was the plan of Bismarck to unite Germany? Answer(s): increase the Prussian military, go to war with Austria

17 Bismarck could not increase Prussia s power as long as Austria was in the way. But with two short wars, Bismarck moved Austria out of the way and established a unified German Empire. Preparations Bismarck worked behind scenes Promised Venetia to Italy in exchange for support Persuaded Napoleon III to keep France neutral Unification and Empire Provocation Bismarck sent Prussian troops into Austrian state of Holstein Austria declared war on Prussia Holstein skirmish gained Prussian support for war Nationalism In address to Prussian people, King Wilhelm I blamed Austria for starting war Appealed to peoples sense of nationalism

18 Austro-Prussian War War unfolded just as king, Bismarck planned Highly-skilled, well-equipped Prussian army defeated Austrians in only seven weeks Treaty ending Austro-Prussian War dissolved German Confederation, forced Austria to surrender Holstein France and Austria Unification Several other northern states united with Prussia Only three southern states remained outside Prussian control Bismarck, Wilhelm used victory to rally other German states around Prussia; war first step toward German unification

19 Unified Germany Despite Austro-Prussian War victory, it would take another war to create unified Germany Southern German states still not included in North German Confederation Nationalism in South Peace Treaty The Franco-Prussian War 1870, conflict brewing with France over disputed Alsace, Lorraine territory Provinces had been part of Holy Roman Empire, which included Prussia Issue sparked nationalistic feelings in south German states Southern states supported Prussia, north German states in war with France 1871, Bismarck won Franco-Prussian War Peace treaty declared unification of Germany

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21 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Section 1: Building a German Nation Birth of the German Empire William I of Prussia became Kaiser and declared the birth of the Second Reich. Color Transparency 131: Event Leading to German Unification Geography Interactive: Unification of Germany, QuickTake Section Quiz Progress Monitoring Transparency 2 of 5

22 Creating the German Empire Peace treaty had far-reaching consequences Victory established unified German empire Representatives of allied German states met at Versailles, near Paris Proclaimed Wilhelm I first kaiser emperor of German Empire Wilhelm appointed Bismarck first chancellor German victory changed balance of power in Europe Napoleon III gone; France no longer as powerful As Germany grew economically, new empire rose in power

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24 Sequence How did the Austro-Prussian and the Franco-Prussian wars lead to German unification? Answer(s): The Austro-Prussian War joined together the north German states. After Prussia won the Franco-Prussian War, the peace treaty declared the unification of Germany.

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27 Preview Germany Strengthens Main Idea / Reading Focus Steps Toward Unification Bismarck s Plan for Germany Quick Facts: Steps to Unification in Germany Faces of History: Otto von Bismarck Unification and Empire

28 Preview, continued Germany Strengthens Map: The Unification of Germany The Empire s Growth and Change Quick Facts: Germany s Economic Growth

29 Main Idea Reading Focus Germany Strengthens As the Franco-Prussian war came to an end, the leaders of Europe gathered at Versailles. The era of French domination had ended. Germany was now the dominant power in Europe. How did Germany become an industrial giant? Why was Bismarck called the Iron Chancellor? What were the policies of Kaiser William II?

30 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Section 2: Germany Strengthens Witness History Audio: The New German Empire Germany Becomes and Industrial Giant Unified Germany s natural resources and educated workforce led to fast industrial development. The coordination of railroads and reorganization of the banking system improved the economy. Scientists developed new products for industrial uses. Note Taking Transparency 139 The Iron Chancellor German chancellor Otto von Bismarck tried to stifle opposition from within Germany. He wanted Catholics to put the state above the Church and had laws passed that allowed the state control over Catholic education and expelled the Jesuits from Prussia, among other things. To keep socialists at bay, he banned their newspapers and meetings. In the end, both groups rallied enough support to cause Bismarck to change his ways. 1 of 5

31 Railroads After unification, Germany experienced time of economic growth France had paid reparations money for war damages German leaders used some money to build railroads to link German states Industrial Growth Other funds helped build German businesses New empire began to catch up with other industrialized countries of Europe Coal mines, steel factories flourished in Germany s major cities Path to Social Reforms Economic Growth Industrialization had critics in Germany German socialists protested against harsh factory conditions Called for state control of all industries

32 The Empire s Growth and Change In the years after 1871, Germany prospered. Under the leadership of Wilhelm I and Bismarck, Germany developed into a strong empire. This period was known as the Second Reich, or empire, because Germans considered the Holy Roman Empire to be the First Reich. A New Government Government and the Church Germany s 25 separate states wanted to retain some power Government took federalist form; power shared between state, national governments, Wilhelm led government Political parties developed Bismarck believed Roman Catholic Church posed threat to government Believed government, not church, should control aspects of culture, like education Worked to restrict influence of Catholic Church in Germany This struggle between the government and the church was known as Kulturkampf, which means the struggle for culture.

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34 Legislation Bismarck tried to destroy socialism Blamed socialists for two assassination attempts on emperor Sought to reduce appeal of socialism by enacting own reforms 1880s, pushed through legislation providing benefits for: Health Accidents Old age Disability

35 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Section 2: Germany Strengthens Kaiser William II In a bid for absolute power, the new Kaiser, William II, asked Bismarck to resign. His nationalism and military buildup increased the tensions that led to World War I. Witness History Audio: Kaiser William II Color Transparency 132: The Proclamation of Wilhem as Kaiser of the New German Reich QuickTake Section Quiz Progress Monitoring Transparency 2 of 5

36 Bismarck and Wilhelm II After Unification Bismarck did not want to expand Germany s borders Believed France remained a threat, however Bismarck Out 1888, Wilhelm s grandson became kaiser Wilhelm II fired Bismarck as prime minister after disagreement Alliances Bismarck made alliances with Austria-Hungary, Italy, Russia Nations agreed to help protect one another from possible attack Wilhelm II Early 1900s, continued to make alliances with other European nations Built up most powerful military force in Europe

37 Describe How did Germany change both economically and politically in the years following unification? Answer(s): vote was given to all men over 25, political parties developed, economic growth as Germany caught up with other European industrial economies, new alliances with other nations, Kulturkampf limited influence of Catholic Church

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40 Preview Italian Unification Starting Points Map: Europe,1815 Main Idea / Reading Focus Stirrings of Nationalism Quick Facts: Elements of Nationalism The Path Toward Unity Garibaldi and the Red Shirts

41 Preview, continued Map: The Unification of Italy Challenges After Unification Italian Unification

42 Click the icon to play Listen to History audio. Click the icon below to connect to the Interactive Maps.

43 Main Idea Italian Unification In the 1800s, Italian states rebelled against Austria and unified as the Kingdom of Italy. Reading Focus How did nationalism stir in Italy after the Congress of Vienna? What role did Cavour and Sardinia play in the path toward Italian unification? How did Garibaldi and the Red Shirts help unite Italy? What challenges did Italy face after unification?

44 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Section 3: Unifying Italy Witness History Audio: Stirrings of Nationalism Obstacles to Italian Unity At the Congress of Vienna, Austria was given much of northern Italy, while the Hapsburgs and a French Bourbon ruler controlled other Italian states. Giuseppe Mazzini and other nationalists wanted to unite the peninsula and its people, who spoke the same language. Note Taking Transparency of 6

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46 Stirrings of Nationalism Italian Peninsula had not been unified since fall of Roman Empire Most spoke same language, but peninsula divided into competing states, each with own government Napoleon invaded Italy United many states under one government Unification did not last After Napoleon s defeat, Congress of Vienna split Italian states Spirit of nationalism began to rise through Europe

47 After Congress of Vienna Austrian Prince Metternich wanted Congress of Vienna to maintain old Europe, old relationships 15 years after Congress, old order destroyed beyond repair 1800s, nationalism a growing force in Europe, fostered by decisions made at Congress of Vienna National Groups Ignored Congress had ignored national groups, placing them under control of large empires; some empires included different ethnic groups Italians split into three groups much of northern Italy under Austrian rule, other states under Hapsburgs, still others under a French ruler Italian nationalism grew in opposition to these conditions

48 Secret Societies Italian artists, writers, thinkers became interested in celebrating Italy s cultural traditions Others formed secret societies to work for political change, plotted to overthrow Austrian government in Italy Mazzini and Young Italy Young Italy 1831, popular writer, Giuseppe Mazzini, launched nationalist group called Young Italy to fight for unification of Italian states Mazzini had been exiled but smuggled patriotic pamphlets into Italy Young Italy attracted tens of thousands of Italians to cause of unification

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50 Define What is nationalism? Answer(s): devotion to one's national group

51 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Section 3: Unifying Italy The Struggle for Italy Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia wanted to enlarge his kingdom. His prime minister, Count Camillo Cavour, got Napoleon III to agree to aid Sardinia in any war with Austria, and then Cavour provoked the war. France helped Sardinia defeat Austria and annex the province of Lombardy. Other provinces soon also joined Sardinia and with the help of Giuseppe Garibaldi, a nationalist leader in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Victor Emmanuel II became king of Italy. Color Transparency 133: Right Leg in the Boot at Last 2 of 6

52 The Path Toward Unity As Italian nationalism grew, some Italians led unsuccessful rebellions. Then two men rose to lead a successful movement to unify Italy. Uprisings, Revolutions 1848, nationalist-inspired revolutions spread throughout Europe In some Italian states, citizens rebelled against Austrian rule Piedmont declared war against Austria, fought for year, was defeated Others seized Rome, 1849; French troops helped pope regain control Cavour and Sardinia Only successful revolt was in Sardinia Rulers forced to grant new constitution; Sardinia remained independent One of most important leaders of Italian unification emerged, Camillo di Cavour Founded nationalist newspaper, Il Risorgimento resurgence or rebirth

53 Kingdom of Sardinia Sardinia and Italy Economy 1852, Cavour became prime minister of independent Kingdom of Sardinia Believed thriving economy important for Italy to be reborn Ally Cavour in position to cultivate powerful ally Supported France in war with Russia; gave France provinces of Savoy, Nice Cavour worked to build Sardinian economy Believed Italy should be reborn as monarchy France s Support France agreed to support Sardinia in war against Austria 1860, northern Italian states liberated from control of Austrian Empire

54 Identify Cause and Effect How did Cavour help Sardinia break free from the Austrian Empire? Answer(s): He cultivated an alliance with the French.

55 Sword of Italy Many Italians consider Cavour brain of Italian unification, Mazzini heart Giuseppe Garibaldi has been called sword of Italy Garibaldi joined Young Italy movement, 1833 Exile Nationalist activities forced Garibaldi to flee Italy twice Learned techniques of guerilla warfare while living in South America Returned to Italy often to continue fight to free Italy from Austrian domination Return Garibaldi and the Red Shirts 1854, Garibaldi returned for good Cavour asked to lead part of Sardinian army in war against Austria After bitter fighting, Austrians agreed to give up Lombardy, retaining Venetia

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57 The Red Shirts Followers known as Red Shirts because of colorful uniforms By July 1860, using guerilla warfare, Garibaldi, Red Shirts gained control of island of Sicily September, Garibaldi, Sardinian troops conquered Naples Red Shirts now controlled southern part Italian peninsula Garibaldi offered Kingdom of Two Sicilies to Sardinian king Victor Emmanuel Control and Elections Unification 1861, territories held elections, all agreed to unification Holdouts were Venetia, still belonging to Austria; Papal States, under French troops supporting pope 1866, Prussia defeated Austria, gave Venetia to Italy 1870, Prussia forced French to withdraw from Rome Italian troops entered Rome, completed unification under King Victor Emmanuel

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60 Find the Main Idea What actions led Garibaldi to be called the sword of Italian unification? Answer(s): He used guerilla tactics to gain control of the southern Italian states.

61 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Section 3: Unifying Italy Challenges Facing the New Nation Italy s unification was not a smooth process. The industrial north and the agricultural south were difficult to bring together. The Catholic Church asked its members to stand against the government that did away with the Papal States. Leftist radicals also fought against what they saw as a government that was too conservative. History Interactive: Unifying Italy QuickTake Section Quiz Progress Monitoring Transparency 3 of 6

62 Challenges After Unification In the years after unification, Italy faced many new challenges. Although politically unified, Italy had to deal with a number of social and economic problems. Social, Economic Problems Strong regional differences led to lack of unity Southern Italians resented being governed by Rome Catholic Church did not recognize Italy as legitimate nation Poverty, Emigration Poverty serious problem, caused many to emigrate 1880s, large numbers left Italy, many for Americas Unemployment, rising taxes led to rioting, violence Reforms Voting reform a major priority 1870, only wealthiest Italian men could vote By late 1800s most adult male taxpayers could vote

63 Reforms and Empire As Italy industrialized, particularly in north, government passed reforms including laws limiting work hours, prohibiting child labor Government encouraged building transportation, water systems to improve cities, encourage industry A New Foreign Policy 1882, Italy formed military alliance with Austria-Hungary, Germany Agreed to defend each other against any possible attack Arrangement known as Triple Alliance; this, other alliances, brought Europe to war in 1914 Empire Building Italy tried to build empire Tried to gain control over Ethiopia Failed after being defeated by larger Ethiopian army, , Italy declared war on Ottoman Empire; gained territory in Africa

64 Summarize What problems did Italy face after unification? Answer(s): Regional differences kept the nation from being truly united; pope did not recognize Italy as a legitimate nation; widespread poverty caused many Italians to emigrate.

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67 Preview Nationalism Threatens Old Empires Main Idea / Reading Focus The Austrian Empire The Dual Monarchy Map: Ethnic Groups in Austria-Hungary The Ottoman Empire Map: The Ottoman Empire

68 Main Idea Nationalism Threatens Old Empires Nationalism broke down two old European empires the Austrian Hapsburg Empire and the Ottoman Empire. Reading Focus In what ways did the Austrian Empire struggle with nationalism in 1848 and beyond? What was the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, and why was it created? How did nationalism create conflict in the Ottoman Empire?

69 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old Empires Witness History Audio: Balkan Nationalism The Hapsburg Empire Declines The Austrian Hapsburgs tried to stifle nationalist activity in their lands, but the people were too diverse to coexist under one government. The Hungarians were especially determined to become independent. Formation of the Dual Monarchy Hungarian leader Ferene Deák worked out a compromise with Austria that gave Hungary status as a separate state with its own constitution. However, Francis Joseph still ruled both Austria and Hungary. This made other subject peoples more determined to have their own states. Color Transparency 135: Court Ball at the Hofburg Geography Interactive: Major Nationalities in Eastern Europe, Note Taking Transparency of 6

70 The Austrian Empire At the beginning of the 1800s, the Hapsburg family had controlled much of the region for nearly four centuries. But this powerful empire would not remain intact through the remainder of the 1800s. Resistance to Change Austrian emperor, Foreign Minister Metternich tried to maintain power of monarchy, empire Metternich accused universities of creating revolutionaries Carlsbad Decrees Metternich called meeting of Confederation, passed Carlsbad Decrees Prohibited any reforms that conflicted with absolute monarchy Other Prohibitions Decrees established censorship of newspapers Created secret police to spy on students suspected of revolutionary activities

71 Resistance to Change Metternich not only created restrictive laws for empire Formed alliances with other European powers trying to prevent nationalist revolutions Congress of Troppau, 1820 Called by Metternich, leaders of other powers Leaders agreed to provide military intervention to support governments against internal revolution

72 Turmoil in Europe, Austria Metternich able to protect power of Austrian Empire for few years Events in Europe, changes in empire eventually caught up with him Revolutions in France, Italy, German states set off revolts in Austrian Empire; people with different nationalities wanted independence Revolution Demonstrators, army clashed in streets of Vienna Frightened emperor Ferdinand ordered Metternich to resign Metternich fled Austria 1848, Ferdinand abdicated, throne went to nephew, Franz Josef I

73 Resistance to Change During long reign, Franz Josef I ruled over unstable empire 1848, Hungarian Magyars rebelled against Austrian rule Almost won independence Czar Nicholas I of Russia sent troops to help Austria crush revolt Franz Josef I abolished liberal reforms of 1848, but could not stamp out nationalism Revoked new constitution, stopped revolution temporarily

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75 Find the Main Idea What was the purpose of the Congress of Troppau? Answer(s): to unite European powers in trying to prevent nationalist revolutions

76 The Dual Monarchy Franz Josef I could not stop the nationalist movement. Change came in the form of the Dual Monarchy. Forming a New Government As nationalist movement continued in Europe, Austria lost Lombardy to Italy, , Austria s defeat by Prussia brought new demands from Hungarians Franz Josef I, Hungarian nationalist movement leaders reached agreement, Compromise of 1867 Compromise of 1867 Created dual monarchy of Austria- Hungary Austria, Hungary became two separate, equal states with one ruler, Franz Josef I Ruler s title: emperor of Austria, king of Hungary Each had own parliament, shared ministries of war, finance, foreign affairs

77 Rural and Industrial Dual Monarchy lasted about 50 years, until 1918 Eased pressure for nationalism; also had economic advantages Rural, agricultural Hungary could provide raw materials, food Industrialized Austria could provide industrial products An Uneven Solution Unrest Unrest in empire did not go away; divisions remained among various nationalities Austrian Germans, Hungarian Magyars did not speak same language Ethnic minorities received little benefit from Dual Monarchy, continued to seek selfgovernment

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79 Describe What was the basic structure of the government in Austria-Hungary? Answer(s): two separate, equal states under one ruler, with separate parliaments but some shared government ministries, as well as a joint government

80 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old Empires The Ottoman Empire Collapses During the 1800s, various peoples ruled by the Ottomans staged revolts. Other European countries seized the opportunity to try to take control of Ottoman lands. One of the most contentious regions was the Balkans, where an event would help to start World War I. Color Transparency 134: Europe, 1803 and 1914 QuickTake Section Quiz Progress Monitoring Transparency 2 of 6

81 The Ottoman Empire Like Austrian Empire, Ottoman Empire existed for centuries, controlled vast multiethnic territory Within borders many different religious, ethnic groups Greeks, Bulgarians, Turks, Kurds, Arabs, Jews Empire in decline since late 1600s, could not survive changes of 1800s Empire in Decline Early 1800s, Ottoman Empire could not defend self against independence movement, external threats 1830, Greece had gained independence; Russia controlled Caucasus; Serbia self-ruled The Eastern Question Situation created Eastern Question what would happen if Ottoman Empire collapsed? Russia wanted Constantinople, access to Mediterranean French, British aided Ottoman Empire, held Russia off

82 Holy Land The Crimea Russian Invasion Ottomans, Europeans had dispute over Holy Land Ottomans gave Roman Catholics control of Palestine holy places Ottomans denied Orthodox Christians same rights Russians invaded Ottoman territories Great Britain, France Great Britain saw Russia as potential threat to India interest Allied with France Both joined Ottoman Empire in war against Russia Stalemate Crimean War ended in stalemate, caused half million deaths Nurse Florence Nightingale saved many lives during war

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84 Hot Spot Balkans another hot spot in Ottoman Empire Nationalism in Europe created discontent among ethnic groups in region Serbs, Romanians, Bulgarians, Albanians, Greeks all wanted independence Conflicts and Wars Route to Mediterranean The Balkans Rising nationalism, competing interests of European countries led to series of conflicts, wars in 1800s, early 1900s Russia involved in several conflicts in Balkans Russians saw Balkans as route to Mediterranean, wanted to gain Great Britain, France looking out for own interests, sometimes sided with Russia, sometimes sided with Ottomans

85 Balkan Wars Germany, Austria wanted to secure Austrian control over ethnic groups At end, Balkan Wars cost Ottoman Empire most of its land in Europe Balkan issues far from settled Constantinople Congress of Berlin National Ties With Russian troops almost at gates of Constantinople, European powers became alarmed 1878, Prussia hosted Congress of Berlin to discuss situation Real purpose to overturn gains Russia had made against Ottomans Gave Austria-Hungary land in Balkans with no consideration to ethnic, national ties; led to conflicts for years to come

86 Conflict Political Reform Representative Government 1908, nationalist group Young Turks began revolution Young Turks fighting against absolute power of sultan, ruler of Ottoman Empire Young Turks devoted to restoring constitution Revolution helped ensure more representative, liberal government Education improved, government took steps to provide individual liberties

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88 Recall How were European nations involved in the affairs of the Ottoman Empire? Answer(s): became involved in wars to protect their own territorial interests and the overall balance of power

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91 Preview Unrest in Russia Main Idea / Reading Focus Government and Society Reform and Repression Quick Facts: Last Czars of Russia War and Revolution Quick Facts: Russian Revolution of 1905 Visual Study Guide / Quick Facts Video: The Impact of Nationalism

92 Main Idea Unrest in Russia In the 1800s and early 1900s, Russians rebelled against the absolute power of the czar and demanded social reforms. Reading Focus What was government and society like in Russia in the first half of the 1800s? What were some examples of reform and repression in Russia? How did war and revolution affect Russia in the early 1900s?

93 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Section 5: Russia: Reform and Reaction Witness History Audio: Plight of the Serfs Conditions in Russia Russia was the largest nation in Europe. Its social structure gave much power to landowning nobles, who did nothing to improve industry. Most Russians were serfs, who served the landowners. Landowners actions were governed only by the Tsar, who ruled with absolute power. Color Transparency 136: Gambling with the Lives of Serfs Note Taking Transparency of 6

94 Russia one of great powers of Europe, first half 1800s Troops helped defeat Napoleon; leaders helped reorganize Europe after his fall Russia very different from other European powers Empire huge, stretched eastward far into Asia, included many different ethnic groups Government and Society Huge Empire Absolute Power To govern large, diverse empire, Russian monarchs ruled with absolute power Called czars, controlled most aspects of Russian life Believed in autocracy, government by one leader with unlimited powers

95 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Section 5: Russia: Reform and Reaction Emancipation and Stirrings of Revolution After losing the Crimean War, Russian leader Alexander II was forced to free the serfs. Many serfs moved to cities to work in industry. The tsar also allowed some forms of localized government and introduced legal reforms. When the tsar moved back toward policies of repression, he was assassinated by terrorists. His son then brought more harshness to the throne increasing the power of the secret police and suppressing non-russian cultures. Many peoples were persecuted, especially the Jews. The Drive to Industrialize The revolutionary ideas of Karl Marx got a boost from the discontent of workers as industrialization took hold. Peasants who moved to cities found dangerous jobs, low pay, and slums. 2 of 6

96 Agricultural Society Russian society under czars mostly agricultural Unlike other European countries, Russia had not industrialized Much of population, serfs workers considered part of land they worked Serfs Controlled by lords, wealthy nobles who owned land Technically not slaves; living conditions, lack of freedom, resembled slavery Not allowed to leave property where born; did not own land they worked Societal Problem Serfdom Serfs had to make regular payments of goods, labor to lords Some in government wanted to improve conditions, unable to make reforms Russian serfdom way of life, a major problem in Russian society

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98 Summarize What was Russian government and society like in the first half of the 1800s? Answer(s): autocratic government led by czar, country's population mainly peasants, many peasants were serfs

99 Reform and Repression Russians wanted more freedoms. But Russia s conservative czars were resistant to reform, which led to revolts, unrest, and repression. The Decembrist Revolt Secret societies formed to fight against czar s rule Saw opportunity for change with death of Alexander I, 1825 One group called Decembrists Included military officers 3,000 soldiers assembled near Winter Palace Refused to declare allegiance to new czar, Nicholas I Nicholas s Response Nicholas responded by crushing rebellion Many Decembrists captured, sent to Siberia, isolated region in far eastern Russia Five Decembrists executed Decembrist revolt failed, but began revolutionary movement in Russia destined to grow in years ahead

100 Russia Lagging Behind Alexander II came to power after Nicholas, 1855, near end of Crimean War Loss of war showed Russia far behind rest of Europe Did not have modern technology, industry to build competitive military Reforms Economy Reforms of Alexander II Alexander II began program of reforms 1861, freed Russia s serfs, gave them right to own land as part of commune Believed terrible living conditions could bring rebellion Alexander II hoped giving serfs own land would build market economy Government set up system for peasants to buy land they worked on from landowner, usually with government help

101 Reform and Repression Alexander II made other reforms to modernize Russia Set up new judicial system Allowed some local self-government Reorganized army, navy Despite reforms, revolutionary movements continued to gain strength, call for more changes 1881, radical group, The People s Will, assassinated Czar Alexander II

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103 Unrest Under Alexander II Alexander s son, Alexander III, became next czar Alexander III a reactionary, wanted to go back to way things were in past, ended father s reforms Responded to revolutionary threats by going after individuals, groups suspected of plotting against government Different Form of Unrest Mobs began attacking Jews, killing them, destroying property Attacks known as pogroms; first wave began after Alexander II assassinated Some wrongly blamed Jews Government did not stop attacks Industrialization under Nicholas 1894, Nicholas II crowned Autocratic ruler, developed industry 1890s, Russia began building Trans-Siberian Railroad to link western Russia with Siberia Expansion east would lead to war

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105 Identify What were some key reforms in Russia during the 1800s? Answer(s): freeing of serfs; system whereby peasants could buy the land they worked; reformed judicial system and some local selfgovernment

106 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Section 5: Russia: Reform and Reaction Turning Point: Crisis and Revolution Military disasters in a war with Japan drove workers to strike and protesters to fill the streets. When the tsar s troops fired on peaceful protestors, the revolution of 1905 gained power. Tsar Nicholas II agreed to summon a Duma to approve all laws. He quickly dissolved the Duma, however, after its leaders criticized his rule. Nicholas then appointed conservative Peter Stolypin as prime minister. He was assassinated in Witness History Video: Crisis and Revolution in Russia QuickTake Section Quiz Progress Monitoring Transparency QuickTake Chapter Test 3 of 6

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108 Expansion East Russia expanded east Came into conflict with another imperial power Japan At same time, revolution brewing War and Revolution War With Japan Early 1900s, Japan building empire, viewed Russia as threat 1904, Japanese forces attacked, defeated Russia in Russo-Japanese War Growing Unrest Defeat shocked many Russians, added to unrest One group calling for change, Marxists followed communist theories of Karl Marx Marxist Ideas Wanted to create socialist republic no private property, state to own, distribute goods 1902, Vladimir Lenin called for revolution to overthrow czar

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110 The Revolution of , many Russians ready to rebel against czar January 22, Orthodox priest, Father Gapon, brought petition to czar at Winter Palace, listing number of demands Troops fired at group; hundreds died; day known as Bloody Sunday Revolution Begins Bloody Sunday inspired many sectors of society to rise up against czar; rebellions broke out, czar s strict rules disobeyed Workers went on strike, students protested in streets Czar promised reform, but did not follow through Massive strike in October; 2 million workers protested in streets

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115 The October Manifesto In response to the rebellions and strikes, Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto, an official promise for reform and a more democratic government. Provisions Manifesto promised constitution Individual liberties to all, including freedom of speech, assembly Many gained right to vote Duma Voters would elect representatives to the Duma, assembly to approve all laws Czar continue to rule, but not pass laws without approval of Duma End Revolution Nicholas II hoped Manifesto would end revolution Did not achieve balance between own power, democracy People still wanted reform

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117 Cause and Effect What were some causes of the Russian Revolution of 1905? Answer(s): growing unrest, pogroms, crack down on revolutionary movements, defeat in Russo- Japanese War led to discontent, Bloody Sunday inspired rebellions against czar

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119 Video The Impact of Nationalism Click above to play the video.

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