Practice. PSYCHOLOGY Practice
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1 PSYCHOLOGY Practice Practice Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and then fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet. 1. In classical conditioning, the best results occur when the conditioned stimulus is presented a. after the unconditioned response. b. with the unconditioned response. c. alone. d. before the unconditioned response. 2. A subject responding to a second stimulus similar to the original CS is an example of a. discrimination. c. preconditioning. d. taste. 3. An unpleasant consequence that decreases the frequency of the response that produced it is called a. negative reinforcement. b. punishment. c. classical conditioning. d. avoidance learning. 4. To play basketball, several response chains are organized into a. response patterns. b. response shapes. c. variable intervals. d. cognitive maps. 5. Learning from the consequences of behavior is called a. classical conditioning. b. avoidance conditioning. c. operant conditioning. d. shaping. 6. A child saying Daddy only to his father is an example of a. extinction. c. discrimination. d. an unconditioned response. 7. In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus elicits a. an automatic response. b. a learned response. c. a conditioned stimulus. d. salivation. 8. In human society, money serves as a a. primary reinforcer. b. secondary reinforcer. c. response chain. d. token economy. 9. Individuals who believe that no matter what they do their actions make no difference are exhibiting a. aversive control. b. extinction. c. learned helplessness. d. response chains. 10. An individual watches a friend send an message. When the individual is later able to send an message, the type of learning exhibited is a. latent. b. self-controlled. c. classical. d. observational. 11. A child falls off his bike while trying to ride down a steep ramp and cuts his chin. A few days later, the boy cautiously but successfully rides down the ramp. Later, when trying the ramp again, he suddenly panics. His fear reaction has made a(n) a. extinct response. c. conditioned response. d. spontaneous recovery. 1
2 12. A young girl was bitten by the neighbor's poodle. Before the event, she always enjoyed playing with dogs. Now she has become fearful of all dogs. She has a. discriminated against the poodle. b. generalized her fear. c. developed an aversion to dogs. d. extinguished her love of dogs. 13. You were frightened at a movie while a certain song was playing in the background. The next week you hear the song on the radio. Your heart races. The music has become a(n) a. conditioned stimulus. b. unconditioned stimulus. c. conditioned response. d. unconditioned response. 14. Your parents ask you to pick up groceries for the family. One item is peanut butter. You select the brand that you really like, even though other brands are less expensive. Your selection is based on a. discrimination. c. preconditioning. d. taste aversion. 15. You order a pepperoni and mushroom pizza. The pizza arrives with pepperoni, olives, and mushrooms. You eat the pizza without removing the olives. Later you go to a movie and have popcorn as usual. You later feel sick to your stomach. What item are you most likely to blame for your illness? a. popcorn b. pizza c. olives d. soft drink 16. A reinforcement schedule that results in consistently high productivity. a. fixed-ratio schedule b. variable-ratio schedule c. fixed-chain schedule d. variable-chain schedule 17. Examples of primary reinforcers for humans include a. money, food, and clothing. b. prestige, social approval, and power. c. money, clothing, and social approval. d. food, clothing, and rest periods. 18. You have a job in a retail store at a mall. You are paid every Friday for the previous week's work. Your pay schedule is a a. fixed-ratio. b. fixed-interval. c. variable-chain. d. variable-interval. 19. Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of punishment? a. It does change behavior. b. It can produce unwanted side effects. c. It may cause fear of the punisher. d. It may suppress but not change inappropriate behavior. 20. Operant conditioning focuses on how reinforcement affects a. involuntary behavior. b. voluntary behavior. c. reinforced behavior. d. variable behavior. 21. A study of learning in which the focus is on how information is obtained, processed, and organized. a. cognitive learning b. latent learning c. operant learning d. computer-aided learning 22. Two types of social learning are a. behavior modification and modeling. b. modeling and cognitive learning. c. latent learning and operant conditioning. d. shaping and modeling. 2
3 23. You are with a friend who is speeding and driving recklessly. You arrive safely at your destination without being stopped by the police. You have had your driver's license for three months and have always been cautious in your driving. After your experience with your friend, you decide that speeding does not really matter. Your decision to speed is an example of a. behavior modification. b. latent learning. c. observational learning. d. disinhibition. 24. You learned how to follow a recipe by watching your mother bake bread. This type of learning is a. behavior learning. b. inhibited learning. c. observational learning. d. latent learning. 25. learning occurs when people observe and imitate the behavior of others. a. Latent b. Cognitive c. Social d. Behavioral 26. learning is not demonstrated by an immediate, observable change in behavior. a. Latent b. Cognitive c. Social d. Behavioral 27. The behavior modification technique often used to overcome fears is a. modeling. b. classical conditioning. c. operant conditioning. d. shaping. 28. Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate a. shaping. b. extrinsic motivation. c. classical conditioning. d. observational learning. e. negative reinforcement. 29. John B. Watson emphasized that a. learning depends on how predictably rather than how frequently events are associated. b. unlike lower animals, humans learn through a process of cognition. c. both humans and lower animals learn to expect that a CS will be followed by a US. d. learning should be explained without any reference to mental processes. e. cognition plays a role in conditioning through the power of prediction. 30. For the most rapid acquisition of a CR, the CS should be presented a. shortly after the CR. b. shortly after the US. c. shortly before the US. d. at the same time as the US. e. shortly before the CR. 31. Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because a. it highlighted the role of cognitive processes in learning. b. so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned. c. it demonstrated an essential difference between animal and human learning. d. all learning depends on reinforcement. e. it demonstrated that rewards were more effective than punishment. 32. Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears a. can interfere with the process of learning. b. can be used as negative reinforcers. c. are acquired through observational learning. d. may be produced through classical conditioning. e. are highly hereditable from biological parents. 3
4 33. B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called a. shaping. b. behaviorism. c. observational learning. d. the law of effect. e. latent learning. 34. In shaping a dog to shake, the command shake would be the. When the dog slightly moves its paw, this would be a(n). a. discriminative stimulus; operant behavior b. unconditioned stimulus; respondent behavior c. conditioned stimulus; positive reinforcer d. modeling; prosocial behavior e. continuous reinforcement; conditioned reinforcer 35. Every Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family's breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a(n) a. positive reinforcer. b. unconditioned response. c. conditioned response. d. negative reinforcer. e. punishment. 36. Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a schedule of reinforcement. a. fixed-ratio b. fixed-interval c. variable-interval d. variable-ratio e. intermittent-interval 37. A small-town radio disc jockey frequently announces how much money is currently in a jackpot. Every day several randomly selected residents are called and asked to identify the amount, and thereby win it. Those who keep track of the jackpot amount are most likely to be reinforced on a schedule. a. fixed-ratio b. variable-interval c. variable-ratio d. fixed-interval e. partial-delayed 38. An event that decreases the behavior that precedes it is a a. negative reinforcer. b. punishment. c. conditioned stimulus. d. delayed reinforcer. e. secondary reinforcer. 39. After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old Vaclav experiences fear of any woman wearing a white dress. Vaclav's reaction best illustrates a. shaping. b. extinction. c. latent learning. d. spontaneous recovery. e. generalization. 40. After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of a. secondary reinforcement. c. shaping. d. latent learning. e. spontaneous recovery. 4
5 41. Four-year-old Della asks her mother for a special treat every time they go to the grocery store. At first her mother granted every request, but now she does so less consistently. Research suggests that Della will a. soon give up asking for a treat entirely. b. come to ask for a treat only occasionally. c. continue to ask for a treat nearly every time she goes to the store. d. ask for a treat every time her mother takes her out, even if they don't go to the grocery store. e. begin to ask for treats every time she sees her mother. 42. A child who is punished for swearing at home but reinforced for swearing on the school playground is most likely to demonstrate a patterned habit of swearing that is indicative of a. negative reinforcement. b. instinctive drift. c. discrimination. d. extinction. e. spontaneous reinforcement. 43. A young child who is spanked after running into the street learns not to repeat this behavior. In this case, the spanking is a a. positive reinforcer. b. conditioned reinforce. c. positive punishment. d. negative punishment. e. negative reinforcer. 44. Promising people monetary rewards for doing what they already enjoy doing is most likely to undermine a. latent learning. b. intrinsic motivation. c. spontaneous recovery. d. generalization. e. discrimination. Completion Complete each statement. 45. In negative reinforcement, the removal of unpleasant consequences the frequency of a behavior that preceded the removal. 46. Receiving points that can be cashed in for prizes is an example of a system of learning. 47. A partial schedule of reinforcement the likelihood that the desired responses will be more stable and long-lasting. 49. A dog who assists a hearing-impaired person is trained to react to the telephone ringing. If the dog also reacts to a tone from the person's microwave, the dog is exhibiting. 50. On a(n) schedule, reinforcement occurs after a random number of responses. 51. On a(n) schedule, reinforcement occurs after a specified quantity of responses. 48. On a(n) schedule, reinforcement is available at predetermined times. 5
6 Practice Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. ANS: D 2. ANS: B 3. ANS: B DIF: C 4. ANS: A 5. ANS: C 6. ANS: C 7. ANS: A 8. ANS: B DIF: C 9. ANS: C DIF: E 10. ANS: D DIF: E 11. ANS: D DIF: E 12. ANS: B 13. ANS: A DIF: C 14. ANS: A DIF: E 15. ANS: C 16. ANS: B 17. ANS: D 18. ANS: B DIF: E 19. ANS: A DIF: C 20. ANS: B 21. ANS: A 22. ANS: B DIF: C 23. ANS: D 24. ANS: C DIF: E 25. ANS: C 26. ANS: A 27. ANS: B DIF: C 28. ANS: C DIF: Medium OBJ: Unit VI 26-1 TOP: How do we learn? 29. ANS: D DIF: Difficult OBJ: Unit VI 26-2 TOP: Classical conditioning 30. ANS: C DIF: Medium OBJ: Unit VI 26-3 TOP: Acquisition 31. ANS: B DIF: Medium OBJ: Unit VI 26-4 TOP: Pavlov's legacy 32. ANS: D DIF: Medium OBJ: Unit VI 26-4 TOP: Pavlov's legacy 33. ANS: D DIF: Difficult OBJ: Unit VI 27-1 TOP: Skinner's experiments 34. ANS: A DIF: Difficult OBJ: Unit VI 27-1 TOP: Shaping behavior 1
7 35. ANS: A DIF: Difficult OBJ: Unit VI 27-2 TOP: Types of reinforcers 36. ANS: A DIF: Difficult OBJ: Unit VI 27-3 TOP: Reinforcement schedules 37. ANS: B DIF: Difficult OBJ: Unit VI 27-3 TOP: Reinforcement schedules 38. ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: Unit VI 27-4 TOP: Punishment 39. ANS: E DIF: Medium OBJ: Unit VI 26-3 TOP: Generalization 40. ANS: B DIF: Medium OBJ: Unit VI 26-4 TOP: Pavlov's legacy 41. ANS: C DIF: Difficult OBJ: Unit VI 27-3 TOP: Reinforcement schedules 42. ANS: C DIF: Difficult OBJ: Unit VI 27-4 TOP: Punishment 43. ANS: C DIF: Medium OBJ: Unit VI 27-4 TOP: Punishment 44. ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: Unit VI 29-2 TOP: Cognition's influence on conditioning COMPLETION 45. ANS: decreases DIF: E 46. ANS: token economy 47. ANS: increases 48. ANS: fixed-interval DIF: E 49. ANS: generalization 50. ANS: variable-ratio 51. ANS: fixed-ratio DIF: E 2
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