PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER

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1 PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER The Project has been realised with the support of the European Union and has been co-financed by the European Social Fund *** **Molekuláris bionika és Infobionika Szakok tananyagának komplex fejlesztése konzorciumi keretben ***A projekt az Európai Unió támogatásával, az Európai Szociális Alap társfinanszírozásával valósul meg.. TÁMOP /2/A/KMR

2 Peter Pazmany Catholic University Faculty of Information Technology Neurobiológia alapjai - Módszerek BASICS OF NEUROBIOLOGY - Methods By Imre Kalló TÁMOP /2/A/KMR

3 METHODS IN NEUROBIOLOGY IX. Dissection, virtual dissection, imaging techniques Imre Kalló Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Faculty of Information Technology I. Histology techniques: light microscopic studies II. Applications using fluorescent dyes III. Histology techniques: electron microscopic studies IV. Techniques to map neuronal connections V. Molecular biological techniques VI. Living experimental models VII. Electrophysiological approaches VIII. Behavioral studies IX. Dissection, virtual dissection, imaging techniques TÁMOP /2/A/KMR

4 DISSECTION, VIRTUAL DISSECTION, IMAGING TECHNIQUES Mortui docent vivos Classical way of dissection - in situ demonstration of the anatomical and pathological details in their 3D appearance for specialist New preservation technique plastination makes the whole body or body parts possible to preserve for long time and to demonstrate them with safety also for public New approach high resolution maps of the human body accessable through user friendly softwares New elements human atlas of 2-8mm-thin slices cut from epoxy embedded bodies in the major planes of space - to support the new imaging techniques TÁMOP /2/A/KMR

5 DISSECTION, VIRTUAL DISSECTION, IMAGING TECHNIQUES Viva docent vivos X-ray Classical way of imaging 2D projection -, reflection -, emission images of the body or body parts from a single direction New imaging techniques based on tomography - gathering projection data from multiple directions CT MR Modern tomography combined with high speed computation to process, analyse, combine, store images and make 3D reconstructions of the body or body parts. PET SPECT New approach in neuro research new tools to investigate population of neurons activated by defined cognitive tasks. fmri TÁMOP /2/A/KMR

6 Basics of neurobiology: Methods in Neurobiology I. IMAGING TECHNIQUES Photography Radiation Electro-magnetism Microscopy X-ray MRI Optical imaging SPECT (MEEG) PET (BEAM) Autoradiography TÁMOP /2/A/KMR

7 Basics of neurobiology: Methods in Neurobiology I. IMAGE SLICE PIXEL - VOXEL dimensions: x, y, z and (value) pixel: picture element (2D) voxel: volume element (3D) TÁMOP /2/A/KMR

8 IMAGING TECHNIQUES: PET Cyclotron Radiochemistry Isotope-production: 11 C, 13 N, 15 O, 18 F isotope PET scanner radioligand Image processing and analysis Quality control TÁMOP /2/A/KMR

9 IMAGING TECHNIQUES: PET Parameters (biochemical physiological) measured Blood flow, blood volume Metabolism oxygen, glucose, aminoacids, fatty acids, fluor,... Receptor systems: dopaminergic, cholinergic, serotoninic, benzodiazepin-gaba, opioid,... Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics Protein synthesis Molecular diffusion Tissue ph TÁMOP /2/A/KMR

10 IMAGING TECHNIQUES: PET Parameters (biochemical physiological) measured CMRglu CBF GABA A methionine TÁMOP /2/A/KMR

11 IMAGING TECHNIQUES: MRI Proton spins of the subject in the big magnetic field (B 0 ) are aligned parallel or antiparallel with the direction of the field. Radio waves are transmitted into the subject [for about 3 ms] perpendicular to B 0, the magnetic component (B1) of this electromagnetic wave temporarily knocks the protons out of alignment B 0 M 0 Radio wave transmitter is turned off, while it receives radio waves re-transmitted by the protons relaxing back to their undisturbed equilibrium position. Retransmitted radio waves are manipulated with magnetic fields during this readout interval [ ms] B 1 B 0 Storing of measured radio wave data vs. time repetitions of transmission- reception Processing raw data to reconstruct image B 0 TÁMOP /2/A/KMR

12 Basics of neurobiology: Methods in Neurobiology I. IMAGING TECHNIQUES: MRI Comparison of T1 and T2 modes TÁMOP /2/A/KMR

13 IMAGING TECHNIQUES: fmri Physiological parameter measured: Increased neuronal activity requires more glucose and oxygen, which is rapidly delivered through the blood stream resulting in local changes in cerebral blood volume (CBV) and cerebral blood flow. These in turn generate local changes in the relative concentration of oxygenated (HBO 2 ) and deoxygenated hemoglobins (HBr), which serves as the Blood Oxygen Level Dependent signal (BOLD), a marker for MRI (hemoglobin is diamagnetic when oxygenated, but paramagnetic when deoxygenated. Basal state normal flow basal level (HBr) basal CBV normal MRI signal Capillary bed Arteriole Venule Oxyhemoglobin Capillary bed Activated state increased flow decreased level (HBr) increased CBV increased MRI signal Deoxyhemoglobin TÁMOP /2/A/KMR

14 IMAGING TECHNIQUES: fmri Shulman R G et al. PNAS 2009;106: Forepaw stimulation in deep anesthetized states results in more localized activation in the contralateral primary somatosensory cortex. TÁMOP /2/A/KMR