Fraunhofer Battery Alliance Applied Battery Research in Germany

Transcription

1 Applied Battery Research in Germany Dr. Kai-Christian Möller Fraunhofer

2 The German Research Landscape Basic and Application-oriented Research 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% Fraunhofer Helmholtz Leibniz Max-Planck Drittmittel industrial aus revenue der Wirtschaft** Drittmittel public sector aus Wettbewerb revenue (ohne Wirtschaft)* Institutionelle base funding Förderung Source: Paktbericht 2013, Daten aus 2012

3 The Fraunhofer Gesellschaft Locations in Germany Status institutes employees budget: 2,010 billion (72 % contract research) patent applications: 603 active patent famailies: 6407 International cooperation via affiliated offices in Europe, USA, Asia and in the Near East Bremerhaven Oldenburg Bremen Itzehoe Hamburg Lübeck Rostock Hannover Berlin Potsdam Teltow Braunschweig Magdeburg Cottbus Oberhausen Paderborn Halle Dortmund Schkopau Leipzig Duisburg Kassel Leuna Schmallenberg Dresden St. Augustin Erfurt Jena Aachen Freiberg Euskirchen Gießen Chemnitz Wachtberg Ilmenau Darmstadt Würzburg Bayreuth Erlangen Bronnbach St. Ingbert Kaiserslautern Fürth Nürnberg Saarbrücken Karlsruhe Pfinztal Ettlingen Stuttgart Straubing Freising Freiburg Augsburg Garching München Oberpfaffenhofen Kandern Prien Efringen- Holzkirchen Kirchen institutes further locations

4 The Fraunhofer Gesellschaft Fraunhofer Representative Offices Asia Representative Office Tokyo Beijing Seoul Tokyo Bangalore Ampang German Cultural Center 1F Akasaka , Minato-ku Tokyo Jakarta

5 Members Ernst-Mach-Institute EMI Electron Beam and Plasma Technology FEP Chemical Technology ICT Manufacturing Techn. and Appl.Materials Research IFAM Integrated Circuits IIS Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS Laser Technology ILT Silicate Research ISC Systems and Innovation Research ISI Integrated Systems and Device Technology IISB Silica Technology ISIT Solar Energy Systems ISE Techno- und Industrial Mathematics ITWM Transportation and Infrastructure Systems IVI Mechanics of Materials IWM Material and Beam Technology IWS Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF Wind Energy and Energy System Technology IWES Manufacturing Engineering and Automation IPA Bremerhaven IFAM Oldenburg Bremen Itzehoe ISIT Lübeck Hamburg Rostock Hannover Berlin Potsdam Teltow Braunschweig Magdeburg Cottbus Oberhausen Paderborn Hall Dortmund Schkopau e Leipzig Duisburg Kassel Leuna Schmallenberg IWES Dresden ILT SCAI St. Augustin Erfurt Jena Aachen Freiberg Euskirchen Gießen Chemnitz Wachtberg Ilmenau Darmstadt LBF Würzburg Bayreuth ISC Erlangen ITWM Bronnbach Sulzbach- IIS, IISB St. Ingbert Kaiserslautern Fürth Rosenberg Nürnberg Saarbrücken Karlsruhe ISI Pfinztal Ettlingen ICT IPA Stuttgart Straubing Freising Freiburg Augsburg Garching ICT EMI, ISE, IWM München Oberpfaffenhofen Kandern Prien Efringen- Holzkirchen Kirchen FEP, IKTS, IVI, IWS

6 Competences Materials and Cells Systems Testing and Evaluation Simulation + Trainings and Seminars, Studies, Roadmaps, Strategies

7 Materials and Cells development of anode and cathode active materials from synthesis to particle modification development of electrolytes and separators electrode manufacturing, cell assembly, process development for innovative and economic manufacturing of electrodes and cells, pouch cell pilot production line characterization, post-mortem analyses, investigation of degradation mechanisms recycling concepts for batteries Lithium-Ion, Li-Sulfur, Li-Air, Na-Ion, Redox-Flow, Zinc-Air, Supercaps, Lead Acid,

8 Systems packaging and cell design, module development, connections, sealing, housing integrated sensors for tests and development, microsensors for temperature and pressure, wireless potential and current sensors battery prototype production for different applications and requirements battery managment, battery monitoring, optimized charge strategies, single cell protection, cell balancing, state of charge and capacity determination

9 Tests electrical characterization, temperature behavior, ageing behavior and mechanisms electrical, mechanical and thermal abuse tests (VDA specifications for lithium-ion batteries for hybrid electric vehicles, tests for storage and transport (UN Regulations on Transport of Dangerous Goods)

10 Simulation material research electrode and cell design safety and durability, calender life battery system and battery managment life cycle analyses methods: quantum-chemical simulations, molecular dynamics, electrochemical continuum simulations, structural mechanics simulation, battery network models

11 Roadmap

12 Roadmap mid-term 2020 shortterm longterm > V LIB 4.4 V LIB C/alloy composite > 800 mah/g Li S Li Polymer 5 V LIB Li air modified graphites soft carbon C/alloy composites non-si alloys Li metal Si alloys Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 Li Me Me Me O 2 LiFePO 4 Li Me Me Me O 2 high voltage 5V spinel LiNiPO 4 LiCoPO 4 5V 5V S -SO 4 F conversion cathodes oxygen / air ceramic composites gel polymer electrolyte cellulose chemically impregnated LiMnPO 4 woven nonwoven 4V 5V electrolyte casted separator LiPF 6 -free electrolyte polymer membrane solid electrolytes F as MeF x

13 Roadmap High Voltage Cells shortterm midterm longterm > V LIB 4.4 V LIB 5 V LIB

14 High Voltage Cathodes Core-shell-materials Inorganic-organic coating of high voltage cathodes materials Protected electrode/electrolyte interface High charging end voltages Good rate capability Improved cycling stability Galvanostatic cycling of pristine and coated LiNi 0,5 Mn 1,5 O 2 -electrode Up scaling to kg batches Cost-saving coating process LiNi 0,5 Mn 1,5 O 2 5 V battery w/ commercial available electrolytes 50 nm ORMOCER Coated LiNi 0,5 Mn 1,5 O 2 -particle

15 Roadmap Next Generation Lithium-based Technologies mid-term 2020 shortterm longterm > 2030 Li S Li air

16 Next Generation Lithium-based Technologies Li-S cells and Li 2 S-Si cells Grav. and vol. energy density of various electrochemical storage systems Li-S cells are interesting for their potential high gravimetric energy density

17 Next Generation Lithium-based Technologies Lithium metal deposition (Plating, dendrites) Charging rate limitations at low temperatures Ageing effect: irreversible Li deposited on the anode Safety risk: short circuits caused by dendrite growth Reasons for plating Cell operating conditions (Temperature, charge rate) Cell design factors Non-uniformities within stack In-Operandi microscope investigations on graphite electrodes Plating is initiated locally: non-uniformities Overcharged graphite electrode

18 Next Generation Lithium-based Technologies Lithium Plating Main factors Temperature Charge rate Rest time (after charging) Detection methods Discharge voltage dv/dq Locally through Raman microscopy Charge rate effect on the discharge voltage at 0 C Determine the onset current for irreversible platting Rest time (after charging) effect on the discharge voltage at -10 C

19 Next Generation Lithium-based Technologies Lithium conducting glass ceramics for solid electrolytes and separators LATP-System (Li 1+x Al x Ti 2-x (PO 4 ) 3 Lithium-Air and Lithium-Sulfur batteries Stable in aqueous environments Conductivities up to 0,4 ms/cm at 25 C Process technology and applications Monolithic substrates by tape casting Films on porous substrates by screen printing Conducting fillers in polymer based separators Material synthesis, powder processing and development of sintering routes Sintered LATP glass ceramic micro structure with conductivity of 0,3 ms/cm@25 C

20 Next Generation Lithium-based Technologies Development of new Li-S cell chemistries Target: high specific energy on cell level: > 350 Wh kg -1 Cathode concept: Tailored porous carbons for cathodes with enhanced sulfur-utilization Solvent-free dryfilm-process for cathode production Ion-selective separators and high capacity silicon anodes for enhanced Li-S-cells are in development Sulfur / carbon nanocomposite for cathodes in Li-S batteries High specific capacity through tailored cathode Modified separators and alternative anodes are in progress Dryfilm-process for electrode Fraunhofer IWS

21 Next Generation Lithium-based Technologies Li-S cells and Li 2 S-Si cells High requirements for sulfur cathodes Only high sulfur loads, high sulfur utilization and a low electrolyte/sulfur ratio may push the energy density above the level of commercialized cells!

22 Next Generation Lithium-based Technologies Li-S cells and Li 2 S-Si cells Fraunhofer ICT focuses on electrode parameters fulfilling the criteria of high energy density cells high sulfur loads, high sulfur ratio and high sulfur utilization [figure caption with explaning informations] Our main target: Reduction of electrolyte amount

23 Next Generation Lithium-based Technologies Li-S pouch cell production Proof of concept tests in pouch cell Evaluation of new material concepts in 3 Ah pouch cells Pouch cell production 3 Ah cells with energy density up to 250 Wh kg -1 are available New concepts for high energy density > 350 Wh kg -1 are in progress Dryfilm electrode and Li-S pouch cells ( Wh kg -1 ) High energy Li-S pouch cells in development Target specific energy: > 350 Wh kg -1 Performance example of developed Lithium-Sulfur-cells

24 Next Generation Lithium-based Technologies Process technologies Electrode production Dryfilm process and roll-toroll coating Fast cutting by remote laser on the fly Electrode stacking Flexible in type Flexible in shape Flexible in capacity Stacking machine with laser welding of tabs Samples of laser welded tabs Automated (Li-S) cell processing line (stacked pouch cell) Integrated laser cutting and welding technologies Test channels from 40 up to 300 A

25 Next Generation Lithium-based Technologies Li/Air Battery Technology high energy density, but: electrical rechargable?, efficency?, cycle stability? Material development: Li Anode Cycling of Li Metal, dendrites, stability and safety, limited Coulombic efficiencies Electrolyt Aprotic Electrolyte Electrolyte compatibility Stability, Li + - conductivity, O 2 solubility Gas Diffusion Electrodes Impact of porosity design, Role of a catalyst

26 Next Generation Lithium-based Technologies GDE development for Li Air macropores top view Porosity and wettability: Development of 3d mesoporous electrode based on Xerogels No pore clogging, maintain conductivity during discharge Role of the catalyst: Discharge / charge kinetics improved kinetics, surpressing overpotential meso-/macropores mesopores cross-cut Left: Li 2 O 2 deposition/pore clogging as function of porosity; Right: SEM pictures of 3D mesoporous GDE, Toray Paper with Carbon Xerogel *) MPL (Freudenberg) Vulkan Xerogel 1M LiTFSI / DMSO

27 Next Generation Lithium-based Technologies Li/Air Battery Technology: Characterization Methods In-situ techniques: in-situ Raman spectroscopy in-situ Mass spectrometry/infrared spectroscopy Inert techniques: Inert-SEM/EDX (operating in Ar glovebox) Inert-XPS (Ar glovebox attached to XPS chamber) Inert-RRDE (operating in Ar glovebox) Metal-Air test facility System level: Metal-Air test facility 30 channels for operating condition analysis gases: O 2, CO 2, Ar, N 2 solvent saturation (org./aq.) -40 C-140 C. in-situ Raman spectroscopy

28 Dr. Kai-Christian Möller Deputy Spokesperson for the Alliance Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology ICT Project Group Electrochemical Energy Storage Parkring 6, Garching b. München, Germany phone: