Viruses, Archaea and Bacteria

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Viruses, Archaea and Bacteria"

Transcription

1 Viruses, Archaea and Bacteria Viruses and Viroids Features of Prokaryotes Bacterial Diversity Archaeal Diversity

2 Viruses A virus is a noncellular infectious agent Ø Consists of a protein coat around a core of DNA or RNA Ø Replicates only in a host cell Ø Has no ribosomes or other metabolic machinery

3

4 Bacteriophage Replication Pathways

5 Retrovirus: RNA virus that uses reverse transcriptase to produce viral DNA in a host cell

6 HIV Replication Ø HIV replicates inside human white blood cells Ø Spikes of viral protein attach to proteins in the cell s plasma membrane Ø Drugs that fight HIV interfere with viral binding to the host, reverse transcription, integration of DNA, or formation of viral proteins

7 Viral Diseases Ø Caused by pathogenic viruses Ø Usually produce mild symptoms Ø Some persist in body for long periods (latent)/ herpes virus Ø Some increase the risk of cancer (HPV main cause of cervical cancer) Ø High mutation rate especially in RNA viruses Ø Viral recombination: viral genomes exchanging genes when two viruses infect a host at the same time

8 Common Viral Diseases Nonenveloped viruses: Ø Adenoviruses (colds) Ø Viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu) Ø Human papillomavirus (genital warts, cervical cancer)

9 Enveloped viruses: Ø Herpes viruses (cold sores, genital herpes, infectious mononucleosis, chicken pox) Ø Influenza (flu) Ø Mumps, measles, and German measles Emerging viral diseases: Ø Changes to viral genomes as a result of mutation or gene exchanges can alter the properties of a viral disease Ø A disease that was previously unknown, is new to humans, or has recently begun spreading to a new region

10 A small RNA, circular and singlestranded without a protein coat Do not encode proteins but interfere with normal gene expression Viroids

11 Ø Unicellular Prokaryotes Bacteria and Archaea Ø Very small cells: 1-5 µm (1/10 the size of eukaryotes) Ø Everywhere!! Ø Both beneficial and harmful impacts on humans

12 The biological mass of prokaryotes is at least 10X that of all eukaryotes Play crucial roles in the biosphere: Photosynthetic Decomposers Only a minority cause diseases in humans and other organisms/ majority essential for life

13 Prokaryotes Bacteria and Archaea

14

15 Cell Shape Important for identification and classification

16 Reproduction and Gene Exchange in Bacteria Vertical gene transfer Binary fission Horizontal gene transfer Conjugation Transformation Transduction

17 Binary Fission

18 Prokaryotic Conjugation

19 Transformation: introduction of foreign DNA/ Streptococcus pneumonia Transduction: process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus

20 Metabolic Diversity

21 Cell Wall in Bacteria Peptidoglycan: Polymer of sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides

22 Some Major Bacterial Lineages Oxygen-Producing Cyanobacteria Proteobacteria Gram positive bacteria Spirochetes

23 Cyanobacteria Partner with fungi and form lichens Chloroplasts in eukaryotes evolved from cyanobacteria

24 Proteobacteria All gram negative Most diverse/ mode of nutrition and habitats Share one RNA sequence Thiomargarita namibiensis E. Coli The largest known bacterium Has an enormous vacuole that holds sulfur and nitrate Agrobacterium sp. Rhizobium sp.

25 Gram Positive Bacteria Diverse group Include species that are very common soil/ important organic matter decomposers Streptococcus, Bacillus, Lactobacillus

26 Spirochetes Free living and parasites Cattle guts/ help with cellulose digestion Notorious pathogens/ Syphilis and Lyme disease

27 How Do Bacteria Affect Human Health? Ø Normal flora Ø Normally harmless or beneficial microorganisms that typically live in or on a body/ E. coli (vit. K)/ Lactobacillus sp. (vit. E) Ø Some endospore*-forming bacteria make deadly toxins: Ø Bacillus anthracis: anthrax Ø Clostridium tetani: tetanus Ø C. botulinum: botulism

28 Infectious Bacteria About one half of the human illnesses are caused by pathogenic bacteria: most produce poison Exotoxins : secreted proteins (E. coli) Endotoxins: components of the outer membrane (Salmonella sp.) Ø Mycobacterium tuberculosis: tuberculosis Ø Streptococcus: strep throat Ø Staphylococcus aureus: Antibiotic-resistant staph infections

29 Archaea

30 Comparing Archaea & Bacteria Archaea share some traits with Bacteria, some with Eukarya, some unique

31 Archaea Extreme Halophiles Extreme Thermophiles Methanogens

KEY CONCEPT Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities. binomial nomenclature

KEY CONCEPT Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities. binomial nomenclature Section 17.1: The Linnaean System of Classification Unit 9 Study Guide KEY CONCEPT Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities. VOCABULARY taxonomy taxon binomial nomenclature genus MAIN

More information

Bacteria: The good, the bad, and the ugly. SEPA BioScience Montana Module 2

Bacteria: The good, the bad, and the ugly. SEPA BioScience Montana Module 2 Bacteria: The good, the bad, and the ugly. SEPA BioScience Montana Module 2 Introduction: The following reading will give you a basic introduction to bacteria and their role in illness. It will explore

More information

Structure and Function of DNA

Structure and Function of DNA Structure and Function of DNA DNA and RNA Structure DNA and RNA are nucleic acids. They consist of chemical units called nucleotides. The nucleotides are joined by a sugar-phosphate backbone. The four

More information

Bacteria vs. Virus: What s the Difference? Grade 11-12

Bacteria vs. Virus: What s the Difference? Grade 11-12 Bacteria vs. Virus: What s the Difference? Grade 11-12 Subject: Biology Topic: Bacteria, viruses, and the differences between them. The role that water plays in spreading bacteria and viruses, and the

More information

Organization and Structure of Cells

Organization and Structure of Cells Organization and Structure of Cells All living things fall into one of the two categories: prokaryotes eukaryotes The distinction is based on whether or not a cell has a nucleus. Prokaryotic cells do not

More information

Make your own bacteria!

Make your own bacteria! Make your own bacteria! Bacteria: a single-celled microorganism with no membrane-bound nucleus. Bacteria are found everywhere from soil to acidic hot springs. You can make your own bacteria to take home

More information

Lecture Objectives: Why study microbiology? What is microbiology? Roots of microbiology

Lecture Objectives: Why study microbiology? What is microbiology? Roots of microbiology 1 Lecture Objectives: Why study microbiology? What is microbiology? Roots of microbiology Why study microbiology? ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICAL APPLIED SCIENCE BASIC SCIENCE The science of microbiology Microbiology

More information

Chapter 20: Antimicrobial Drugs

Chapter 20: Antimicrobial Drugs Chapter 20: Antimicrobial Drugs 1. Overview of Antimicrobial Drugs 2. Antibacterial Drugs 3. Antiviral Drugs 4. Drugs for Eukaryotic Pathogens 1. Overview of Antimicrobial Drugs Antibiotics An antibiotic

More information

Gymnázium, Brno, Slovanské nám. 7, WORKBOOK - Biology WORKBOOK. http://agb.gymnaslo.cz

Gymnázium, Brno, Slovanské nám. 7, WORKBOOK - Biology WORKBOOK. http://agb.gymnaslo.cz WORKBOOK http://agb.gymnaslo.cz Biology Subject: Teacher: Iva Kubištová Student:.. School year:../ This material was prepared with using http://biologygmh.com/ Topics: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Viruses and Bacteria

More information

20.3 Diseases Caused by Bacteria and Viruses

20.3 Diseases Caused by Bacteria and Viruses 20.3 Diseases Caused by Bacteria and Viruses Lesson Objectives Explain how bacteria cause disease. Explain how viruses cause disease. Define emerging disease and explain why emerging diseases are a threat

More information

Prokaryotes Reading Bacteria Characteristics of Bacteria plasma membrane cell wall. flagella DNA ribosomes pili (singular = pilus)

Prokaryotes Reading Bacteria Characteristics of Bacteria plasma membrane cell wall. flagella DNA ribosomes pili (singular = pilus) Prokaryotes Reading Did you ever wonder what happens to all the leaves that fall from the trees every autumn? In a few years if they just piled up, the leaves in the woods would be knee-deep, and eventually

More information

Recognition of a host cell Attachment is a specific process

Recognition of a host cell Attachment is a specific process Viruses: The Ultimate Parasites Reading How many childhood diseases can you recall having: mumps, measles, German measles? A generation ago or so ago, these diseases attacked mainly children and were extremely

More information

Viruses. Viral components: Capsid. Chapter 10: Viruses. Viral components: Nucleic Acid. Viral components: Envelope

Viruses. Viral components: Capsid. Chapter 10: Viruses. Viral components: Nucleic Acid. Viral components: Envelope Viruses Chapter 10: Viruses Lecture Exam #3 Wednesday, November 22 nd (This lecture WILL be on Exam #3) Dr. Amy Rogers Office Hours: MW 9-10 AM Too small to see with a light microscope Visible with electron

More information

Milestones of bacterial genetic research:

Milestones of bacterial genetic research: Milestones of bacterial genetic research: 1944 Avery's pneumococcal transformation experiment shows that DNA is the hereditary material 1946 Lederberg & Tatum describes bacterial conjugation using biochemical

More information

D.U.C. Assist. Lec. Faculty of Dentistry Medical Biology Ihsan Dhari. Kingdoms of life

D.U.C. Assist. Lec. Faculty of Dentistry Medical Biology Ihsan Dhari. Kingdoms of life Kingdoms of life The earliest classification system recognized only two kingdoms : plants and animals but the use of microscope led to discovery of microorganisms, so the two kingdoms system was no longer

More information

Immunology Ambassador Guide (updated 2014)

Immunology Ambassador Guide (updated 2014) Immunology Ambassador Guide (updated 2014) Immunity and Disease We will talk today about the immune system and how it protects us from disease. Also, we ll learn some unique ways that our immune system

More information

Mini-Medical School on Infectious Diseases. Session #1 - Basic Science

Mini-Medical School on Infectious Diseases. Session #1 - Basic Science Mini-Medical School on Infectious Diseases Session #1 - Basic Science The Microbial World Michael V. Norgard, Ph.D., Chairman Department of Microbiology U.T. Southwestern Medical Center The Microbial World

More information

Medical Microbiology Culture Media :

Medical Microbiology Culture Media : Lecture 3 Dr. Ismail I. Daood Medical Microbiology Culture Media : Culture media are used for recognition and identification (diagnosis) of microorganisms. The media are contained in plates (Petri dishes),

More information

Given these characteristics of life, which of the following objects is considered a living organism? W. X. Y. Z.

Given these characteristics of life, which of the following objects is considered a living organism? W. X. Y. Z. Cell Structure and Organization 1. All living things must possess certain characteristics. They are all composed of one or more cells. They can grow, reproduce, and pass their genes on to their offspring.

More information

The Immune System and Disease

The Immune System and Disease Chapter 40 The Immune System and Disease Section 40 1 Infectious Disease (pages 1029 1033) This section describes the causes of disease and explains how infectious diseases are transmitted Introduction

More information

10. T and B cells are types of a. endocrine cells. c. lymphocytes. b. platelets. d. complement cells.

10. T and B cells are types of a. endocrine cells. c. lymphocytes. b. platelets. d. complement cells. Virus and Immune System Review Directions: Write your answers on a separate piece of paper. 1. Why does a cut in the skin threaten the body s nonspecific defenses against disease? a. If a cut bleeds, disease-fighting

More information

4. Why are common names not good to use when classifying organisms? Give an example.

4. Why are common names not good to use when classifying organisms? Give an example. 1. Define taxonomy. Classification of organisms 2. Who was first to classify organisms? Aristotle 3. Explain Aristotle s taxonomy of organisms. Patterns of nature: looked like 4. Why are common names not

More information

CHAPTER 35 HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM STANDARDS:SC.912.L.14.52 & SC.912.L.14.6

CHAPTER 35 HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM STANDARDS:SC.912.L.14.52 & SC.912.L.14.6 CHAPTER 35 HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM STANDARDS:SC.912.L.14.52 & SC.912.L.14.6 SECTION 1 - Infectious Disease 1.Identify the causes of infectious disease. 2.Explain how infectious diseases are spread. Causes

More information

VIRUSES. Basic virus structure. Obligate intracellular parasites. Enveloped Viruses. Classification of Viruses. Viruses. Heyer 1

VIRUSES. Basic virus structure. Obligate intracellular parasites. Enveloped Viruses. Classification of Viruses. Viruses. Heyer 1 Viruses VIRUSES Viruses are small packages of genes Consist of protein coat around nucleic acids ( or RNA) Viruses measured in nanometers (nm). Require electron microscopy. Obligate intracellular parasites

More information

Transmission of genetic variation: conjugation. Transmission of genetic variation: conjugation

Transmission of genetic variation: conjugation. Transmission of genetic variation: conjugation Transmission of genetic variation: conjugation Transmission of genetic variation: conjugation Bacterial Conjugation is genetic recombination in which there is a transfer of DNA from a living donor bacterium

More information

Multiple Choice Questions

Multiple Choice Questions C hapter 13 WHY DO WE FALL ILL Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which one of the following is not a viral disease? (a) Dengue (b) AIDS (c) Typhoid (d) Influenza 2. Which one of the following is not a bacterial

More information

Quick Hit Activity Using UIL Science Contests For Formative and Summative Assessments of Pre-AP and AP Biology Students

Quick Hit Activity Using UIL Science Contests For Formative and Summative Assessments of Pre-AP and AP Biology Students Quick Hit Activity Using UIL Science Contests For Formative and Summative Assessments of Pre-AP and AP Biology Students Activity Title: Quick Hit Goal of Activity: To perform formative and summative assessments

More information

Transfection-Transfer of non-viral genetic material into eukaryotic cells. Infection/ Transduction- Transfer of viral genetic material into cells.

Transfection-Transfer of non-viral genetic material into eukaryotic cells. Infection/ Transduction- Transfer of viral genetic material into cells. Transfection Key words: Transient transfection, Stable transfection, transfection methods, vector, plasmid, origin of replication, reporter gene/ protein, cloning site, promoter and enhancer, signal peptide,

More information

2 months Diptheria; Tetanus; Whooping Cough; Hib & Polio 1st dose Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination

2 months Diptheria; Tetanus; Whooping Cough; Hib & Polio 1st dose Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination IMMUNISATIONS You may want to know if your child should have routine immunisations and whether there could be an increased risk of complications because of the heart condition. We have sought the opinions

More information

Compiled and/or written by Amy B. Vento and David R. Gillum

Compiled and/or written by Amy B. Vento and David R. Gillum Fact Sheet Describing Recombinant DNA and Elements Utilizing Recombinant DNA Such as Plasmids and Viral Vectors, and the Application of Recombinant DNA Techniques in Molecular Biology Compiled and/or written

More information

Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology

Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology Chapter 18 Lecture Objectives What Is Recombinant DNA? How Are New Genes Inserted into Cells? What Sources of DNA Are Used in Cloning? What Other Tools Are Used to Study

More information

How Cancer Begins???????? Chithra Manikandan Nov 2009

How Cancer Begins???????? Chithra Manikandan Nov 2009 Cancer Cancer is one of the most common diseases in the developed world: 1 in 4 deaths are due to cancer 1 in 17 deaths are due to lung cancer Lung cancer is the most common cancer in men Breast cancer

More information

C:\Documents and Settings\George H. Timm\My Documents\Microbiology Sept 08\Micro 260 Notes\Chapter 13 Virus\How do viruses differ.

C:\Documents and Settings\George H. Timm\My Documents\Microbiology Sept 08\Micro 260 Notes\Chapter 13 Virus\How do viruses differ. Virus C:\Documents and Settings\George H. Timm\My Documents\Microbiology Sept 08\Micro 260 Notes\Chapter 13 Virus\How do viruses differ.wpd How do viruses differ? 1) genetic material within a virus a.

More information

Adapted from Biology 15 Laboratory Supplemental Manual: Wrightsman, Ininns and Cannon- Moloznic.

Adapted from Biology 15 Laboratory Supplemental Manual: Wrightsman, Ininns and Cannon- Moloznic. Biology 3B Laboratory Cultural Characteristics of Bacteria Objectives: Describe bacterial structure: colony morphology, cell shape, growth patterns. To distinguish how various growth media will affect

More information

Name: Class: Date: Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Name: Class: Date: Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Name: Class: Date: Chapter 17 Practice Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The correct order for the levels of Linnaeus's classification system,

More information

Approaches to Infection Control

Approaches to Infection Control Approaches to Infection Control Considerations for PTAs in the Clinic Objectives Describe the basic characteristics of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Discuss the locations, advantages, and disadvantages

More information

POTENTIAL HAZARD INFORMATION & SIGNATURE SHEET

POTENTIAL HAZARD INFORMATION & SIGNATURE SHEET POTENTIAL HAZARD INFORMATION & SIGNATURE SHEET Scientific research involves exposure to various hazards. When deciding to allow your child to participate in research projects conducted in University of

More information

Chapter 2: Cell Structure and Function pg. 70-107

Chapter 2: Cell Structure and Function pg. 70-107 UNIT 1: Biochemistry Chapter 2: Cell Structure and Function pg. 70-107 Organelles are internal structures that carry out specialized functions, interacting and complementing each other. Animal and plant

More information

The * Immune System and Disease

The * Immune System and Disease The * Immune System and Disease pre 1600s - cause of disease not known Punishment from God, bad luck, bad air, witchcraft, curses, maternal impressions etc. After 1600s, microscopy and germ theory of disease

More information

FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCE

FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCE Doctor of Philosophy Program in Microbiology FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCE Naresuan University 171 Doctor of Philosophy Program in Microbiology The time is critical now for graduate education and research

More information

Compartmentalization of the Cell. Objectives. Recommended Reading. Professor Alfred Cuschieri. Department of Anatomy University of Malta

Compartmentalization of the Cell. Objectives. Recommended Reading. Professor Alfred Cuschieri. Department of Anatomy University of Malta Compartmentalization of the Cell Professor Alfred Cuschieri Department of Anatomy University of Malta Objectives By the end of this session the student should be able to: 1. Identify the different organelles

More information

1 Mutation and Genetic Change

1 Mutation and Genetic Change CHAPTER 14 1 Mutation and Genetic Change SECTION Genes in Action KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: What is the origin of genetic differences among organisms? What kinds

More information

Introduction to Microbiology The Microbial World and You (Chapter 1) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College

Introduction to Microbiology The Microbial World and You (Chapter 1) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College Introduction to Microbiology The Microbial World and You (Chapter 1) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College Primary Source for figures and content: Eastern Campus

More information

Question Bank Economic Importance of Bacteria And Fungi

Question Bank Economic Importance of Bacteria And Fungi Question Bank Economic Importance of Bacteria And Fungi 1. Name the sciences which deal with the study of bacteria and fungi. Ans. Study of bacteria Bacteriology Study of fungi Mycology. 2. Where can we

More information

Localised Sex, Contingency and Mutator Genes. Bacterial Genetics as a Metaphor for Computing Systems

Localised Sex, Contingency and Mutator Genes. Bacterial Genetics as a Metaphor for Computing Systems Localised Sex, Contingency and Mutator Genes Bacterial Genetics as a Metaphor for Computing Systems Outline Living Systems as metaphors Evolutionary mechanisms Mutation Sex and Localized sex Contingent

More information

Course Outline and Syllabus for Students

Course Outline and Syllabus for Students Course Outline and Syllabus for Students Name: Ian Crandall Course Number: PHM242H1 Course Title: Microbiology of Infectious Diseases Course Description: The course provides a brief introduction to the

More information

All About Cells Literacy Foundations Science: Biology

All About Cells Literacy Foundations Science: Biology Version 01 All About Cells Literacy Foundations Science: Biology 2012 by Open School BC This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy

More information

Various Viral Vectors Necessary for Gene Therapy Delivery Systems. Abstract

Various Viral Vectors Necessary for Gene Therapy Delivery Systems. Abstract Patibandla 1 Yamini Patibandla Dr. Rance LeFebvre COSMOS UC Davis Cluster 7 29 July 2013 Various Viral Vectors Necessary for Gene Therapy Delivery Systems Abstract A leading movement in today s times,

More information

Cells. Structure, Function and Homeostasis

Cells. Structure, Function and Homeostasis Cells Structure, Function and Homeostasis Characteristics of Cells Basic unit of life anything alive is made of cells Plasma membrane (skin) that separates them from the environment. Skeletonsfor protection

More information

BIOL 584 (Medical Microbiology) Syllabus Spring 2009

BIOL 584 (Medical Microbiology) Syllabus Spring 2009 BIOL 584 (Medical Microbiology) Syllabus This course will focus on mechanisms of microbial pathogenesis and the host response, and the scientific approaches that are used to investigate these processes.

More information

Bacterial Transformation and Plasmid Purification. Chapter 5: Background

Bacterial Transformation and Plasmid Purification. Chapter 5: Background Bacterial Transformation and Plasmid Purification Chapter 5: Background History of Transformation and Plasmids Bacterial methods of DNA transfer Transformation: when bacteria take up DNA from their environment

More information

Classification of Microorganisms (Chapter 10) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College Eastern Campus

Classification of Microorganisms (Chapter 10) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College Eastern Campus Classification of Microorganisms (Chapter 10) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College Eastern Campus Primary Source for figures and content: Tortora, G.J. Microbiology

More information

Microorganisms in water

Microorganisms in water Leonardo da Vinci Project Sustainability in commercial laundering processes Module 6 Special aspects Chapter 2 Microorganisms in water Module 6 Special aspects Chapter 2 Microorganisms in water 1 Content

More information

Cell Structure and Function. Eukaryotic Cell: Neuron

Cell Structure and Function. Eukaryotic Cell: Neuron Cell Structure and Function Eukaryotic Cell: Neuron Cell Structure and Function Eukaryotic Cells: Blood Cells Cell Structure and Function Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria Cell Structure and Function All living

More information

The general structure of bacteria

The general structure of bacteria The general structure of bacteria The uni-cellular organisms Viruses Herpes virus, HIV, influenza virus The procaryotic organisms Escherichia, Salmonella, Pseudomonas Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Neisseria

More information

Required Text: Tortora, Funke, and Case. Microbiology, An Introduction, 9 th ed. Benjamin Cummings, 2007.

Required Text: Tortora, Funke, and Case. Microbiology, An Introduction, 9 th ed. Benjamin Cummings, 2007. Department of Biology Introduction to Microbiology Biol 132 (3 credit hours) Dr. Kathryn Sutton, Assistant Professor of Biology Spring, 2007 M 9-9:50; CBH Room 203 General Information Office Location CBH

More information

2) Macrophages function to engulf and present antigen to other immune cells.

2) Macrophages function to engulf and present antigen to other immune cells. Immunology The immune system has specificity and memory. It specifically recognizes different antigens and has memory for these same antigens the next time they are encountered. The Cellular Components

More information

Lecture 1 MODULE 3 GENE EXPRESSION AND REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION. Professor Bharat Patel Office: Science 2, 2.36 Email: b.patel@griffith.edu.

Lecture 1 MODULE 3 GENE EXPRESSION AND REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION. Professor Bharat Patel Office: Science 2, 2.36 Email: b.patel@griffith.edu. Lecture 1 MODULE 3 GENE EXPRESSION AND REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION Professor Bharat Patel Office: Science 2, 2.36 Email: b.patel@griffith.edu.au What is Gene Expression & Gene Regulation? 1. Gene Expression

More information

Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA (Chapter 9) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College

Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA (Chapter 9) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA (Chapter 9) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College Primary Source for figures and content: Eastern Campus Tortora, G.J. Microbiology

More information

The Cell Teaching Notes and Answer Keys

The Cell Teaching Notes and Answer Keys The Cell Teaching Notes and Answer Keys Subject area: Science / Biology Topic focus: The Cell: components, types of cells, organelles, levels of organization Learning Aims: describe similarities and differences

More information

Viral Infection: Receptors

Viral Infection: Receptors Viral Infection: Receptors Receptors: Identification of receptors has come from expressing the gene for the receptor in a cell to which a virus does not normally bind -OR- By blocking virus attachment

More information

Classification & Kingdoms Worksheet

Classification & Kingdoms Worksheet Classification & Kingdoms Worksheet Name Section A: Classification 1. What criteria are used to place organisms into their domains and kingdoms? 2. Use the chart in your notes to help answer these questions.

More information

General Trends in Infectious Disease

General Trends in Infectious Disease General Trends in Infectious Disease Four phenomena underline the increase in ID problems: Aging population Increasing numbers of immunocompromised patients Increased mobility of the population Newly emerging

More information

Why use passive immunity?

Why use passive immunity? Vaccines Active vs Passive Immunization Active is longer acting and makes memory and effector cells Passive is shorter acting, no memory and no effector cells Both can be obtained through natural processes:

More information

The link between cervical cancer and HPV (human papillomavirus)

The link between cervical cancer and HPV (human papillomavirus) The link between cervical cancer and HPV (human papillomavirus) The link between cervical cancer and HPV Key facts: HPV is a virus (the human papillomavirus). Almost all abnormal Pap smear results are

More information

BME 42-620 Engineering Molecular Cell Biology. Lecture 02: Structural and Functional Organization of

BME 42-620 Engineering Molecular Cell Biology. Lecture 02: Structural and Functional Organization of BME 42-620 Engineering Molecular Cell Biology Lecture 02: Structural and Functional Organization of Eukaryotic Cells BME42-620 Lecture 02, September 01, 2011 1 Outline A brief review of the previous lecture

More information

Expression and Purification of Recombinant Protein in bacteria and Yeast. Presented By: Puspa pandey, Mohit sachdeva & Ming yu

Expression and Purification of Recombinant Protein in bacteria and Yeast. Presented By: Puspa pandey, Mohit sachdeva & Ming yu Expression and Purification of Recombinant Protein in bacteria and Yeast Presented By: Puspa pandey, Mohit sachdeva & Ming yu DNA Vectors Molecular carriers which carry fragments of DNA into host cell.

More information

Cytology. Living organisms are made up of cells. Either PROKARYOTIC or EUKARYOTIC cells.

Cytology. Living organisms are made up of cells. Either PROKARYOTIC or EUKARYOTIC cells. CYTOLOGY Cytology Living organisms are made up of cells. Either PROKARYOTIC or EUKARYOTIC cells. A. two major cell types B. distinguished by structural organization See table on handout for differences.

More information

Genetic information (DNA) determines structure of proteins DNA RNA proteins cell structure 3.11 3.15 enzymes control cell chemistry ( metabolism )

Genetic information (DNA) determines structure of proteins DNA RNA proteins cell structure 3.11 3.15 enzymes control cell chemistry ( metabolism ) Biology 1406 Exam 3 Notes Structure of DNA Ch. 10 Genetic information (DNA) determines structure of proteins DNA RNA proteins cell structure 3.11 3.15 enzymes control cell chemistry ( metabolism ) Proteins

More information

The * Immune System and Disease

The * Immune System and Disease The * Immune System and Disease pre 1600s - cause of disease not known Divine punishment Also: bad luck bad air witchcraft curses maternal impressions How to treat disease (back then) Flowers smell wards

More information

Microscopes and the Metric System

Microscopes and the Metric System Microscopes and the Metric System BIO162 Fall 2007 Sizes of Microorganisms: -Viruses: 0.01 0.3 um -Bacteria: 1 3 um -Fungi: 3 30 um -Protozoa: 5 1000 um 1 Measuring Microorganisms Ocular Micrometer The

More information

Cellular Structure and Function

Cellular Structure and Function Chapter Test A CHAPTER 7 Cellular Structure and Function Part A: Multiple Choice In the space at the left, write the letter of the term or phrase that best answers each question. 1. Which defines a cell?

More information

3.0 Treatment of Infection

3.0 Treatment of Infection 3.0 Treatment of Infection Antibiotics and Medicine National Curriculum Link SCN 3-13b SCN 3-20b HWB 3-15a HWB 3-16a HWB 3-17a Learning Outcomes All students will know: Most common infections will get

More information

WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?

WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? CHAPTER 1 WHAT IS MICROBIOLOGY AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? WHO / TDR / Crump WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? Microbiology is more relevant than ever in today s world. Infectious diseases are a leading health-related

More information

Name Date Class. This section explains what kinds of organisms cause infectious disease and how infectious diseases are spread.

Name Date Class. This section explains what kinds of organisms cause infectious disease and how infectious diseases are spread. Fighting Disease Name Date Class Infectious Disease This section explains what kinds of organisms cause infectious disease and how infectious diseases are spread. Use Target Reading Skills Before you read,

More information

Antibiotics: The difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, Biology AA, Teacher Leslie Hadaway, New lesson, Science

Antibiotics: The difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, Biology AA, Teacher Leslie Hadaway, New lesson, Science Antibiotics: The difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, Biology AA, Teacher Leslie Hadaway, New lesson, Science Antibiotics: The difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Author(s)

More information

Respiration occurs in the mitochondria in cells.

Respiration occurs in the mitochondria in cells. B3 Question Which process occurs in the mitochondria in cells? Why do the liver and muscle cells have large number of mitochondria? What is the function of the ribosomes? Answer Respiration occurs in the

More information

Explanation of Immunization Requirements

Explanation of Immunization Requirements Explanation of Immunization Requirements CONTENTS Hepatitis A... 2 Hepatitis B... 3 Influenza... 4 Measles (Rubella), Mumps, and Rubella (MMR)... 5 Pertussis (Tdap)... 6 Tuberculosis (TB) Test... 7 Varicella/Chicken

More information

Chapter 3. Immunity and how vaccines work

Chapter 3. Immunity and how vaccines work Chapter 3 Immunity and how vaccines work 3.1 Objectives: To understand and describe the immune system and how vaccines produce immunity To understand the differences between Passive and Active immunity

More information

The Body s Defenses CHAPTER 24

The Body s Defenses CHAPTER 24 CHAPTER 24 The Body s Defenses PowerPoint Lectures for Essential Biology, Third Edition Neil Campbell, Jane Reece, and Eric Simon Essential Biology with Physiology, Second Edition Neil Campbell, Jane Reece,

More information

Principles and Applications of Soil Microbiology

Principles and Applications of Soil Microbiology Principles and Applications of Soil Microbiology Edited by David M. Sylvia JefFry J. Fuhrmann Peter G. Hartel David A. Zuberer Technische Universitat Darmstadt FACHBEREICH 10 BIOLOGIE B i b I : o t h e

More information

Principles of Disease and Epidemiology. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Principles of Disease and Epidemiology. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Principles of Disease and Epidemiology Pathology, Infection, and Disease Disease: An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally Pathology: The study of disease Etiology: The study of

More information

www.biochemj.org/bj/330/0581/bj3300581.htm

www.biochemj.org/bj/330/0581/bj3300581.htm Ribosomes as Antibiotic Targets www.biochemj.org/bj/330/0581/bj3300581.htm Ware, Bioscience in the 21 st Century, 2009 PERSPECTIVE Widespread use of antibiotics after WWII improved human health globally

More information

CHAPTER 6: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY YEAR III PHARM.D DR. V. CHITRA

CHAPTER 6: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY YEAR III PHARM.D DR. V. CHITRA CHAPTER 6: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY YEAR III PHARM.D DR. V. CHITRA INTRODUCTION DNA : DNA is deoxyribose nucleic acid. It is made up of a base consisting of sugar, phosphate and one nitrogen base.the

More information

Immunity. Humans have three types of immunity innate, adaptive, and passive: Innate Immunity

Immunity. Humans have three types of immunity innate, adaptive, and passive: Innate Immunity Immunity Humans have three types of immunity innate, adaptive, and passive: Innate Immunity Everyone is born with innate (or natural) immunity, a type of general protection. Many of the germs that affect

More information

Plant and Animal Cells

Plant and Animal Cells Plant and Animal Cells a. Explain that cells take in nutrients in order to grow, divide and to make needed materials. S7L2a b. Relate cell structures (cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, and

More information

Biology Chapter 7 Practice Test

Biology Chapter 7 Practice Test Biology Chapter 7 Practice Test Multiple Choice Write the letter that best answers the question or completes the statement on the line provided. 1. The work of Schleiden and Schwann can be summarized by

More information

MCAS Biology. Review Packet

MCAS Biology. Review Packet MCAS Biology Review Packet 1 Name Class Date 1. Define organic. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 2. All living things are made up of 6 essential elements: SPONCH. Name the six elements of life. S N P C O H 3. Elements

More information

Name Class Date. Figure 13 1. 2. Which nucleotide in Figure 13 1 indicates the nucleic acid above is RNA? a. uracil c. cytosine b. guanine d.

Name Class Date. Figure 13 1. 2. Which nucleotide in Figure 13 1 indicates the nucleic acid above is RNA? a. uracil c. cytosine b. guanine d. 13 Multiple Choice RNA and Protein Synthesis Chapter Test A Write the letter that best answers the question or completes the statement on the line provided. 1. Which of the following are found in both

More information

Procedure for Visitors in UIC Laboratories

Procedure for Visitors in UIC Laboratories Procedure for Visitors in UIC Laboratories 1129 S. Hermitage, Chicago, IL 60612-7217 Office: (312) 996-7411 OBJECTIVE In order to protect the Principal Investigator (PI) and the University of Illinois

More information

4. DNA replication Pages: 979-984 Difficulty: 2 Ans: C Which one of the following statements about enzymes that interact with DNA is true?

4. DNA replication Pages: 979-984 Difficulty: 2 Ans: C Which one of the following statements about enzymes that interact with DNA is true? Chapter 25 DNA Metabolism Multiple Choice Questions 1. DNA replication Page: 977 Difficulty: 2 Ans: C The Meselson-Stahl experiment established that: A) DNA polymerase has a crucial role in DNA synthesis.

More information

Mutations: 2 general ways to alter DNA. Mutations. What is a mutation? Mutations are rare. Changes in a single DNA base. Change a single DNA base

Mutations: 2 general ways to alter DNA. Mutations. What is a mutation? Mutations are rare. Changes in a single DNA base. Change a single DNA base Mutations Mutations: 2 general ways to alter DNA Change a single DNA base Or entire sections of DNA can move from one place to another What is a mutation? Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA Here

More information

If you have a cold or the flu, you can spread the sickness to someone else. How does the sickness spread? Write your ideas on the lines below.

If you have a cold or the flu, you can spread the sickness to someone else. How does the sickness spread? Write your ideas on the lines below. The Immune System Textbook pages 100 109 Before You Read Section 3.1 Summary If you have a cold or the flu, you can spread the sickness to someone else. How does the sickness spread? Write your ideas on

More information

Honors Biology Course Summary Department: Science

Honors Biology Course Summary Department: Science Honors Biology Course Summary Department: Science Semester 1 Learning Objective #1 - Ecology Students will understand how organisms interact with each other and the environment. Target(s) to Meet Learning

More information

AP BIOLOGY 2006 SCORING GUIDELINES. Question 1

AP BIOLOGY 2006 SCORING GUIDELINES. Question 1 AP BIOLOGY 2006 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 1 A major distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the presence of membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotes. (a) Describe the structure and function

More information

RNA and Protein Synthesis

RNA and Protein Synthesis Name lass Date RN and Protein Synthesis Information and Heredity Q: How does information fl ow from DN to RN to direct the synthesis of proteins? 13.1 What is RN? WHT I KNOW SMPLE NSWER: RN is a nucleic

More information

Natural Alternatives Therapies for Lyme disease

Natural Alternatives Therapies for Lyme disease Natural Alternatives Therapies for Lyme disease From the desk of Paul D. Cosman, PhD Natural Medicine/Nutrition/CNM, Lyme disease Stealth virus infections could be misdiagnosed as chronic Lyme disease.

More information

Chapter 5 Organelles. Lesson Objectives List the organelles of the cell and their functions. Distinguish between plant and animal cells.

Chapter 5 Organelles. Lesson Objectives List the organelles of the cell and their functions. Distinguish between plant and animal cells. Chapter 5 Organelles Lesson Objectives List the organelles of the cell and their functions. Distinguish between plant and animal cells. Check Your Understanding What is a cell? How do we visualize cells?

More information

Principles of Vaccination

Principles of Vaccination Immunology and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Immunology is a complicated subject, and a detailed discussion of it is beyond the scope of this text. However, an understanding of the basic function of the

More information

WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?

WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? CHAPTER 10 BACTERIAL GROWTH Eye of Science / Science Photo Library WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? Increase in numbers is one of the requirements for infection. This increase is dependent upon bacterial growth.

More information