Learning. Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice. Permanent Experience Practice
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1 Learning Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice Permanent Experience Practice
2 Ivan Pavlov ( ) Russian Physiologist Father= Village Priest Father-in-law= Priest Religion to Physiology (Charles Darwin, Origins of Species) St. Petersburg
3 Ivan Pavlov Classical Conditioning A stimulus comes to elicit a response that it does not normally elicit
4 Ivan Pavlov Wanted to study digestion in dogs Interaction between salivation and digestion Dogs salivate when they eat and smell food This is known as a reflex (it is not learned; it is involuntary)
5 Ivan Pavlov What did he discover?? Dogs salivate without proper stimulus Stimulus is an environmental condition that evokes a response from an organism Salivate at lab coats Why? Getting fed by a person in a lab coat Will external stimuli affect salivation???.its Classical Conditioning
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7 Ivan Pavlov Thought he could control salivation Play a bell (neutral stimulus) before he gave the dog food Bell could elicit salivation even when food was taken away He had conditioned the dog to salivate when it heard just the bell alone
8 Ivan Pavlov- Vocabulary Unconditioned Stimulus (US) Event that causes a response to occur (prior to conditioning) Giving dog food Doctor hitting our knee
9 Ivan Pavlov- Vocabulary Unconditioned Response (UR) Response that occurs after the stimulus (natural/ involuntary, not learned) Salivation is the UR Food in front of the dog is the US
10 Ivan Pavlov- Vocabulary Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Paired with the US Bell tone paired with food to elicit conditioned response
11 Ivan Pavlov- Vocabulary Conditioned Response (CR) Salivating after only the bell is ringing
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14 Ivan Pavlov He helped cure phobias how??
15 Ivan Pavlov-Vocabulary Counterconditioning A pleasant stimulus is repeatedly paired with a fear-evoking object, thereby counteracting the fear response
16 Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning The CS must come before the UCS The CS and the UCS must come very close together in time The neutral stimulus must be paired with the UCS several times before conditioning can take place The CS is usually some stimulus that is distinctive (stands out from other stimuli)
17 Generalization The tendency for a Conditioned Response (salivating) to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus (objects that look like a bell) to which the response was conditioned Rustling sounds in the bushes Animals will still flee regardless of what is in the bushes
18 Definition: Discrimination The tendency for an organism to distinguish between a Conditioned Stimulus (CS) and similar stimuli that do not forecast an Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
19 Discrimination 2 things that organisms must learn: 1. Many stimuli that are perceived as being similar are functionally different 2. They must respond adaptively to each
20 Discrimination Example: In the first couple months of life, babies can discriminate their mother s voice from those of other women Babies will often stop crying when they hear their mother but not when they hear a stranger s voice
21 Extinction and Spontaneous Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery are aspects of conditioning that help organisms adapt by updating their expectations or revising their representations of the changing environment Recovery
22 Extinction Process by which Conditioned Stimuli (CS) lose the ability to elicit conditioned responses (CR) because the CS are no longer associated with unconditioned stimuli (US) The CS no longer serves its predictive function
23 Extinction Pavlov- Found that repeated presentations of the CS (bell) without the US (food) lead to extinction of the CR (salivation in response to the bell)
24 Spontaneous Recovery The recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time Example: Extinguish a response, wait a couple of days/weeks, present the CS again (bell), and the dog would salivate (CR)
25 Higher-Order Conditioning A previously Neutral Stimulus comes to serve as a CS after repeatedly being paired with a stimulus that has already become a CS
26 Higher-Order Conditioning Example: Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivated (CR) in response to a bell (CS). He then repeatedly paired the shining of the light with the sounding of a bell. After several pairings, shining the light (the higher-order CS) came to elicit the response (salivation) that had been elicited by the bell (first-order CS)
27 Taste Aversion (a type of Classical Conditioning) A type of Classical Conditioning in which a previously desirable or neutral food becomes repugnant (repulsive) because it is associated with aversive stimulation (getting sick, eating too much) Known as biological preparedness for animals who use it for survival
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