THE NECK AND THORACIC CAVITY (RESPIRATORY SYSTEM) Next, we will go on to the respiratory system of the fetal pig.
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1 EXTERNAL ANATOMY We will start out with the external anatomy of the fetal pig. You can locate these parts by matching the numbers on the diagram with the corresponding titles. 1. umbilical arteries 2. allantoic duct 3. umbilical vein 4. umbilical cord 5. scrotum 6. genital papilla (female) 7. anus 8. urogenital opening (female) 9. urogenital opening (male) 10. mammary papillae 11. tip of sternum
2 THE NECK AND THORACIC CAVITY (RESPIRATORY SYSTEM) Next, we will go on to the respiratory system of the fetal pig. 1. thymus 2. thyroid 3. pleural membrane 4. diaphragm 5. lungs 6. bronchi 7. trachea 8. esophagus 9. larynx
3 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Now it's time to explore and discover one of the most vital systems in the body, the circulatory system. Here, you will discover the major arteries in the pig's body. You will also discover the various and most important parts of the heart. THE MAJOR ARTERIES OF THE FETAL PIG 1. right subclavian 2. ductus arteriosus 3. renal 4. dorsal aorta 5. umbilical 6. internal iliac 7. external iliac 8. anterior mesenteric 9. coronary 10. pulmonary 11. aortic arch 12. left subclavian 13. brachiocephalic 14. common carotid
4 1. brachiocephalic 2. ductus venosis 3. umbilical 4. renal 5. common iliac 6. superior (anterior) mesenteric 7. inferior mesenteric 8. gastric 9. hepatic portal 10. hepatic 11. posterior vena cava 12. pulmonary 13. anterior vena cava 14. left subclavian 15. external jugular 16. internal jugular MAJOR VEINS
5 THE HEART (Please note that some of the structures are internal and are not currently viewable, but the arrows indicate their approximate location.) 1. brachiocephalic artery 2. aorta 3. pulmonary artery 4. right ventricle 5. left ventricle 6. apex 7. right atrium 8. ductus arteriosus 9. left atrium 10. bicuspid valve 11. chordae tendinae 12. papillary muscle 13. tricuspid valve 14. semilunar valve
6 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM In the following sections, you will explore the world of the digestive system. This includes both the oral cavity and the abdominal organs. ORAL CAVITY AND PHARYNX 1. hard palate 2. soft palate 3. nasopharynx 4. esophagus 5. glottis 6. epiglottis 7. tongue
7 ABDOMINAL ORGANS 1. gall bladder 2. diaphragm 3. bile duct 4. duodenum 5. mesentery 6. small intestine 7. anus 8. rectum 9. cecum 10. colon 11. pancreas 12. pyloric sphincter 13. stomach 14. spleen 15. esophagus 16. retracted liver lobes 17. umbilical vein CROSS SECTION OF THE SMALL INTESTINE 1. villi
8 THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM In the following sections, you will explore the male and female reproductive systems. THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (MALE) 1. adrenal gland 2. kidney 3. seminal vesicle 4. urinary bladder 5. prostate location 6. urogenital opening 7. penis 8. testis 9. epididymis 10. Cowper's gland 11. urethra 12. inguinal canal 13. vas deferens 14. ureter 15. renal vein 16. renal artery
9 1. renal vein 2. kidney 3. ureter 4. uterine horn 5. urinary bladder 6. urethra 7. cervix 8. urogenital opening 9. urogenital sinus 10. vagina (cut open) 11. body of uterus 12. oviduct 13. ovary 14. renal artery THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (FEMALE)
10 A Adrenal Gland: produces adrenaline GLOSSARY OF TERMS Allantoic Duct: carries small amounts of nitrogenous waste produced by the kidneys away from the fetus Anus: an opening located ventral to the tail where feces is excreted Aorta: large artery that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries Apex: the lower pointed end of the heart B Bicuspid Valve: prevents blood in the left ventricle from returning into the left atrium Bile Duct: transports bile from the liver to the gall bladder Brachiocephalic Artery: supplies blood to the right forelimb and head Brachiocephalic Vein: carries blood away from the right forelimb and head Bronchi: branches from the trachea which lead to the lungs C Cecum: an appendige at the end of the large intestine with no apparent function Cervix: the narrow lower or outer end of the uterus Chordae Tendinae: open and close valves Colon: a compact, rounded mass of intestine tightly bound by mesentery Common Carotid Artery: supplies blood to the head Common Iliac Veins: carries blood away from the legs Coronary Artery: branch off from the aorta; supplies the tissue of the heart itself Cowper's Gland: either of two small glands discharging into the urethra D Diaphragm: dome-shaped muscle that contracts to draw air into the lungs; most important organ in respiration Ductus Arteriosus: in the fetal pig, shunts blood into the dorsal aorta, bypassing the lungs Ductus Venosus: leads directly into the vena cava; allows some blood rich in oxygen and nutrients to be pumped out of the body without passing through the capillary beds in the kidney Duodenum: the portion of the small intestine into which the contents of the stomach empties
11 E Epididymis: an elongated mass of convoluted efferent tubes at the back of the testes Epiglottis: flap of tissue that covers the glottis to keep food from entering the trachea Esophagus: a muscular tube that transports food to the stomach and also serves to aid in mechanical digestion of food G Gall Bladder: stores bile that is produced by the liver Gastric Vein: drains the pyloric region of the stomach before it joins the hepatic portal vein Genital Papilla: a projection of tissue dorsal to the urogenital opening Glottis: opening to the trachea H Hard Palate: the ridged surface on the roof of the oral cavity Hepatic Portal Vein: carries blood from the digestive organs and spleen to the liver where nutrients are altered by hepatocytes before entering circulation Hepatic Vein: carries blood away from the liver I Inferior Mesenteric Vein: carries blood away from the colon and rectum Inguinal Canal: passage where the testes descend into the scrotum Internal/External Iliac Arteries: supplies blood to the legs J Jugular Vein: transports blood away from the cranium K Kidney: filters nitrogenous waste from the blood L Larynx: the voice box; produces sound as air is forced through it Left Atrium: pumps oxygenated blood into the left ventricle Left Subclavian Artery: carries blood to the left forelimb and the left ventral chest wall Left Subclavian Vein: transports blood away from the left forelimb and the left ventral chest wall Left Ventricle: pumps blood out of the heart into the aorta Liver: produces bile, converts food into energy, and filters toxins from the blood Lungs: respiratory organs that draw in air to be "processed"
12 M Mammary Papillae: nipples; indicate how many mammary glands there are Mesentaric Artery: supplies blood to the pancreas and the small intestine Mesenteries: a mass of sheet-like membranes that hold the small intestines together N Nasopharynx: the back of the throat, forms the upper part of the pharynx O Ovary: a female gonad; contains eggs, releases them at maturity, and aids in the production of progesterone and estrogen Oviduct: a tube that serves exclusively or especially for the passage of eggs from an ovary P Pancreas: a long, whitish, cauliflower-like organ located dorsal to the stomach; produces digestive enzymes Papillary Muscle: attached to the chordae tendinae in order for the valves to open and close Penis: removes urine and semen from the body Pleural Membrane: protects lungs and keeps moisture from escaping Prostate Gland: produces fluid for semen Pulmonary Arteries: carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs Pulmonary Vein: carries oxygenated blood away from the lungs Pyloric Sphincter: a hard ring of smooth muscle; creates a boundary between the stomach and the small intestine R Rectum: tube that transports undigested food from the large intestine out of the body Renal Arteries: carry blood to the kidneys for filtration Renal Vein: carries purified blood away from the kidneys Right Atrium: transports deoxygenated blood to the right ventricle Right Subclavian Artery: supplies blood to the right forelimb and to the right ventral chest wall Right Ventricle: pumps deoxygenated blood out of the heart into the pulmonary arteries to the lungs for gas exchange
13 S Scrotum: contains the testes Semilunar Valve: prevents blood from re entering the ventricles Seminal Vesicle: produces a mucoid secretion that's released into the semen Small Intestine: secretes digestive enzymes; where most absorption of digested nutrients occurs Soft Palate: the soft part of the oral cavity, located posterior to the hard palate Spleen: destroys old red blood cells in an adult Sternum: a long vertical bone located in front of the chest cavity which attaches to the collarbone and the first seven pairs of ribs Stomach: produces acid for chemical digestion Superior Mesenteric Vein: carries blood away from the small intestine T Testis: produce sperm and testosterone Thymus: aids in the development of white blood cells Thyroid: creates hormones to control cell metabolism Tongue: a muscular structure attached to the ventral posterior of the mouth used for manipulation of food in the mouth Trachea: cartilaginous-ringed tube where air passes to the lungs from the mouth Tricuspid Valve: prevents blood in the right ventricle from returning into the right atrium U Umbilical Arteries: carries oxygen-rich blood to the fetus from the placenta Umbilical Cord: connects the fetus to the mother at the placenta Umbilical Veins: carries deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta Ureter: transports nitrogenous waste from the kidneys to the urinary bladder Urethra: carries urine out of the bladder; carries semen out of the body Urinary Bladder: stores urine Urogenital Opening: opening to the urogenital sinus Urogenital Sinus: the ventral part of the embryonic mammalian cloaca, formed by the growth of a fold dividing the cloaca where the gut and allentosis meet Uterine Horn: a coiled tube that leads from the ostium to the uterus
14 Uterus: an organ in a female mammal that is for containing and usually for nourishing the unborn fetus V Vagina: a canal in a female mammal that leads from the uterus to the external orifice opening into the vestibule between the labia minora Vas Deferens: tubes that store and transport sperm from the testes Vena Cava: returns blood to the right atrium of the heart Villi: hair-like protrusions in the small intestine which absorb nurients during digestion
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