Principles of ELECTRONICS A AND B A A B A B. Partha Kumar Ganguly

Transcription

1 Principles of ELECTRONICS A B A B A AND B A B B A A B Partha Kumar Ganguly

2 Principles of Electronics

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4 Principles of Electronics Partha Kumar Ganguly Associate Professor Department of Electrical Engineering Shekhawati Engineering College Rajasthan Delhi-92 25

5 PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRONICS Partha Kumar Ganguly 25 by PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House,, Patparganj Industrial Estate, Delhi-92 and Printed by Mohan Makhijani at Rekha Printers Private Limited, New Delhi-2.

6 To My grandchildren Vanshika and Ahilaan

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8 Contents Preface xxi. INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS AND SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS 5. Electronics.2 Applications of Electronics.2. Communication and Entertainments.2.2 Defense Applications Industrial Application Application in Medical Science Digital Electronics Application in Automobiles Instrumentation 3.3 Electronic Components 3.3. Passive Components Active Components Key Points 3 Exercises 5 2. ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND ENERGY LEVEL Introduction Energy Band in Solids Chemical Bonding in Semiconductors Crystals Commonly Used Semiconductors Hole Current Classification of Semiconductors Intrinsic Semiconductors Extrinsic Semiconductors n-type Semiconductor p-type Semiconductor Majority and Minority Carriers 26 vii

9 viii Contents 2.. Formation of p n Junction Unbiased p n Junction p n junction Behaviour under Biasing 28 Key Points 3 Exercises SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE Introduction Volt Ampere Characteristics of a p n Junction Diode Important Terms During Biasing Limitation in the Operating Conditions of p n Junction Vital Terms for the Satisfactory Operation of a Diode Real Diode Use of Crystal Diode in Rectifier Half Wave Rectifier Output DC Voltage Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF) of Half Wave Rectifier Full Wave Rectifier Peak Inverse Voltage Full Wave Bridge Rectifier Efficiency of Full Wave Rectifier Transformer Utilisation Factor (TUF) Peak Inverse Voltage Comparison of Rectifiers Filter Circuits Shunt Capacitor Filter Inductor Filter LC Filter or Choke Input Filter C-L-C or p-filter Merits and Demerits of Crystal Diode Diode Circuits Clippers and Limiters The Positive Clipper The Negative Clipper The Limiter or Diode Clamp Biased Clippers Combination Clipper Clampers Voltage Multipliers Voltage Doubler Voltage Tripler Full Wave Voltage Doubler Special Purpose Diodes 7

10 Contents ix 3.3 Zener Diode Characteristics of a Zener Diode Avalanche Breakdown and Zener Breakdown Zener Diode Rating Equivalent Circuit of Zener Diode Application of Zener Diodes 73 Key Points 8 Exercises 83 Numerical Problems TRANSISTORS Introduction Transistor Transistor Terminals Transistor Action Unbiased Transistor Transistor Biasing Working of n p n Transistor Working of p n p Transistor Transistor Action and its Importance Different Operating Conditions of a Transistor Transistor Symbols Transistor as an Amplifier Transistor Connections Common Base Connection (or CB Configuration) Transistor Characteristics Characteristics of Common Base (CB) Configuration Common Emitter Connection (or CE Configuration) 4.6. Characteristics of Common Emitter Configuration Common Collector Connection (or CC Configuration) Characteristics of Common-Collector Configuration 4.8 Comparison of Transistor Connections 4.9 Commonly used Transistor Connection Transistor as an Amplifier (CE Configuration) Transistor Load Line Analysis Operating Point Output from a CE Transistor Amplifier Performance of CE Transistor Amplifier 2 4. Fabrication of Transistor Alloy Junction Technique Diffused Junction Technique Thermal Runway and Heat Sink 27 Key Points 27 Exercises 29 Numerical Problems 3

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