Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
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- Iris Chambers
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1 Chapter 13 Meiosis ad Sexual Life Cycles Overview: Hereditary Similarity ad Variatio Livig orgaisms Are distiguished by their ability to reproduce with, ad produce more of, their ow kid (e.g. a species) Heredity Is the trasmissio of traits from oe geeratio to the ext Variatio Shows that offsprig differ somewhat i appearace from parets ad sibligs PowerPoit Lectures for Biology, Seveth Editio Neil Campbell ad Jae Reece Lectures by Chris Romero Figure
2 Geetics Is the scietific study of heredity ad hereditary variatio Cocept 13.1: Offsprig acquire gees from parets by iheritig All of our DNA is divided ito 23 pairs of These costitute the geome Gees Are segmets of Are the uits of heredity Provide istructios to make proteis Iheritace of Gees Each gee i a orgaism s DNA Has a specific locus o a certai chromosome Cotais iformatio i the form of a sequece of ucleotides ( letters A, T, G, C) A chromosome may cotai a few hudred d to thousads of gees 2
3 Iheritace of Gees We iherit oe set of from our mother (23) ad oe set from our father (23) Each set of is carried by reproductive cells called gametes: Sperm: male gametes Eggs: female gametes Gametes have oly 1 set of 23 (haploid half the umber) The rest of our cells (somatic cells) have 2 sets of 23 (diploid) Compariso of Asexual ad Sexual Reproductio I asexual reproductio Oe paret produces geetically idetical offsprig by mitosis = a cloe Some geetic variatio may arise due to mutatios (errors i the DNA sequece) Figure 13.2 Bud Paret 0.5 mm I sexual reproductio Two parets give rise to offsprig that have uique combiatios of gees iherited from the two parets The key to this is the behavior of : durig productio of gametes durig fertilizatio 3
4 Sets of Chromosomes i Huma Cells Cocept 13.2: Fertilizatio ad meiosis alterate i sexual life cycles A life cycle Is the geeratio-to-geeratio sequece of stages i the reproductive history of a orgaism from coceptio to productio of offsprig I humas Each somatic cell has 46, made up of two sets Oe set of comes from each paret The 2 i each pair are similar to each other (e.g. cotai the same gees) A karyotype Is a ordered, visual represetatio of the i a cell are staied ad pairs are matched Cetromere Pair of homologous Sister chromatids 5 µm Figure
5 Huma Chromosomes Homologous Are the two composig a pair Have the same characteristics: have gees resposible for the same characters or traits There are 22 pairs of homologous Are also be called autosomes Sex the 23 rd pair Are distict from each other i their characteristics ohomologous Are represeted as X ad Y Determie the sex of the idividual, XX beig female, XY beig male 5
6 A diploid cell Has two sets of each of its A huma has 46 (2 = 46) Also called a somatic cell A diploid cell (all cells except gametes) I a cell i which DNA sythesis has occurred All the are duplicated ad thus each cosists of two idetical sister chromatids 2 = 6 Key Materal set of ( = 3) Pateral set of ( = 3) Two sister chromatids of oe replicated chromosome Cetromere Figure 13.4 Two osister chromatids i a homologous pair Pair of homologous (oe from each set) 6
7 Ulike somatic cells Gametes (sperm ad egg cells) are haploid cells, cotaiig oly oe set of = 23 a egg cell cotais a X chromosome + 22 autosomes a sperm cell cotais either a X or a Y chromosome + 22 autosomes Behavior of Chromosome Sets i the Huma Life Cycle At sexual maturity The ovaries ad testes produce haploid gametes by meiosis meiosis is a special type of divisio that oly happes to cells i the ovaries ad testes whe producig gametes Durig fertilizatio These gametes, sperm ad ovum, fuse ad form a diploid zygote The zygote Develops ito a adult orgaism by mitosis 7
8 The huma life cycle Key Haploid gametes ( = 23) Haploid () Ovum () Diploid (2) Sperm Cell () MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION Ovary Testis Diploid zygote (2 = 46) Mitosis ad developmet Multicellular diploid Figure 13.5 adults (2 = 46) The Variety of Sexual Life Cycles The three mai types of sexual life cycles Differ i the timig of meiosis ad fertilizatio I aimals Meiosis occurs durig gamete formatio Gametes are the oly haploid cells Figure 13.6 A Diploid multicellular orgaism Key Haploid Diploid MEIOSIS 2 (a) Aimals Gametes Zygote FERTILIZATION 2 Mitosis 8
9 Plats ad some algae Exhibit a alteratio of geeratios The life cycle icludes both diploid ad haploid multicellular stages Figure 13.6 B Diploid multicellular orgaism (sporophyte) (b) Plats ad some algae Mitosis MEIOSIS 2 Haploid multicellular orgaism (gametophyte) Spores Gametes 2 Mitosis Mitosis FERTILIZATION Zygote I most fugi ad some protists Meiosis produces haploid cells that give rise to a haploid multicellular adult orgaism The haploid adult carries out mitosis, producig cells that will become Figure 13.6 C gametes (c) Most fugi ad some protists Haploid multicellular orgaism Mitosis Mitosis Gametes MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION 2 Zygote Cocept 13.3: Meiosis reduces the umber of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid Meiosis Just like mitosis it is preceded by DNA replicatio Takes place i two sets of divisios, meiosis I ad meiosis II 9
10 The Stages of Meiosis Meiosis I: No sister chromatid segregatio Homologous pair segregates Chromosome umber i daughter cells becomes half Meiosis II: Just like mitosis Iterphase Homologous pair of i diploid paret cell Chromosomes replicate Homologous pair of replicated Sister Diploid cell with chromatids replicated Meiosis I Homologous 1 separate Haploid cells with replicated Meiosis II 2 Sister chromatids separate Haploid cells with ureplicated Meiosis I Reduces the umber of from diploid to haploid (i humas from 46 to 23) Meiosis II Produces four haploid daughter cells (e.g. sperm) Iterphase ad meiosis I INTERPHASE MEIOSIS I: Separates homologous PROPHASE I METAPHASE I ANAPHASE I Cetrosomes Cetromere Sister chromatids (with cetriole pairs) (with kietochore) remai attached Chiasmata Sister Metaphase chromatids plate Spidle Nuclear evelope Microtubule Homologous Tetrad Chromati attached to kietochore separate Chromosomes duplicate Pairs of homologous Homologous Tertads lie up split up (red ad blue) pair ad exchage Figure 13.8 segmets; 2 = 6 i this example Figure
11 Telophase I, cytokiesis, ad meiosis II MEIOSIS II: Separates sister chromatids TELOPHASE I AND PROPHASE II METAPHASE II ANAPHASE II TELOPHASE II AND CYTOKINESIS CYTOKINESIS A Compariso of Mitosis ad Meiosis Meiosis ca be distiguished from mitosis By three evets i Meiosis l Syapsis ad crossig over (prophase I) Homologous physically coect (syapsis) ad exchage geetic iformatio (crossig over) Cleavage furrow Sister chromatids separate Haploid daughter cells formig Two haploid cells form; are still double Durig aother roud of cell divisio, the sister chromatids fially separate; four haploid daughter cells result, cotaiig sigle 11
12 Tetrads o the metaphase plate At metaphase I of meiosis, paired homologous (tetrads) are positioed o the metaphase plates Separatio of homologues At aaphase I of meiosis, homologous pairs move toward opposite poles of the cell I aaphase II of meiosis, the sister chromatids separate A compariso of mitosis ad meiosis MITOSIS MEIOSIS Paret cell Chiasma (site of MEIOSIS I (before chromosome replicatio) crossig over) Prophase Prophase I Chromosome Chromosome Tetrad formed by replicatio replicatio 2 = 6 syapsis of homologous Duplicated chromosome (two sister chromatids) Chromosomes Tetrads Metaphase positioed at the positioed at the Metaphase I metaphase plate metaphase plate Aaphase Telophase 2 Sister chromatids separate durig aaphase 2 Homologues separate durig aaphase I; sister chromatids Daughter remai together cells of meiosis I Aaphase I Telophase I Haploid = 3 MEIOSIS II Daughter cells of mitosis Daughter cells of meiosis II Figure 13.9 Sister chromatids separate durig aaphase II 12
13 Cocept 13.4: Geetic variatio produced i sexual life cycles cotributes to evolutio Reshufflig of geetic material i meiosis Produces geetic variatio Origis of Geetic Variatio Amog Offsprig I species that produce sexually The behavior of durig meiosis ad fertilizatio is resposible for most of the variatio that arises each geeratio Idepedet Assortmet of Chromosomes Homologous pairs of Oriet radomly at metaphase I of meiosis 13
14 I idepedet assortmet Each pair of sorts its materal ad pateral homologues ito daughter cells idepedetly of the other pairs For a huma cell there are 2 = 2 23 = ~8.4x10 6 probable arragemets of Key Materal set of Pateral set of Combiatio 1 Figure Possibility 1 Possibility 2 Combiatio 2 Two equally probable arragemets of at metaphase I Metaphase II Daughter cells Combiatio 3 Combiatio 4 Crossig Over Crossig over Produces recombiat that carry gees derived from two differet parets Prophase I Nosister of meiosis chromatids A average of 1-3 crossover evets occurs alog the legth of a chromosome Tetrad Metaphase I Metaphase II Daughter cells Figure Recombiat Chiasma, site of crossig over Idepedet assortmet of oidetical sister chromatids icreases geetic variatio eve more Radom Fertilizatio The fusio of gametes Will produce a zygote with ay of about 64 trillio diploid combiatios This is without takig ito accout the cotributio by crossig over! 14
15 Evolutioary Sigificace of Geetic Variatio Withi Populatios Geetic variatio Is the raw material for evolutio by atural selectio New geetic variatios icrease the chace that more idividuals i a populatio will be more fit to survive Mutatios Are the origial source of geetic variatio Chages i DNA sequece Sexual reproductio Produces ew combiatios of variat gees, addig more geetic diversity 15
Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
Name Period Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Concept 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes 1. Let s begin with a review of several terms that you may already know.
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