EFFECT OF GUTINGEN V AS AN INTENSIVE TRAINING SYSTEM ON AGROMORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF SOME APPLE CULTIVARS IN KARAJ REGION OF IRAN

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1 UDC 575:634.1 DOI: /GENSR12331D Originl sientifi pper EFFECT OF GUTINGEN V AS AN INTENSIVE TRAINING SYSTEM ON AGROMORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF SOME APPLE CULTIVARS IN KARAJ REGION OF IRAN Ahmd DADASHPOUR*, Alirez TALAEI nd Ali SHAHI-GHARAHLAR Deprtment of Hortiulture, University College of Agriulture & Nturl Resoures, University of Tehrn, Krj, 31587, IRAN Ddshpour A., A. Tlei nd A. Shhi-Ghrhlr (21): Effet of Gutingen V s n intensive trining system on gromorphologil hrters of some pple ultivrs in Krj region of Irn.- Genetik, Vol 42, No. 2, V-shpe systems represent n effiient nd populr option to inrese yields nd fruit qulity in fruit trees. Hene, this pper ttempts to ompre some vegettive nd yield hrteristis of five pple ultivrs grown t hortiulturl reserh sttion in Krj, Irn. The seleted pple ultivrs were inluded: Golb-kohns (Irnin ultivr), Fuji, Gl, Corresponding uthor: Ahmd Ddshpour, Deprtment of Hortiulture, University College of Agriulture & Nturl Resoures, University of Tehrn, Krj, 31587, IRAN, Tel.: ,e-mil: hmd.ddshpour@gmil.om

2 332 GENETIKA, Vol. 42, No. 2, , 21 Strking nd Delbr estivl (ommeril foreign ultivrs) tht were grfted on M.9 rootstok whih were trined in V system. All of these trees were plnted in winter 25. The time of irrigtion strted from the seond experimentl yer fter plnting nd the method of irrigtion ws drip irrigtion system. Results showed tht the Golb-kohns hd the most tree height ( m), trunk ross setionl re (7.38 m 2 ) nd men shoot length (1.58 m). Also Delbr estivl hd the most yield (.98 kg), yield effiieny (.55 kg/m 2 ). Consistently, Results reveled tht mong the investigted ultivrs, Delbr estivl n be introdued s prone nd produtive ultivr for V system in Krj s limti onditions. Key words: pple, V system, vegettive nd reprodutive trits. INTRODUCTION Trees must be trined nd pruned to hieve mngeble uniform size, blne between growth nd regulr yields, nd to llow good penetrtion of light nd spry to the tree entre (MALAVOLTA nd CROSS, 29). Dwrfing rootstoks hve beome widely epted by the industry s tool for inresing orhrd effiieny beuse they influene the size of the tree, yield nd plnting density per unit re (BARRITT et l., 1995). Over the lst 3-4 yers, severl trining systems for pple orhrds hve been developed to ttin high erly yields nd improved fruit qulity (FERREE nd WARRINGTON, 23). Modern orhrds plnting systems re bsed on higher tree densities with rnge from 1 to 6 trees per hetre nd some up to 1 trees per hetre (ROBINSON, 23). However, inresing plnting density lone does not provide n effiient tool to inrese yield, s plnting density nd yield re not linerly relted nd threshold n be found beyond whih further inrese in density my not result in greter yield (CORELLI nd SANSAVINI, 1989; WEBER, 21; HAMPSON et l., 22). The Gutingen V is V-shped system, with individul oni-shped trees, tht llows high tree densities within multiple rows (FERREE nd WARRINGTON, 23). Dwrfing rootstoks, suh s M.9 nd M.27, re used nd trees re plnted t.9 m in-row sping nd 3.5 m. Over the lst 25 yers, V systems hve been beome inresingly populr nd ount for signifint portion of new fruit plntings in developed ountries. The primry dvntge of V systems is high yields per hetre (HUTTON et l., 1987; VAN DEN ENDE et l., 1987; ROBINSON nd LAKSO, 1989; ROBINSON, 1992), high levels of light intereption (ROBINSON nd LAKSO, 1991) nd improved fruit qulity (VAN DEN ENDE et l., 1987). V systems show better light intereption thn spheril or oni-shped trees nd improve light distribution within the nopy due to their two-dimensionl light exposure (ROBINSON, 23). Remrkble reserh hs gone into the identifition of the bses of produtivity in different pple orhrds. Erly studies offered tht perhps tree density, perent ground over; nopy volume or tree surfe re my be relted to orhrd produtivity (ROBINSON nd LAKSO, 1991). Another reserh showed tht there re signifint differenes in growth nd

3 A. DADASHPOUR et l.: EFFECT OF GUNTINGEN V ON APPLE CULTIVARS 333 produtivity between lol nd foreign ultivrs in priot trined to high density system (STRIKIC et l., 27). Thus our objetive in this study ws to evlution of the influene of V system on behvior of five pple ultivrs grfted on M.9 rootstok in Krj limte ondition tht is n importnt ommeril pple prodution region in Irn. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plnt mteril nd experimentl design This study ws rried out during the growth yers of 26 nd 27 t the experimentl field of Hortiulturl Reserh Sttion of University of Tehrn, Krj, Irn. So tht, this pper presents the results of trils rried out in 2-yer-old pple prodution V system with five pple ultivrs inluded Golb-kohns, Fuji, Gl, Strking nd Delbr estivl grfted on dwrfing M.9 rootstok. The verge nnul mximum temperture of the region is 13.7 C with n nnul rinfll of 254 mm. Soil t the sttion is lssified s ly-lom. The soil between the rows ws mowed, nd the strips in the row were fllow with the help of brndspetrum herbiides were pplied in ordne with stndrd ommeril orhrd proedures. Twenty representtive trees within eh replite were seleted for smpling nd dt olletion. The four replites were rrnged in rndomized ompletely blok design (RCBD). The dt obtined from field mesurements nd lbortory observtions were subjeted to n nlysis of vrine using SAS softwre nd the Dunn men seprtion test proedure ws pplied. Agromorphologil trits For lulting the Trunk Cross Setionl Are (TCSA), trunk irumferene (2 m bove the grft union) ws mesured with hnd liper t the end of the growing seson in November nd then onverted to Trunk Cross Setionl Are (TCSA) in m 2. Moreover, shoot growth ws mesured by verge urrent seson growth of 5 brnhes in eh tree (m). Also, in order to mesure the tree height, distne between grft unions to end of highest brnh in min trunk ws reorded in m. In ddition, yield per tree ws reorded t hrvest in eh tree. Yield effiieny ws mesured s yield per tree divided to TCSA in November (yield per tree/ TCSA in November), s well. RESULTS Tree height, TCSA nd shoot growth In the investigted ultivrs, the gretest tree height ( m), shoot growth (1.58 m) nd TCSA (7.38 m 2 ) were obtined in Golb-kohns tht mens this ultivr ws generlly more vigorous thn other trees whih my be result of higher degree of shding thn other ultivrs (Figure 1,b,). Short-term shde t the time period uses n enhned retention of ssimiltes in vegettive sinks, redution in rbohydrte vilbility to the fruitlets, limited fruit growth rtes nd eventully

4 334 GENETIKA, Vol. 42, No. 2, , 21 fruit shedding (BYERS et l., 1991; KONDO nd TAKAHASHI, 1987). In ddition, Golb-kohns probbly beuse of its erly fruit hrvest (the erliest hrvesting of fruits) hd longer period for vegettive growing, resulted to more vegettive hrteristis. Also this reserh implies tht trees with the highest vegettive growth generlly produe the lowest yield per tree, onfirming previous study (STRIKIC et l, 27). ) TCSA (m 2 ) b d b) 12 1 b Shoot growth (m) d 2 ) Tree height (m) b d 5 Figure 1 (,b,). Effet of ultivrs on vegettive nd reprodutive hrteristis (mens, with similr letters re not signifintly different t the 1% probbility level using Dunn multiple rnge test). Tree growth nd development n be mrkedly influened by both ultivr nd rootstok (HIRST nd FERREE, 1995). Differenes in TCSA indite tht rootstok

5 A. DADASHPOUR et l.: EFFECT OF GUNTINGEN V ON APPLE CULTIVARS 335 ontrols the tree size (DOLP nd PROEBSTING, 1989). In ft in this study the rootstok (M.9) hs ontrolled the tree size of Delbr estivl more thn other ultivrs resulted to the lowest TCSA (3.14) nd the gretest yield (1.482 kg). Previous studies lso found sion nd rootstok intertion for the size nd ttributed rootstok to be the predominnt ftor ontrolling size (HIRST nd FERREE, 1995). Smll TCSA produed by Delbr estivl my be geneti trit trnsferred from the rootstok to the sion. Yield hrteristis The first prodution ws obtined one yer fter plnting, but this ws reltively poor (dt not shown). By the seondry yer fter plnting, the gretest yield per tree (1.482 kg tree -1 ) nd yield effiieny (.55 kg m -2 ) were relted to Delbr estivl. So tht, the yield rnging ws between kg tree -1 (Figure 1d,e). d) Yield 27 (kg tree -1 ) b b e) Yield effiieny 27 (kg m -2 ) b Figure 1(d,e). Effet of ultivrs on vegettive nd reprodutive hrteristis (mens, with similr letters re not signifintly different t the 1% probbility level using Dunn multiple rnge test).

6 336 GENETIKA, Vol. 42, No. 2, , 21 This reserh by Golb-kohns, Fuji, Gl, Strking nd Delbr estivl ultivrs grfted on M.9 showed tht trees begn to ber fruit in the seond yer, with yield inresing in the subsequent yer. In ft, the V system/m.9 ombintion permitted erly fruiting, onfirming previous studies (PLATON, 27; HAMPSON et l., 22). In ddition, the most TCSA nd the lowest yield resulted to the lowest yield effiieny in Golb-kohns (Figure 1). Although it is ssumed tht trees on dwrf rootstoks hve limited vegettive growth resulting to higher yield (ROBINSON, 27) but my be differenes between ultivrs in this study (with sme rootstok) hs been resulted from different morphologil trits, onfirming study by BARRITT et l. (1995). Reserhes show tht yield linerly is relted to light intereption (ROBINSON nd LAKSO, 1989; ROBINSON, 27) but the best time for lulting the light intereption (ROBINSON nd LAKSO, 1989; ROBINSON, 27) but the best time for lulting the light intereption is in the 4 th or more yer (HAMPSON et l., 22). ELFVING nd SCHECHTER (1993) reported tht nnul yields per tree for Strkspur Supreme Deliious trees on nine dwrfing rootstoks were relted linerly to the number of fruits per tree t hrvest, independent of rootstok. They onluded tht there is liner reltionship between yield nd fruit ount per tree nd suggested tht the sink strength of n pple rop is lmost proportionl to the number of fruit per tree. Aording to the results, Delbr estivl trees represent generlly more effiient portion, t lest in the erly stges of orhrd life, for pple ultivtion using V-shpe systems in Irn s limte onditions. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to grtefully thnk ll the members of the Deprtment of Hortiulture, University College of Agriulture & Nturl Resoures, University of Tehrn, for providing the filities to rry out this work nd for their suggestions. Reeived Februry 12 th, 21 Aepted June 22 th, 21 REFERENCES BARRITT, B. H., A. S. KONISHI nd M. A. DILLEY (1995): Intensive Orhrd Mngement. Performne of three pple ultivrs with 23 dwrfing rootstoks during 8 sesons in Wshington. Fruit Vr. J. 49 (3), BYERS, R. E., D. H.CARBAUGH, C. N. PARSLEY nd T. K. WOLF (1991): The influene of low light on pple fruit bsission. J. Hort. Si. 66, CORELLI, L. nd S.SANSAVINI (1989): Light intereption nd photosynthesis relted to plnting density nd nopy mngement in pple. At Hort. 243, DOLP, C. A. nd E. L. PROEBSTING (1989): Root onfinement ffets growth nd physiology of sweet herry nd pple. 5 th ASHS Annul Meeting, Tuls, Oklhom, Prog. & Abstrt, 99 p. ELFVING, D. C. nd I.SCHECHTER (1993): fruit ount, fruit weight, nd yield reltionship in Deliious pple tree on nine rootstoks. HortSiene. 28, FERREE, D. C. nd I. J. WARRINGTON (23): Apples: botny, prodution nd uses. CABI publishing. 66 p.

7 A. DADASHPOUR et l.: EFFECT OF GUNTINGEN V ON APPLE CULTIVARS 337 HAMPSON, C. R., H. A. QUAMM nd R. T. BROWNLEE (22): Cnopy growth, yield, nd fruit qulity of Royl Gl pple trees grown for eight yers in five tree trining systems. HortSiene. 37, HIRST, P. M. nd D. C. FERREE (1995): Effet of rootstok nd ultivr on the growth nd preoity of young pple trees. J. Amer. So. Hort. Si. 12, HUTTON, R. J., L. M. MCFADYEN nd W. J. LILL (1987): reltive produtivity nd yield effiieny of nning peh trees in three intensive growing systems. HortSiene. 22, KONDO, S. nd Y.TAKAHASHI (1987): Effets of high temperture in the nighttime nd shding in the dytime on the erlydrop of pple fruit Strking Diliious. J. Jpn. So. Hort. Si. 56, MALAVOLTA, C. nd J.CROSS (29): Guidelines for Integrted Prodution of Pome Fruits. IOBC/wprs Bulletin, 47, 1-13 PLATON I. V. (27): Preliminry results on plnting system nd density in pple. At Hort. 732, ROBINSON T. L. (1992): Performne of Y-shped pple nopies t vrious ngles in omprison with entrl leder trees. At Hort. 322, ROBINSON, T. L. (23): Apple-orhrd plnting systems. P In: D.C. FERREE nd I. J. WARRINGTON (Eds.), Apples. Cbi Publishing, Wllingford, UK. ROBINSON, T. L. (27): Reent Advnes nd Future Diretions in Orhrd Plnting. At Hort. 732, ROBINSON, T. L. nd A. N. LAKSO (1989): Light intereption, yield nd fruit qulity of Empire nd Deliious pple trees in four orhrd systems. At Hort. 243, ROBINSON, T. L. nd A. N. LASKO (1991): Bses of yield nd prodution effiieny in pple orhrd systems. J. Amer. So. Hort. Si. 116, STRIKIC, F., RADUNIC M. nd J. ROSIN (27): Apriot growth nd produtivity in high density orhd. At Hort. 732, VAN DEN ENDE, B., D. J. CHALMERS nd P. H. JERI (1987): Ltest developments in trining nd mngement of fruit rops on Ttur Trellis. J. Amer. So. Hort. Si. 15, WEBER, M. S. (21): Optimizing the tree density in pple orhrds on dwrf rootstoks. At Hort. 557,

8 338 GENETIKA, Vol. 42, No. 2, , 21 EFEKAT GUTINGEN V KAO INTENZIVNOG SISTEMA ISPITIVANJA AGROMORFOLOŠKIH KARAKTERISTIKA NEKIH SORTI JABUKE U KARAJ REGIONU IRANA Ahmd DADASHPOUR*, Alirez TALAEI i Ali SHAHI-GHARAHLAR Odelenje z hortikulturu fkultet z poljoprivredu i prirodne resurse Univerzitet u Tehernu, Krj, 31587, Irn I z v o d Sistem Gutingen V ispitivnj pretstvlj populrnu opiju z povećnje prinos i kvlitet plod kod voćnih vrst. U rdu su prikzni rezultti poređenj nekih vegettivnih i krkteristik prinos pet sort jbuk gjenih u istrživčkoj stnii z hortikulturu u Krju, Irn. U istrživnj su uključene sorte: Golb-kohns (irnsk sort), Fuji, Gl, Strking I delbr estivl (komerijlne inostrne sorte) klemljene n M9 podlogu i ispitivne u V sistemu. Sv stble su zsđen u toku zimskog period 25. Nvodnjvnje je vršeno početkom druge godine eksperiment. Sistem nvodnjvnj je bio kp-po-kp. Dobijeni rezultti pokzuju d je sort Globl-kohns iml njviše stblo ( m), njveću površinu poprečnog presek stble (7.38 m 2 ) i prosečnu dužinu mldie (1.58 m). Delbr estivl je imo njveći prinos (.98 kg) odnosno efiksnost prinos (.55 kg/m 2 ). Dobijeni rezultti ukzuju d, od ispitivnih sort, Delbr estivl može d se introdukuje ko produktivn sort z gjenje u V sistemu u klimtskim uslovim Krj, Irn. Primljeno 12. II. 21. Odobreno 22. VI. 21.