Natural Capital and the Future of Farming

Transcription

1 Natural Capital and the Future of Farming Robert Costanza Professor and Chair in Public Policy Crawford School of Public Policy Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601, Australia Editor in Chief, Solutions (

2 Human influence on the earth system is now so large, that a new geologic epoch (the Anthropocene) has begun. We now live in a Full World Business as usual is not an option

3 PLANETARY BOUNDARIES: THERE ARE FUNDAMENTAL ECOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS Rockström, J., et al A safe operating space for humanity. Nature 461: Steffen, W., J. Rockström, and R. Costanza How Defining Planetary Boundaries Can Transform Our Approach to Growth. Solutions. Vol 2, No. 3, May 2011

4 From: Costanza, R., R. de Groot, P. Sutton, S. van der Ploeg, S. Anderson, I. Kubiszewski, S. Farber, and R. K. Turner Changes in the global value of ecosystem services. Global Environmental Change 26: Social Capital Built Capital Human Capital Natural Capital Ecosystem Services Interaction X Natural Capital is everything in the world that humans do not have to produce or maintain the gifts of nature. Valuation of natural capital is about assessing the relative contributions of natural capital to sustainable human well-being. Sustainable Human Well-Being Recognition of this is different from conventional approaches that do not adequately capture the contributions of natural and social capital.

5 From: Costanza, R. R. d'arge, R. de Groot, S. Farber, M. Grasso, B. Hannon, S. Naeem, K. Limburg, J. Paruelo, R.V. O'Neill, R. Raskin, P. Sutton, and M. van den Belt The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387: ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Gas regulation Climate regulation Disturbance regulation Water regulation Water supply Erosion control and sediment retention Soil formation Nutrient cycling Waste treatment Pollination Biological control Refugia Food production Raw materials Genetic resources Recreation Cultural ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONS Regulation of atmospheric chemical composition. Regulation of global temperature, precipitation, and other biologically mediated climatic processes at global, regional, or local levels. Capacitance, damping and integrity of ecosystem response to environmental fluctuations. Regulation of hydrological flows. Storage and retention of water. Retention of soil within an ecosystem. Soil formation processes. Storage, internal cycling, processing, and acquisition of nutrients. Recovery of mobile nutrients and removal or breakdown of excess or xenic nutrients and compounds. Movement of floral gametes. Trophic-dynamic regulations of populations. Habitat for resident and transient populations. That portion of gross primary production extractable as food. That portion of gross primary production extractable as raw materials. Sources of unique biological materials and products. Providing opportunities for recreational activities. Providing opportunities for non-commercial uses.

6 Ecosystem Services: the benefits humans derive from functioning Missing: Interaction with other forms of capital

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13 Uses for natural capital and ecosystem services valuation From: Costanza, R., R. de Groot, et al Changes in the global value of ecosystem services. Global Environmental Change 26:

14 NATURE VOL MAY 1997 The value of the world s ecosystem services and natural capital Robert Costanza, Ralph d Arge, Rudolf de Groot, Stephen Farber, Monica Grasso, Bruce Hannon, Karin Limburg, Shahid Naeem, Robert V. O Neill, Jose Paruelo, Robert G. Raskin, Paul Sutton & Marjan van den Belt * For the entire biosphere, the value (most of which is outside the market) is estimated to be in the range of US$16 54 trillion per year, with an average of US$33trillion per year. Valuin g 2 nd most cited article in the Ecology/Environment area according to the ISI Web of Knowledge with more than 5000 citations

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16 we estimated the loss of eco-services from 1997 to 2011 due to land use change at $ trillion/yr.

17 From: Costanza et al Changes in the global value of ecosystem services. Global Environmental Change 26:

18 Melbourne Melbourne From: Paul Sutton, Sharolyn Anderson, Robert Costanza, and Ida Kubiszewski Healthy Land Degradation (after Haberl et al. 2007) Land Degradation = % of Potential NPP 6.8% of Total ES Value Degraded Healthy Land Degradation (after Imhoff et al. 2004) Land Degradation = HANPP 2.4% of Total ES Value Degraded The Ecological Economics of Land Degradation: impacts on ecosystem service values. (In review) Melbourne Melbourne Land Cover (derived from GlobCov) Coral Tropical Forest Mangrove Desert Floodplain Grassland Urban Tundra Water Bodies Ice / Rock / Bare Cropland Coastal Shelf Temperate Boreal Ocean ĖÞŒPǾMÕÒM Satellite Mosaic (ESRI Imagery Base Map ) Area Sq Km 7,694,273 Total ESV ($ / Year) 3,290,360,649,480 Lost ESV (Haberl) $ 79 Billion/Year Lost ESV (Imhoff) $224 Billion/Year

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21 From: Foley et al Global Consequences of Land Use. Science 309:

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24 From: Bateman et al Bringing Ecosystem Services into Economic Decision-Making: Land Use in the United Kingdom. Science 341:45-50

25 From: Bateman et al Bringing Ecosystem Services into Economic Decision-Making: Land Use in the United Kingdom. Science 341:45-50

26 From: Bateman et al Bringing Ecosystem Services into Economic Decision-Making: Land Use in the United Kingdom. Science 341:45-50 World Markets Nature at Work Example scenario analyses including nonmarket ecosystem services values

27 From: Bateman et al Bringing Ecosystem Services into Economic Decision-Making: Land Use in the United Kingdom. Science 341:45-50

28 Individuals Focus on GDP Growth Limits Overcome with Technology Economic Growth Continues MF-FE Market Forces- Free Enterprise The market knows best Inequity not addressed FW-SI Fortress World - Strong Individualism Everyone for themselves Limited Governance PR-CA Policy Reform - Coordinated Action We need planning and government Equity maintained Community GT-CWB Great Transition - Community Well-Being We re all in this together Governance at many levels Stewardship and sharing Focus on Well-Being Limits Binding GDP Growth no longer possible or desirable

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33 GUMBO (Global Unified Model of the BiOsphere) From: Boumans, R., R. Costanza, J. Farley, M. A. Wilson, R. Portela, J. Rotmans, F. Villa, and M. Grasso Modeling the Dynamics of the Integrated Earth System and the Value of Global Ecosystem Services Using the GUMBO Model. Ecological Economics 41:

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35 Achieving Sustainable Societies: Lessons from Modelling the Ancient Maya by Scott Heckbert, Robert Costanza, and Lael Parrott, Solutions, 5(5), ,000,000 5,000,000 Total Real Income Ecosystem Services Value Trade Value Yield Value 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 0 Figure 6: Real income of all simulated settlements over time by contributions from agriculture, ecosystem services, and trade value. Ecosystem services is eventually superceded by agriculture, and both by trade around time step 350.

36 MIMES Multi-scale Integrated Models of Ecosystem Services Biosphere Location Anthroposphere Earth Surfaces Nutrient Cycling Biodiversity Ecosystem Services Cultures Social Capital Human Capital Built Capital Hydrosphere Lithosphere Atmosphere Exchanges Between Locations Water by Reservoir Geological Carbon Ores Earth Energy Gasses

37 Players Game Interface Conceptual Diagram: Using Human Interactions with Games to Value Ecosystem Services Research Results Better Model-Game linkages Insights into Human Decision-Making Ecosystem Services Values of Communities and Individuals Knowledge Transfer via Gaming Underlying Landscape Model

38 Uses of Games Entertainment (3 billion hours per week spent playing computer games) Integrated Games Education (learning while playing) Research (game theory, experimental economics, resource games, etc. From: Costanza, R. et al Simulation games that integrate research, entertainment, and learning around ecosystem services. Ecosystem Services 10:

39 Conclusions The importance and value of natural capital is becoming more widely recognized and is beginning to be put on the books Farmers who manage and enhance their natural capital will be more resilient and better long-term performers. This stewardship will also be rewarded by financial institutions and other incentives. Better tools are being developed to help farmers monitor, value, and manage their natural capital assets.

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41 onsjournal.org Online and Print; Hybrid peer-reviewed academic journal and popular magazine; Uses a more par cipatory and transdisciplinary review process; Focuses on seriously crea ve dialog rather than debate Editor in Chief: Robert Costanza Associate Editors: David Orr, Paul Hawken, and John Todd Managing Editor: Ida Kubiszewski Editorial Board: Gar Alperovitz, Ray Anderson, Vinya Ariyaratne, Robert Ayres, Peter Barnes, Bill Becker, Lester Brown, Ernest Callenbach, Cutler Cleveland, Raymond Cole, Rita Colwell, Bob Corell, Herman Daly, Thomas Dietz, Josh Farley, Jerry Franklin, Susan Joy Hassol, Richard Heinberg, Jeffrey Hollender, Buzz Hollling, Terry Irwin, Jon Isham, Wes Jackson, Patrick C. Kangas, Tim Kasser, Frances Moore Lappe, Rik Leemans, Tom Lovejoy, Hunter Lovins, Manfred Max-Neef, Peter May, Jaqueline McGlade, Bill McKibben, William Mitsch, Mohan Munasinghe, Norman Myers, Elinore Ostrom, Bill Rees, Wolfgang Sachs, Peter Senge, Anthony Simon, Gus Speth, Larry Susskind, David Suzuki, Mary Evelyn Tucker, Alvaro Umaña, Marjan van den Belt, Sim van der Ryn, Peter Victor, and Mike Young

42 Thank You