Rica Nidelven Hotel, Trondheim, September 2012

Transcription

1 PROGRAM Rica Nidelven Hotel, Trondheim, September DAY 1: 25th September :00 Registration 11:30 Lunch Rica Nidelven Hotel 12:15 Welcome Karl Almås, SINTEF Fisheries and aquaculture 12:25 Welcome Ole Jørgen Marvik, Innovation Norway Session 1: Bioenergy in a sustainable way, chair: Tim Attack, Viking Fish Farm Ltd 12:30 Climate Change: The case for marine energy in Europe and the Crown Estate's response in the UK Mike Cowling & Alex Adrian, The Crown Estate 13:00 Seaweed for Biofuels: Future perspectives from industry Lars Ystanes, Statoil 13:30 The Regulatory Environment for Seaweed Exploitation in the UK and Norway Tim Atack, Viking Fish Farm Ltd 13:50 The High Value Chemical competition Michelle Carter, Biosciences KTN 14:00 Coffee/refreshments Session 2: Cultivation of Seaweed biomass, chair: Kjell Inge Reitan, NTNU 14:30 Biomass production by seaweed: Cultivation technology potential and challenges Klaus Lüning, Sylter Algenfarm 15:00 Seaweed Cultivation Strategies in Norway Aleksander Handå, SINTEF

2 Session 3: Conversion of Seaweed biomass, Chair: Inga Marie Aasen, SINTEF 15:30 Conversion to biofuels: potentials & challenges Bernt Wittgens, SINTEF, Materials and Chemistry 16:00 Biogas production Kjetill Østgaard, NTNU, Dep. of Biotechnology 16:30 Coffee/refreshments 17:00 Biochemical conversion: Liquid fuel Michele Stanley, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, UK 17:30 Thermochemical conversion Berta Guell Matas, SINTEF, Energy Research 18:00 Biorefinery of seaweed Herman Den Uil, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands 18:30 Biorefinery systems and LCA Francesco Cherubini, NTNU 19:00 Closing Remarks 19:30 Dinner - The Seafood buffet at Rica Nidelven Hotel

3 PROGRAM DAY 2: 26th September 2012 Session 4: The seaweed industry - actors from industry and research 09:00 Welcome Chair: Trine Galloway, SINTEF, Fisheries and Aquaculture 09:05 Seedling production in Europe From laboratory to industrial scale Tim Atack, Viking Fish Farm Ltd 09:20 From concept to industrialisation of seaweed for biofuel Andreas Putz, Seaweed Energy Solutions 09:35 Industrial utilisation of seaweed in Norway Olav Gåserød, FMC Biopolymer 09:50 CPI s activities related to seaweed Jerry Cooper, Centre for Process Innovation 10:05 Results from field studies with cultivation of Saccarina latissima in Troms Thor Arne Hangstad, Akvaplan-niva 10:20 SeaCult and Seacultivation Sverre Meisingset, SeaCult 10:35 Sori disinfection in cultivation of Saccharina latissima (MSc-thesis, 2012) Kaia Kjølbo Rød, Seaweed Energy Solutions 10:50 Discussion 11:00 Excursion to Norwegian Seaweed Technology Centre 12:30 Workshop close 13:00 Lunch

4 S Professor Mike Cowling The Crown Estate Chief Scientist at The Crown Estate with responsibility for providing scientific advice across the 9 marine business sectors. Also currently leading the marine biomass sector in its feasibility stage Climate: the case for marine bioenergy in Europe and The Crown Estate s response in the UK The presentation will outline the role for bioenergy in the future response to the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the contribution that marine macro-algae might make to that need in the UK. Initial results from a number of enabling / facilitating studies will be presented. This will be followed by an outline of initial plans to trial several growing systems suitable for large scale development of this marine industry. The presentation will conclude with suggestions of future priorities and next steps. Dr Alex Adrian The Crown Estate Aquaculture Operations Manager at The Crown Estate, responsible for administration and development of fish farming and marine cultivation business on the marine estate

5 PROFIL Lars Ystanes Specialist Environmental and Climate HSEC EIT Environment Technology Statoil Master of science, fisheries biology. Background from ecotoxicology and oil field chemicals. Current position as specialist in environmental and climate related issues in Statoil. Seaweed to biofuels future perspectives by industry actor In addition to be a provider of fossil energy, Statoil engage in the renewable energy area and aims to develop and support new sources of energy, including biofuel. Biofuel can be both first generation where biomass is are harvested and processed into ethanol or biodiesel, and second generation where non-food biomass such as waste like straw or wood chips are used as feedstock. Seaweed is a resource known for centuries and contains substantial amount of carbohydrates. However, it is still a challenge to convert sugars from seaweed to ethanol. While traditional farming onshore in Norway is on the border of what s agricultural possible, aquaculture has optimal conditions. Macro algae benefit from seasonal variations in nutrient and sunlight. Both along the coast as well as offshore, the potential for cultivating sea weed is promising. Even if the sugar kelp is rich in hydrocarbons, the sugars are not readily available. Statoil has teamed up with a US based biotech company, Bio Architecture Lab, a company developing technology for converting the complex sugars in seaweed into ethanol. To ensure cost efficient supply of biomass, a collaboration with Seaweed Energy Solutions AS has been established where the aim is to develop a concept for seaweed cultivation, from production of seedlings to deployment, cultivation and harvesting of sea weed. The value chain starts with germ production and ends with bioethanol for the marked. In between this, the challenges are to produce juvenile kelp that can efficiently grow in rigs, the rigs have to be efficiently harvested, the logistic of harvested kelp must be solved and suitable fermentation process has to be identified. Statoil sees a significant potential for production of ethanol from seaweed but due to the high risks involved, the project will be developed stepwise at Statoil s discretion from the pilot phase through demo phase to the commercial phase.

6 Dr Tim Atack Viking Fish Farm Ltd Dr. Atack is Managing Director and co-owner of Viking Fish Farms Ltd, Ardtoe Marine Laboratory. He has been involved in commercial aquaculture R&D, and in the production of a wide variety of marine and freshwater finfish and crustacea, since In 1984 he designed and managed one of the first commercial sea bream hatcheries to be set up in the Mediterranean, and has since managed marine fish hatcheries and cage grow-out farms in Cyprus, Turkey, Greece and Scotland, as well as undertaking aquaculture consultancy work worldwide. He presently manages all the commercial hatchery production activities at Ardtoe, including marine finfish, shellfish and seaweeds. He also coordinates the company's input into a wide selection of R&D projects, including the EU projects H2Ocean, IDREEM, ProSpawn, CleanHatch, efishent, Larvanet and Netalgae as well as various UK funded projects and commercial research contracts. He is also a member of the small team commissioned by the UK Crown Estate to design, develop and operate the UK's first pilot scale commercial seaweed farming operation, for which Ardtoe will also be supplying the seeded grow-out media. The Regulatory Environment for Seaweed Exploitation in the UK and Norway After the collapse of the alginate industry in the UK in the 1980s, wild seaweed harvesting became very much an artisanal industry which more or less escaped the attention of the regulators. However, the recent renewed interest in both the wild harvesting and culture of seaweeds has prompted the regulatory authorities to reconsider how the industry may be regulated. Meanwhile, for the most part, the wild harvest industry is currently regulated through implementation of general UK and EU legislation covering such areas as environmental and food protection. Similarly, seaweed culture falls outside the scope of present aquaculture legislation, which specifically states that it applies only to fish and shellfish farming. However, the need to obtain a Marine Licence for any marine installation in the UK is being used effectively as a way of regulating seaweed culture. In Norway, where the harvesting of wild seaweeds is a bigger and more well established industry, the methods by which it is regulated are more well defined, though again such regulation is mostly based around various environmental protection Acts but, unlike the situation in the UK, the licencing system does give regulators the opportunity to implement, and police, their clearly defined guidelines governing the sustainable exploitation of the resource. Meanwhile, as in the UK, the authorities have yet to establish regulations specifically covering seaweed aquaculture, so regulation is again effected through general marine licencing legislation. However, in the future, seaweed aquaculture is likely to be controlled by local government through the use of regulations governing the culture of aquatic species "other than salmon and trout". Undoubtedly, as has been seen in finfish aquaculture, if interest in seaweed exploitation continues to grow in the coming years, the means by which it is regulated, both in Norway and the UK, will also grow.

7 Dr. Michelle Carter Biosciences KTN High Value Chemical 4 competition Biosciences KTN is a knowledge transfer network based at the Roslin Institute, Edinburgh. Our aim is to drive the conversion of the UK's bioscience knowledge into innovative agricultural, food and industrial bioscience products and processes. We put companies and innovators in contact with the knowledge and funding that they need to bring new products and processes to market. Michelle is a knowledge transfer manager at B KTN. Her role is to promote industrial biotechnology (IB) as an enabling technology towards more sustainable products and processes which can ultimately lead to a reduction in our dependency on fossil fuels. Michelle has a background in marine biology, obtaining her BSc and MRes at the University of Plymouth, UK and her PhD at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.

8 PROFIL Dr Klaus Luning Sylter Algenfarm GmbH & CoKG In 2006 he founded the commercial seaweed growing company Sylter Algenfarm GmbH & Co.KG at Sylt island. Since 2006: Growing seaweeds in outdoor tanks for human consumption and cosmetics industry at Sylt Start of Laminaria cultivation (on land and in the sea) in Danish waters (Kattegat) in cooperation with Danish blue mussel cultivating company Marifood ApS (Aarhus; Rasmus Bjerregaard) : Participating as seaweed specialist in a project by KALI + SALZ GmbH with testing seaweed growth in deposited fossil salt residues, and in EU project SUDEBVAB on abalone cultivation in Europe. Biomass production by seaweed: Cultivation technology, potential and challenges One of the fastest-growing kelp species in European waters is Saccharina latissima (= Laminaria saccharina).this kelp species was, hence, the major alga tested in the Norwegian research project MacroBiomass establishing fundamental knowledge for optimum cultivation of kelp biomass to be used for biofuel production. The coast of Norway, with summer temperatures often below 15 C, appears as an ideal cold-water region for natural occurrence and artificial mass cultivation of kelp species. A major bottle-neck for mass cultivation of kelp biomass in the sea is the cultivation of juvenile sporophytes on ropes via gametophytes, with natural formation of sporangia (sorus) restricted in S. latissima to a few months in late autumn/early winter. Artificially induced year-round formation of sporangia was tested and obtained in the course of the MacroBiomass project using the known short-day photoperiodic response of S. latissima for induction of sporangia. Successful sorus formation was obtained in induction experiments performed in consecutive months in kelp hatcheries at Trondheim, Grenaa (Kattegat sea area) and on Sylt island (North Sea). Another and future challenge for kelp mass cultivation in European waters is to try to avoid the heavy loss of cultivated kelp biomass in the sea due to intensive animal fouling on the kelp during late spring and early summer : Cooperating with SINTEF (Trondheim) on Saccharina mass cultivation project MACROBIOMASS for bioethanol production. ---Since 2011: Cooperating with Blue Planet (Stavanger) on Saccharina mass cultivation project (on land and in the sea) in the Lysefjord.

9 Aleksander Handå SINTEF, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Norwegian Seaweed Technology Centre Seaweed cultivation in Norway The interest to develop an industrialized cultivation of seaweed in Norway is growing rapidly. A year-through production of small plants on ropes of the sugar kelp Saccharina latissima has been demonstrated in land-based facilities and attention is now directed towards cultivation in the sea. Combining the seasonality of seaweeds with cultivation in high productive areas as part of a cultivation strategy suggests a significant potential for large scale cultivation of seaweeds for biofuel in Norway. Aleksander Handå is Research manager for the research group Applied Ecology at SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture, which has its expertise in Macroalgae cultivation, Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture and Harmful algae blooms. Aleksander has a PhD in Integrated aquaculture with salmon, mussels and seaweed and he has experience with research and technology development for large scale artificial upwelling to stimulate cultivation conditions for mussels and seaweed in Norwegian fjords as well as from multiple cultivation experiments with mussels and seaweed in Norwegian coastal areas.

10 Bernd Wittgens SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Process Technology Conversion of seaweed to biofuel: Potential and challenges Refining of aquatic biomass to fuels can be achieved by applying existing generic chemical technology. When using seaweed as feedstock the production and pretreatment is simpler than for lignocellulosic feedstocks. However, as seaweed has high water content and at least one third of the carbohydrates are not easily converted to the desired fuel products, the production faces difficulties in obtaining high yields while keeping the energy consumption of separation low. This talk will focus on the challenges in carbohydrate conversion, discuss product alternatives and look into technology options for product recovery. Senior Adviser at SINTEF Materials and Chemistry since 2011 Bernd Wittgens main field of competence: Project and Innovation management Biofuel production: mass and energy balance and optimization Techno Economic Evaluation of chemical processes Design, engineering, optimization and operation of chemical process plants, separation systems, waste incineration, combustion technology and flue gas cleaning plants Energy efficiency Measurement and instrumentation for emission monitoring applied to flue gas cleaning systems

11 Kjetill Østgaard NTNU Dep of Biotechnology Kjetill Østgaard is currently professor in Environmental Biotechnology at the Department of Biotechnology, NTNU. He has his background in biophysics, biochemistry and microbiology. Previous research include development and application of models systems for biological studies, from molecular level to that of microbial communities, with key words cell culture systems, gel technology, biopolymer research, measuring physics, and mathematical modeling. Research in environmental biotechnology has been related to oil pollution, to biodegradation of marine biomass (seaweeds) including biogas and biofuel production, to biological wastewater treatment including N and P removal, and to biofilm formation and biofouling. He has also developed exobiology to a regular university course. He is now working 50 %. Biogas production Going back to basics, the introduction will focus on revisiting terms such as bioenergy, biogas (LBG and CBG) and the biorefinery concept. The biochemistry and microbial ecology of total anaerobic fermentation in open systems are then presented in some detail, particularly the importance of the VFA ( volatile fatty acids ) intermediates and the syntrophic consortia involved in interspecies hydrogen transfer. This is needed to explain the key factors of process operation in general. Utilization of brown algae is finally discussed in relation to their structural composition, focusing on our own previous studies of their biodegradation in relation to biogas and bioethanol production.

12 Michele Stanley SAMS, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban UK Michele Stanley has over 18 years research experience in the area of biochemistry and molecular biology. She has worked on applied phycology projects for more than 15 years. Over the last 4 years, she has initiated and led the development of research investigating marine biomass, both macro- and microalgal, as forms of biofuels at SAMS. She leads the multidisciplinary Interreg IVA funded project BioMara: Sustainable Fuels from Marine Biomass She is Director of the Natural Environment Research Council/Technology Strategy Board Algal Bioenergy Special Interest Group within the UK. Biochemical Conversion: Liquid Fuel. The area of producing biofuels from algal biomass is still surrounded in a great deal of hype and whilst there is evidence that largescale biofuels production from algae is technically possible, further investigation is needed to find out which strains are likely to be the most productive and the optimal conditions for their growth before it can be produced on a commercial scale and brought to market. The large brown macroalgae, or kelp, are perhaps the greatest potential source of marine biofuel. Immersed in seawater, these fast growing macroalgae have no need for internal transport systems for nutrients and water, which saves energy, hence they are naturally highly productive and have a high potential to fix carbon. During this presentation some of the pros and cons of using algal biomass as a means of producing fuel from the sea will be presented in terms of conversion of the biomass to either ethanol or biogas.

13 Berta Guell Matas SINTEF Energy Research Berta Matas Güell studied chemistry at the Autonomous University of Barcelona during the period Afterwards she moved to The Netherlands where she conducted her Masters and PhD within bioenergy and heterogeneous catalysis, particularly in the catalytic production of hydrogen from pyrolysis oil ( ). In 2010 Berta started her professional career at SINTEF Energy Research and since 2011 she is the Research Manager of the Biofuels group at SINTEF Energy Research which focuses on thermochemical conversion processes Hydrothermal gasification of seaweed; a promising technology to biofuels production. Biofuels from terrestrial biomass have the potential to meet about % of the fuel need in the future but this will imply serious sustainability and cost issues and therefore alternative biomass feedstocks are needed. Norway has a cold climate and hence, biomass grows slower than tropical biomass. Macroalgae, however, has a huge potential in Norway, being considered as the Norwegian opportunity to cover biofuels need. The hydrothermal gasification process utilizes the special properties of near- and supercritical water. At these conditions water can act as solvent, reactant, and even catalyst or catalyst precursor. While many biomass materials (e.g. lignin, cellulose) are not water soluble at ambient conditions most are readily dissolved in near- and supercritical water. A distinct advantage of hydrothermal gasification is the possibility to convert wet biomass with a natural water content of more than 80% (g/g) with no need for drying. In addition, high solubility of the intermediates in the reaction medium inhibits tar and coke formation significantly. This leads to high gas yields at relatively low temperatures. These aspects and additional advantages/challenges will be discussed during the presentation.

14 PROFIL Herman Den Uil Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, ECN Biorefinery of seaweed Herman den Uil became a Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering at the College of Hilversum in In 1995 he became a Master of Science in Chemistry at the Department of Chemical Engineering of the University of Amsterdam. Since 1986 he has worked at the Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN) on the development of molten carbonate fuel cells and on high temperature gas cleanup for coal gasification. Since 1996 he is works in the field of biomass research. He has a broad experience in technical, environmental and economic assessments of biomass conversion systems. His current position is manager of the group Transportation fuels and Chemicals.

15 Francesco Cherubini NTNU Dep of Energy and Process Engineering Biorefinery systems and LCA

16 Dr Tim Atack Viking Fish Farm Ltd Dr. Atack is Managing Director and co-owner of Viking Fish Farms Ltd, Ardtoe Marine Laboratory. He has been involved in commercial aquaculture R&D, and in the production of a wide variety of marine and freshwater finfish and crustacea, since In 1984 he designed and managed one of the first commercial sea bream hatcheries to be set up in the Mediterranean, and has since managed marine fish hatcheries and cage grow-out farms in Cyprus, Turkey, Greece and Scotland, as well as undertaking aquaculture consultancy work worldwide. He presently manages all the commercial hatchery production activities at Ardtoe, including marine finfish, shellfish and seaweeds. He also coordinates the company's input into a wide selection of R&D projects, including the EU projects H2Ocean, IDREEM, ProSpawn, CleanHatch, efishent, Larvanet and Netalgae as well as various UK funded projects and commercial research contracts. He is also a member of the small team commissioned by the UK Crown Estate to design, develop and operate the UK's first pilot scale commercial seaweed farming operation, for which Ardtoe will also be supplying the seeded grow-out media. Seedling Production in Europe - From Laboratory to Industrial Scale At the present time the hatchery production of seaweed seedlings in Europe is, for the most part, carried out only at a laboratory scale. Many of the hatchery techniques presently used to produce seedlings at this level are, however, clearly not scaleable to the level needed to meet the seedling requirements of any large scale grow-out industry. Added to that, the economics of growing seaweeds for biofuels indicate that seaweed hatcheries will have to produce the seedlings at a very low cost in order for both the seaweed hatchery and grow-out industries to be economically viable. This presentation thus outlines some current UK trials on larger scale seedling production protocols using various grow-out substrates which may enable the development of economically viable seaweed farming for biofuel industry in the UK.

17 Anders Putz Seaweed Energy Solutions Andreas Pütz has an MBA from the University of Giessen, Germany. He has worked as a director in IKEA Germany and as CEO of 3 Norwegian companies; Overhalla Industrier AS, Heimdal Sag Gruppen AS and Norwegian PX AS in Brussels. Before joining SES, Pütz worked as a manager for business development at Leif Eriksson Nyskapning AS, a business incubator and investor for start-ups in Trondheim, Norway. His specialties include international innovation processes, marketing and management. He is also a frequent guest lecturer at HIST (Trondheim) and USBC (University of Santa Barbara California) From concept to industrialization of seaweed for biofuel Seaweed Energy Solutions AS ( SES or the Company ) has operations in both Norway and Portugal the northern and southern extremes of the large seaweed habitats in Europe. The Company is focused on the development of large-scale cultivation of seaweed and conversion of this biomass into energy. Right timing: The timing for the introduction of seaweed as a source of energy could not be better. The worldwide supply of oil has peaked which has resulted in a strong demand for renewable transport fuel and strict governmental targets are set to meet the need. The potential for cultivated seaweed as an energy crop has been evaluated starting with the Marine Biomass program (USA) in the seventies and more recently with numerous feasibility studies in Europe, Japan and elsewhere. We know seaweed grows faster than any terrestrial plant, large areas are available (the ocean), large scale traditional style farming of seaweed is proven (millions of tons) and basic conversion to biogas and ethanol has been tested with reasonable yields. We also know that there is no conflict with food supplies, land use changes and demand for fresh water. All together fuelled with the recent advances in parallel industries such as aquaculture, marine offshore and subsea technology and bioenergy processing technologies it is our belief that seaweed has a great potential as biomass for energy purposes in coastal regions around the world. Added positive environmental effects: In addition to providing a renewable fuel solution with minimal conflicting issues, seaweed cultivation is believed to have several other positive effects on the environment such as enhanced biodiversity (increased oxygen level in the sea), bio filter abilities (absorption of pollutants) and CO2 fixation. Recently several initiatives have been taken to start seaweed cultivation in regions with intensive fish farming. For example, in Norway the salmon industry releases about tons of nitrogen in the sea per year. A cultivation volume of 9 million tons seaweed could be justified just to absorb that nitrogen. Bioconversion of seaweed: To grow, seaweed needs sunlight and nutrients. The photosynthesis converts this solar energy to chemical energy, which can be utilized to produce energy carriers such as biogas, ethanol, butanol and other petrochemical replacements. SES is currently running several projects to develop more efficient conversion processes for both biogas and ethanol. Potential: Growing seaweed in farms covering an area of just less than 0.05 percent of Europe s coastal regions would yield a yearly production of 75 million tons of seaweed. This biomass could be converted into an estimated 3.2 billion liters of bioethanol, which would represent about 4.7 percent of the global ethanol production in Alternatively it could be converted to 1,500 million cubic meters of bio methane, which is equivalent to an energy content of about 20 TWh. To handle a future big demand of energy SES has developed a patented seaweed carrier and is working on a breeding program for industrialization of seaweed.

18 Olav Gåserød FMC Biopolymer Industrial utilization of seaweed in Norway The utilization of seaweed has a long tradition in Norway. The harvesting of seaweed for commercial production of alginate has taken place in a sustainable manner for almost 50 years. Alginates find applications in pharmaceutical, food and industrial applications. The latter two markets are maturing and see little growth, whereas the pharmaceutical market and new applications show more promise. FMC Biopolymer has a continued focus expanding the alginate applications and in utilizing other components in the seaweed. Olav Gåserød has a Ph.D in Biotechnology from NTNU and a background in biopolymer chemistry. For the last 14 years he has worked as a scientist and team leader in FMC Biopolymer R&D with focus on developing new alginate applications, new technologies and to some extent process improvements.

19 Jerry Cooper Centre for Process Innovation Wilton, UK CPI s activities related to seaweeds At the Centre for Process Innovation, Jerry manages a diverse range of projects working with both commercial and collaborative R&D (CRD) partners. His experience with CRD projects encompass both UK and European consortia and covers a wide range of sustainable processing technologies from algae culture to anaerobic digestion and production of bio-derived chemicals such as biosurfactants and biopolymers. Jerry manages CPI s R&D and IP portfolio for sustainable processing technologies which includes collaborations with universities through PhD studentships and TSB Knowledge Transfer Partnerships. Jerry joined CPI in 2006 as operations manager for the National Industrial Biotechnology Facility. He established operations in the newly built facility, recruiting an experienced Development Team and managing facility operations and process development projects. More recently, Jerry was project manager for the expansion of the National Industrial Biotechnology Facility which created the larger scale demonstration facility for production of biofuels and chemicals from biomass feedstocks.

20 Thor Arne Tangstad Akvaplan-niva Results from field studies with cultivation of Saccarina latissima in Troms. Employed in Akvaplan-niva (APN) since Since 2011 Department Manager Aquaculture in APN. Before starting APN I have had 15 years' experience with production of marine fish juveniles, last four years as general manager of cod hatchery

21 Sverre Meisingset SeaCult Results from field studies with cultivation of Saccarina latissima in Tromsø SeaCult has developed and offer products that protect ocean installations and the environment. Destruction of habitat and nursery is increasing. This has led to focus on off-shore windmill parks and other installations. SeaCult Offshore Protection can help create up to 1000 m3 per windmill foundation. Professional training in agriculture marketing, business and management. Work Background Gilde as a consultant to farmers and NLH Ås as a supervisor on research projects. Then marketing marine oriented projects and as a leader in recycling. In 2000 came the idea to develop a concept to cultivate the sea that has become the company SeaCult AS. Increasingly, destroyed areas must be regenerated through compensating actions. SeaCult habitat is designed to do just that. SeaCult wishes to contribute with this knowhow to reduce the lack of knowledge about what happens under water and on the seabed by participating in the research and developing projects. Has 15 years experience in local politics. Is known as a creative, community-oriented and practical approach to the major environmental challenges facing society

22 Kaia Kjølbo Rød Seaweed Energy Solution Kaia Kjølbo Rød works as a marine biologist for Seaweed Energy Solutions. She has a master degree in Marine Coastal Development from NTNU with focus on aquaculture. Her master thesis was part of a SINTEF project on seaweed cultivation and aimed to develop a method for sori disinfection suitable for large-scale seaweed production. At Seaweed Energy Solutions she is working with gametophytes of S. latissima and is at present starting a breeding program for strain selection. Sori disinfection in cultivation of Saccharina latissima; evaluation of chemical treatments against diatom contamination Diatom contamination is a problem in the early cultivation stages of Saccharina latissima. Macro- and microalgae compete for the same abiotic resources, and diatoms may overgrow and eliminate seedlings of S. latissima if introduced to the cultivation system. This work aimed to develop a purely chemical disinfection method for S. latissima sori to mitigate epiphytic diatoms prior to spore release. Five chemicals, including 130 different trials, were tested on diatoms in free suspension, and out of these 25 were tried as sori disinfectants. Several qualitative and quantitative parameters indicated that 600ppm sodium hypochlorite or 2% Lugol s solution can be used to mitigate diatom contamination from S. latissima sori.

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