Ch. 5: Marine Protozoans & Invertebrates. Ch. 5: Marine Protozoans & Invertebrates
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1 Ch. 5: Marine Protozoans & Invertebrates Ch. 5: Marine Protozoans & Invertebrates
2 Marine Protozoans Kingdom Protista Non-photosynthetic Microscopic Most Single-celled, many w/ shell Many consumers & parasites Plankton, but most can move Asexual reproduction & occasional sexual
3 What are Animals? Kingdom Animalia Multicellular eukaryotes Heterotrophs (consumers) No cell walls Contractile muscles Nervous system (some primitive) Sponge: primitive muscle/nerve cells Seals: complex animals Greater dependence on sexual reproduction
4 Hermaphroditic Animals Many invertebrates (some fish) function as both males & females Simultaneous (have both male & female organs) Don t self fertilize Sequential (born one sex & change into opposite sex) Dwarf Angelfish Ex: If male dies, largest female becomes male
5 Marine Invertebrates Members of Kingdom Animalia w/out a vertebral column (backbone) ~97% of all animals are inverts All major invert. phyla have marine representatives
6 Body Symmetry Distribution of duplicate body parts Asymmetric: no symmetry Sponges Radial: body parts in repeating pattern around central axis (wheel) Identical pieces of pie Top & bottom, but no left or right sides Bilateral: mirror image halves Lobster Anemone
7 Distinct: Bilateral Symmetry Head (anterior) & rear (posterior) Top (dorsal) & bottom (ventral) Most have specialized sensory organs (vision, sound, chemicals) & brain
8 Phylum Porifera: Sponges Primitive, loose aggregate of cells (no true muscles, nerves, organs) Sessile: Don t move, attached Filter feeders: pump H 2 O through matrix to filter out plankton, nutrients... Skeleton of spongin fibers (flexible) or hardened spicules (CaCO 3 or SiO 2 ) Big sponge!
9 Filter Feeding: Water & food circulate through pores to Spongocoel, Water & wastes exit out osculum Body held rigid by Body held rigid by skeletal spicules (compsed of calcium carbonate Water (CaCO3) out skeletal spicules or Silicon dioxide (SiO2) osculum Choanocytes (collar cells) whip water & food into Spicules central cavity (Spongocoel) where food particles are digested Excess water & wastes exit main pore (osculum) Spongocoel Water in Choanocytes: Whip water & food into sponge, Digests particles
10 Phylum Cnidaria Sea anemones, coral, sea jellies Radial symmetry (wheel) 2 forms: medusae (free-swimming upside-down bag) Polyp polyp (sessile, right-side up bags) Finger sponge Polyp Medusae Coral Sea Anemone Jellies
11 Cnidarian Body Forms Medusa Cnidarian Larvae may be medusa or polyp Adults exist in 1 of 2 forms Sea Jellies Polyp: Sea Anemones, Coral
12 Medusae-type Anemones are solitary polyps (usually) Coral Polyps (Colony) Jelly preying on fish
13 Most are Carnivores: Prey on small fish & zooplankton Use nematocysts: specialized stinging cells in cnidocytes) Cnidocyte Undischarged Nematocyst Like harpoons (sticky or armed with strong toxins) Found on tentacles Discharge when stimulated by organisms Discharged
14 Class Hydrozoa: Most marine & colonial Blue Button (Chondrophore) Portuguese Man o War (Siphonophore) Obelia (Hydroid) Blue Button (Chondrophore) Obelia (Hydroid) Portuguese Man o War (Siphonophore) Colony of four types of polyps: Feeding, stinging, reproduction, floating
15 Class Scyphoza: Jellies Flower hat jelly Sea nettles Chrysaora sp. Medusa Bell shaped, gelatinous body (mesoglea) w/ Specialized w/ Specialized structures for feeding, stinging Nerve Net & incomplete digestive system (1 way) structures for feeding, stinging Nerve Net & incomplete digestive system (1 way gut)
16 Class Anthozoa: Coral & Sea Anemones Soft corals Gorgonian (Sea Fan) Polyp Form Many Colonial Stony Corals Sea Pansy Solitary Green Sea Anemone Brain coral
17 Coral Polyp One opening/exit for food & waste Zooxanthellae: symbiotic algae live in tissues Provide: O 2, ph carbohydrates Get: CO 2, nutrients, substrate Secrete calcium carbonate skeleton (colony) Coral Polyp One opening/exit for food & waste (Bottle Gut) Zooxanthellae: Bottle symbiotic Gut algae live in tissues Provide: O 2, ph, carbohydrates Get: CO 2, nutrients, substrate Secrete calcium carbonate skeleton (colony)
18 Worm Phyla Several distinct Phyla & classes Bilateral symmetry Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) Nemerteans (Ribbon worms) Nematodes (Round worms)
19 Platyhelminthes: flatworms Marine: Free-living Scavengers & predators Move via cilia, mucus Worm Phyla Nematoda: roundworms Free living or parasitic (fish, mammals) Abundant in benthic zone Small (<50cm), benthic Trichinella sp.
20 Nemerteans (Ribbon worms) More complex body structure than flatworms (nervous & circulatory systems) Complete digestive tract (mouth & anus) Carnivores, feed with proboscis Nemertean & seastar predators Proboscis can inject venom
21 Annelida (segmented worms) Have true body cavity (coelom) Marine class: Polychaeta Free-living, burrowing, tube dwelling Carnivores, detritvores, filter-feeders Sedentary Tubeworms: build stony tubes for protection Feather-duster worm Predators mobile Tubeworm out of tube
22 Marine Coelomates Animals w/ fluid filled body cavity (coelom) With complete lining (peritoneum) Most bilateral animals (all vertebrates) Flatworm Nematoda Roundworm Annelida Segmented worm
23 Phylum Mollusca Several distinct classes: Snails, clams, squid Bilateral symmetry Heads & developed nervous system Cephalization Tube digestive tract (mouth & anus) Unsegmented Cephalopod Bivalve Chiton Gastropod Tusk shell
24 Class Gastropoda (Snails) Belly-foots Many with Calcium carbonate shell Mostly herbivores (sharp tongue: radula) Limpets Turban snail Sea Hare Shell remains Nudibranch
25 Class Cephalopoda (squid, octopus) Head-foots head, foot, tentacles Big brain, Eye like ours Most shell-less Predators Suction cups Move by creeping or jet propulsion Pen (shell-remains) Nautilus Nautilus
26 Class Bivalvia (clams, oysters) Two-door hinged shell Suspension feeders (plankton, bacteria) Some have siphon: collects water & expels waste (clams) Mussels: byssal threads hold to rock Scallop mussel Clam oyster Byssal threads
27 Phylum Arthropoda Most numerous (mostly terrestrial class Insecta) Many marine (Class Crustacea): Copepods, krill, lobsters, shrimp, crabs, & barnacles Soft, segmented body & legs covered by exoskeleton Exoskeleton is often molted & re-grown to allow for growth copepod Shrimp Most numerous animal!
28 Phylum Arthropoda Exoskeleton advantages: Barrier from fluid loss & bacterial infection Attachment site for muscles = greater control of movement Mysid shrimp cladoceran Euphausiid (krill) Copepod Crab Gooseneck copepod barnacle Amphipod
29 Hermit Crab Barnacles Shore Crab Spiny Lobster
30 Adult Barnacle Crustacean life cycles go through multiple phases: planktonic larvae (2-3 stages) & adult form Nauplius Larvae (stage 1) of a Barnacle
31 Cypris larvae (stage 2) of a Barnacle Molts Cement glands attach it to Rock (face 1 st ) Secrets shelllike plates
32 Phylum Echinodermata Spiny skin, marine only 5-sided radial symmetry (pentamerous) Most adults benthic & mobile Intertidal to depths brittle star sea urchin Sea Daisy sea cucumber Sea star Crinoid
33 Phylum Echinodermata Water-vascular system for movement & feeding via water pressure Tube feet act as respiratory, excretory, sensory, & locomotor organs Skeleton (not cucumbers) made of calcite plates Water enters Muscle contractions change water distribution
34 Echinoderms can move slowly 5 teeth Urchin Test (skeleton) Purple sea urchin Sea Cucumber Brittle star
35 Sea stars (carnivores) Can re-grow their Arms! Have external digestion! Stomach comes out of their mouth! Water taken in from outside is circulated through canals & allows for movement of tube feet
36 Phylum Chordata All chordate embryos have: 1. Notochord: flexible rod for support (95% replace w/ vertebral column) Dorsal, Hollow Nerve cord: Develops into central nervous system 4. Postanal tail 3. Pharyngeal Slits: Gas Exchange (filter feeding for early chordates)
37 Invertebrate Chordates No more swimming! Sessile, sac-like Urochordates (Tunicates) Notochord & tail absorbed Oikopleura Tunicate larva Filter feeders Cephalochordates (Lancelets) Retains notochord Lacks vertebrae Filter feed with their gill slits Amphioxus
38 Phylum Sarcomastigophora Move, collect food, attach to substrate via flagella or pseudopodia ( false feet cellular projections) 1. Foraminiferans (calcium shell) 2. Radiolarians (silica glass shell) Pseudopodia
39 Empty test Globigerina sp. (Planktonic Foraminifera) Globigerina sp. (Planktonic Foram.) Foraminifera Chalk Cliffs of Dover: Remains (ooze) of planktonic foram. tests & Coccolithophore plates
40 Radiolaria
41 Radiolaria Marine only Most Planktonic Spherical cells Silica capsule Feed on bacteria, plankton, detritus All latitudes & depths
42 Radiolaria: Form silica oozes
43 Phylum Ciliophora (Ciliates) Move & feed with cilia (many, short, flagella-like hairs) Planktonic, benthic, or parasitic Cilia Feed on bacteria & other protozoans 1. Tintinnids: vase-like external shell made of protein 2. Oligotrichs
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