Scuola Raimondo Anni Electro-weak probes in Nuclear Physics. Electron scattering. (a general introduction) Antonio M. Lallena. Universidad de Granada
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1 Scuola Raimondo Anni Electro-weak probes in Nuclear Physics Electron scattering (a general introduction) Antonio M. Lallena Universidad de Granada Otranto, 2013
2 Outline i. A very short history of electron scattering ii. General properties of electron scattering iii. A rough description of an experiment Electron scattering - Scuola Electron Raimondo scattering Anni- - Otranto 2013
3 A very short history of electron scattering
4 A very short history of electron scattering The discovering of the electron -in 1897, J.J. Thomson discovered electrons, the corpuscles forming the cathode rays
5 A very short history of electron scattering The discovering of the electron -in 1897, J.J. Thomson discovered electrons, the corpuscles forming the cathode rays At first there were very few who believed in the existence of these bodies smaller than atoms. Could anything at first sight seem more impractical than a body which is so small that its mass is an insignificant fraction of the mass of an atom of hydrogen? We have in the cathode rays matter in a new state.
6 A very short history of electron scattering The discovering of the electron -in 1897, J.J. Thomson discovered electrons, the corpuscles forming the cathode rays The properties of the electron -charge: -mass: -spin: 1 -stable particle: -involved in: C kg = MeV/c 2 -magnetic moment: 2 1µ B τ y electroweak interactions At first there were very few who believed in the existence of these bodies smaller than atoms. Could anything at first sight seem more impractical than a body which is so small that its mass is an insignificant fraction of the mass of an atom of hydrogen? We have in the cathode rays matter in a new state.
7 A very short history of electron scattering The discovering of the electron -in 1897, J.J. Thomson discovered electrons, the corpuscles forming the cathode rays The properties of the electron -charge: -mass: -spin: 1 -stable particle: -involved in: C kg = MeV/c 2 -magnetic moment: 2 1µ B τ y electroweak interactions -J.J. Thomson won the Nobel prize in electron : name coined by G. Johnstone Stoney in 1891 At first there were very few who believed in the existence of these bodies smaller than atoms. Could anything at first sight seem more impractical than a body which is so small that its mass is an insignificant fraction of the mass of an atom of hydrogen? We have in the cathode rays matter in a new state.
8 A very short history of electron scattering
9 A very short history of electron scattering N.F. Mott Proc. R. Soc London 124 (1929) 425 -he used Dirac equation, point-like nucleus: Mott cross section σ Mott = α cos θ/2 2 i sin 2 θ/2 2 The Royal Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve, and extend access to Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character. ww
10 A very short history of electron scattering N.F. Mott Proc. R. Soc London 124 (1929) 425 -he used Dirac equation, point-like nucleus: Mott cross section σ Mott = α cos θ/2 2 i sin 2 θ/2 2 H.S.W. Massey. Proc. R. Soc London 127 (1930) 666 -magnetic cross section much smaller than charge cross section The Royal Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve, and extend access to Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character. ww
11 A very short history of electron scattering N.F. Mott Proc. R. Soc London 124 (1929) 425 -he used Dirac equation, point-like nucleus: Mott cross section σ Mott = α cos θ/2 2 i sin 2 θ/2 2 H.S.W. Massey. Proc. R. Soc London 127 (1930) 666 -magnetic cross section much smaller than charge cross section The Royal Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve, and extend access to Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character. ww more energetic electrons are needed to probe the nuclear interior: electron wavelength ~ nuclear size lack of experimental electron facilities: electron scattering hadron scattering
12 A very short history of electron scattering N.F. Mott -De Broglie wavelength: λ = h mv Proc. R. Soc London 124 (1929) 425 -he used Dirac equation, point-like nucleus: Mott λ p cross section = m e 1 λ α cos θ/2 σ Mott = e m p i sin 2 θ/2 2 (for the same velocity) H.S.W. Massey. Proc. R. Soc London 127 (1930) 666 smaller wavelengths can be achieved with -magnetic cross section much smaller than charge cross section relatively low energies in case of hadrons The Royal Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve, and extend access to Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character. ww more energetic electrons are needed to probe the nuclear interior: electron wavelength ~ nuclear size lack of experimental electron facilities: electron scattering hadron scattering
13 A very short history of electron scattering
14 A very short history of electron scattering E. Guth. Über die Wechselwirkung zwischen schnellen Elektronen und Atomkernen. Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 71 (1934) 299 -use of electron scattering to investigate nuclear structure. -Dirac theory + PWBA: Fourier transform of the nuclear electrostatic potential to measure nuclear sizes!!!
15 A very short history of electron scattering E. Guth. Über die Wechselwirkung zwischen schnellen Elektronen und Atomkernen. Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 71 (1934) 299 -use of electron scattering to investigate nuclear structure. -Dirac theory + PWBA: Fourier transform of the nuclear electrostatic potential to measure nuclear sizes!!! E.M. Lyman, A.O. Hanson, M.B. Scott. -first experiment confirming Guth predictions.
16 A very short history of electron scattering Lyman, Hanson & Scott experiment
17 A very short history of electron scattering Lyman, Hanson & Scott experiment deviations with respect to Mott cross sections
18 A very short history of electron scattering Lyman, Hanson & Scott experiment deviations with respect to Mott cross sections nuclear radius 20% smaller than the commonly accepted obtained with hadronic probes (1.45 A 1/3 )
19 A very short history of electron scattering R. Hofstadter and collaborators. [Rev. Mod. Phys. 28 (1956) 214] -Stanford electron accelerator -elastic electron scattering from nuclear charge Hofstadter: Nobel Prize in 1961
20 A very short history of electron scattering
21 A very short history of electron scattering Magnetic electron scattering: very small cross sections!! M.N. Rosenbluth. Phys. Rev. 79 (1950) 615 -derived electron-proton cross section taking into account charge and normal and anomalous magnetic moments
22 A very short history of electron scattering Magnetic electron scattering: very small cross sections!! M.N. Rosenbluth. Phys. Rev. 79 (1950) 615 -derived electron-proton cross section taking into account charge and normal and anomalous magnetic moments R. Hofstadter and R.W. McAllister. Phys. Rev. 98 (1955) 217 -deviations with respect to the Mott cross section: due to proton magnetic moment -rms proton radius: (7.4 ± 2.4) cm
23 A very short history of electron scattering
24 A very short history of electron scattering U. Amaldi. Phys. Rev. Lett. 13 (1964) 341 -first coincidence experiment: the scattered electron is observed in coincidence with other particles emitted after the collision
25 A very short history of electron scattering U. Amaldi. Phys. Rev. Lett. 13 (1964) 341 -first coincidence experiment: the scattered electron is observed in coincidence with other particles emitted after the collision performed in the synchrotron facility at Frascati
26 A very short history of electron scattering
27 A very short history of electron scattering Meson exchange currents H. Collard et al. Phys. Rev. 138 (1965) B57 R.E. Rand et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 18 (1967) 469
28 A very short history of electron scattering F ch ( 3 H)/F mag ( 3 H) Meson exchange currents H. Collard et al. Phys. Rev. 138 (1965) B57 F ch ( 3 He)/F mag ( 3 He) R.E. Rand et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 18 (1967) 469
29 A very short history of electron scattering
30 A very short history of electron scattering Facilities -SLAC, Stanford (USA) -Frascati (Italy) -NIKHEF, Amsterdam (Netherlands) -Bates, MIT (USA) -MAMI, Mainz (Germany) -Senadi (Japan) -DESY, Hamburg (Germany) -DALINAC, Darmstadt (Germany) -Saclay (France) -TJNL, Newport News (USA)
31 A very short history of electron scattering Facilities -SLAC, Stanford (USA) -Frascati (Italy) -NIKHEF, Amsterdam (Netherlands) -Bates, MIT (USA) -MAMI, Mainz (Germany) -Senadi (Japan) -DESY, Hamburg (Germany) -DALINAC, Darmstadt (Germany) -Saclay (France) -TJNL, Newport News (USA) Future facilities: exotic nuclei!! -SCRIT, Sendai (Japan) Darmstadt (Germany)
32 A very short history of electron scattering Facilities -SLAC, Stanford (USA) -Frascati (Italy) -NIKHEF, Amsterdam (Netherlands) -Bates, MIT (USA) -MAMI, Mainz (Germany) -Senadi (Japan) -DESY, Hamburg (Germany) -DALINAC, Darmstadt (Germany) -Saclay (France) -TJNL, Newport News (USA) Future facilities: exotic nuclei!! -SCRIT, Sendai (Japan) Darmstadt (Germany)
33 A very short history of electron scattering Facilities -SLAC, Stanford (USA) -Frascati (Italy) -NIKHEF, Amsterdam (Netherlands) -Bates, MIT (USA) -MAMI, Mainz (Germany) -Senadi (Japan) -DESY, Hamburg (Germany) -DALINAC, Darmstadt (Germany) -Saclay (France) -TJNL, Newport News (USA) Future facilities: exotic nuclei!! -SCRIT, Sendai (Japan) Darmstadt (Germany)
34 General properties of electron scattering Why to use electron scattering?
35 General properties of electron scattering Why to use electron scattering? electron-nucleus scattering is an excellent tool for studying the structure of the nuclei and their electromagnetic properties.
36 General properties of electron scattering Why to use electron scattering? electron-nucleus scattering is an excellent tool for studying the structure of the nuclei and their electromagnetic properties. Reason #1: electrons and nuclei interact via the electromagnetic force coupling constant: α =1/ much smaller than the intensity of the strong interaction that governs most of the nuclear properties experiments do not greatly disturb the target nucleus structure advantage respect to hadron-nucleus scattering (difficulties in separating reaction mechanisms and nuclear structure)
37 General properties of electron scattering Why to use electron scattering? electron-nucleus scattering is an excellent tool for studying the structure of the nuclei and their electromagnetic properties. Reason #1: electrons and nuclei interact via the electromagnetic force Reason #2: very good knowledge of the electromagnetic interaction quantum electrodynamics describes the interaction in an almost exact manner quantitative information about nuclear properties can be extracted
38 General properties of electron scattering Why to use electron scattering? electron-nucleus scattering is an excellent tool for studying the structure of the nuclei and their electromagnetic properties. Reason #1: electrons and nuclei interact via the electromagnetic force Reason #2: very good knowledge of the electromagnetic interaction but: electroweak interactions share these two characteristics! what about neutrino-nucleus and photon-nucleus scattering?
39 General properties of electron scattering Why to use electron scattering? electron-nucleus scattering is an excellent tool for studying the structure of the nuclei and their electromagnetic properties. Reason #1: electrons and nuclei interact via the electromagnetic force Reason #2: very good knowledge of the electromagnetic interaction but: electroweak interactions share these two characteristics! what about neutrino-nucleus and photon-nucleus scattering? Reason #3: neutrino-nucleus coupling constant much smaller than α cross sections several order of magnitude smaller than for electron-nucleus scattering
40 General properties of electron scattering Why to use electron scattering? Reason #1: electrons and nuclei interact via the electromagnetic force Reason #2: very good knowledge of the electromagnetic interaction Reason #3: neutrino-nucleus coupling constant much smaller than α
41 General properties of electron scattering Why to use electron scattering? Reason #1: electrons and nuclei interact via the electromagnetic force Reason #2: very good knowledge of the electromagnetic interaction Reason #3: neutrino-nucleus coupling constant much smaller than α Reason #4: electron-nucleus interactions mediated by virtual photons in real photon scattering the momentum transferred to the nucleus in unequivocally determined: qµ 2 = ω 2 q 2 =0 in electron scattering, the four-momentum must be space-like, that is: qµ 2 = ω 2 q 2 0 one can vary the momentum transferred to the nucleus for a fixed energy ω: we can study the behavior of the nucleus with the momentum q
42 General properties of electron scattering Why to use electron scattering? Reason #1: electrons and nuclei interact via the electromagnetic force Reason #2: very good knowledge of the electromagnetic interaction Reason #3: neutrino-nucleus coupling constant much smaller than α Reason #4: electron-nucleus interactions mediated by virtual photons in real photon scattering the momentum transferred to the nucleus in unequivocally determined: qµ 2 = ω 2 q 2 =0 in electron scattering, the four-momentum must be space-like, that is: qµ 2 = ω 2 q 2 0 one can vary the momentum transferred to the nucleus for a fixed energy ω: we can study the behavior of the nucleus with the momentum q
43 General properties of electron scattering Why to use electron scattering? Reason #1: electrons and nuclei interact via the electromagnetic force Reason #2: very good knowledge of the electromagnetic interaction Reason #3: neutrino-nucleus coupling constant much smaller than α Reason #4: electron-nucleus interactions mediated by virtual photons
44 General properties of electron scattering Why to use electron scattering? Reason #1: electrons and nuclei interact via the electromagnetic force Reason #2: very good knowledge of the electromagnetic interaction Reason #3: neutrino-nucleus coupling constant much smaller than α Reason #4: electron-nucleus interactions mediated by virtual photons Consequences:
45 General properties of electron scattering Why to use electron scattering? Reason #1: electrons and nuclei interact via the electromagnetic force Reason #2: very good knowledge of the electromagnetic interaction Reason #3: neutrino-nucleus coupling constant much smaller than α Reason #4: electron-nucleus interactions mediated by virtual photons Consequences: α -as is small, lowest order processes (one photon exchange) are enough to obtain accurate results of easy interpretation -excitation energy and momentum transfer can be varied independently and one can obtain: nuclear excitation profiles, observing not only the electric dipole transition (dominating at low momentum transfer) but also higher multipolarities (that appear at higher momenta) Fourier transforms of charge and current nuclear densities
46 A rough description of an experiment experimental facilities for electron scattering: -an electron accelerator -a system to transport the beam to the to the target -a setup to detect and analyze the products
47 A rough description of an experiment experimental facilities for electron scattering: Stanford -an electron accelerator -a system to transport the beam to the to the target -a setup to detect and analyze the products Electron scattering Otranto Electron scattering - Scuola Raimondo Anni-- Otranto
48 A rough description of an experiment experimental facilities for electron scattering: Stanford -an electron accelerator -a system to transport the beam to the to the target -a setup to detect and analyze the products Saclay Electron scattering Otranto Electron scattering - Scuola Raimondo Anni-- Otranto
49 A rough description of an experiment experimental facilities for electron scattering: Stanford -an electron accelerator -a system to transport the beam to the to the target -a setup to detect and analyze the products NIKHEF Saclay Electron scattering Otranto Electron scattering - Scuola Raimondo Anni-- Otranto
50 A rough description of an experiment
51 A rough description of an experiment positive for nuclear structure investigations Some previous considerations: -weakness of the electromagnetic interaction: small cross sections - smaller than hadronic ones!!! use of thick targets: this complicates data interpretation increase the detection solid angle: complicates experimental setup maximum beam intensity on the target: target could melt improve the detection system (with respect to hadronic case) need of much more beam time for measurements α 2
52 A rough description of an experiment positive for nuclear structure investigations Some previous considerations: -weakness of the electromagnetic interaction: small cross sections - smaller than hadronic ones!!! use of thick targets: this complicates data interpretation increase the detection solid angle: complicates experimental setup maximum beam intensity on the target: target could melt improve the detection system (with respect to hadronic case) need of much more beam time for measurements α 2 -electron energy and relative energy resolution: related to the nuclear structure details to be investigated nuclear wave functions details (~ a few fm) require to transfer to the nucleus a momentum ~ a few fm -1 and energies of ~ MeV are needed nuclear level separation (~ a few tenths of kev) requires a relative energy resolution of 10 4 or better
53 A rough description of an experiment Accelerators Van de Graaff -energies ~ 10 MeV
54 A rough description of an experiment Accelerators Van de Graaff -energies ~ 10 MeV Reason #5: electrons are charged particles (photons and neutrinos are not) Electron scattering - Scuola Electron Raimondo scattering Anni- - Otranto 2013
55 A rough description of an experiment Accelerators betatron (1) magnet poles, (2) cross section of annular vacuum chamber, (3) central core, (4) electromagnet windings, (5) magnet yoke -uses a varying magnetic field -electrons are fed into a doughnut-shaped ring placed between the poles of an alternating-current electromagnet and follow a circular trajectory of fixed radius -the variation of the magnetic field makes the electron energy to increase by a few hundred ev in each turn -maximum energies: ~ 300 MeV
56 A rough description of an experiment Accelerators synchrotron -consists of a tube in the shape of a large ring through which the particles travel -the tube is surrounded by magnets to maintain particle trajectory -particles are accelerated at one or more points on the ring each time they complete a circle around the accelerator -particles are kept in a rigid orbit by increasing the magnetic fields as particles gain energy -energies up to ~ 1 GeV Electron scattering - Scuola Electron Raimondo scattering Anni- - Otranto 2013
57 A rough description of an experiment Accelerators synchrotron -consists of a tube in the shape of a large ring through which the particles travel -the tube is surrounded by magnets to maintain particle trajectory -particles are accelerated at one or more points on the ring each time they complete a circle around the accelerator -particles are kept in a rigid orbit by increasing the magnetic fields as particles gain energy -energies up to ~ 1 GeV Electron scattering - Scuola Electron Raimondo scattering Anni- - Otranto 2013
58 A rough description of an experiment Accelerators linear accelerator Electron scattering - Scuola Electron Raimondo scattering Anni- - Otranto 2013
59 A rough description of an experiment original design Accelerators linear accelerator Electron scattering - Scuola Electron Raimondo scattering Anni- - Otranto 2013
60 A rough description of an experiment original design Accelerators linear accelerator RF cavities TW vs. SW Electron scattering - Scuola Electron Raimondo scattering Anni- - Otranto 2013
61 A rough description of an experiment original design Accelerators linear accelerator ~ GeV energies RF cavities TW vs. SW Electron scattering - Scuola Electron Raimondo scattering Anni- - Otranto 2013
62 A rough description of an experiment clinical linac TJNAF linac Electron scattering - Scuola Electron Raimondo scattering Anni-- Otranto Otranto
63 A rough description of an experiment Beam transport Electron scattering - Scuola Electron Raimondo scattering Anni- - Otranto 2013
64 A rough description of an experiment Beam transport extracting magnet F = q c v B ρ = mcv qb Electron scattering - Scuola Electron Raimondo scattering Anni- - Otranto 2013
65 A rough description of an experiment Beam transport extracting magnet Electron scattering - Scuola Electron Raimondo scattering Anni- - Otranto 2013
66 A rough description of an experiment Beam transport extracting magnet Electron scattering - Scuola Electron Raimondo scattering Anni- - Otranto 2013
67 A rough description of an experiment Beam transport magnets (~45º) extracting magnet Electron scattering - Scuola Electron Raimondo scattering Anni- - Otranto 2013
68 A rough description of an experiment Beam transport focussing on the slit and selecting energies magnets (~45º) extracting magnet Electron scattering - Scuola Electron Raimondo scattering Anni- - Otranto 2013
69 A rough description of an experiment Beam transport magnets (~45º) extracting magnet Electron scattering - Scuola Electron Raimondo scattering Anni- - Otranto 2013
70 A rough description of an experiment Beam transport magnets (~45º) extracting magnet Electron scattering - Scuola Electron Raimondo scattering Anni- - Otranto 2013
71 A rough description of an experiment Beam transport magnets (~45º) quadrupole doublet extracting magnet Electron scattering - Scuola Electron Raimondo scattering Anni- - Otranto 2013
72 A rough description of an experiment Beam transport magnets (~45º) quadrupole doublet extracting magnet Electron scattering - Scuola Electron Raimondo scattering Anni- - Otranto 2013
73 A rough description of an experiment Beam transport magnets (~45º) quadrupole doublet extracting magnet Electron scattering - Scuola Electron Raimondo scattering Anni- - Otranto 2013
74 A rough description of an experiment Beam transport magnets (~45º) quadrupole doublet extracting magnet Electron scattering - Scuola Electron Raimondo scattering Anni- - Otranto 2013
75 A rough description of an experiment Beam transport magnets (~45º) quadrupole doublet extracting magnet five quadrupoles: rotator Electron scattering - Scuola Electron Raimondo scattering Anni- - Otranto 2013
76 A rough description of an experiment Beam transport magnets (~45º) quadrupole doublet extracting magnet five quadrupoles: rotator Electron scattering - Scuola Electron Raimondo scattering Anni- - Otranto 2013
77 A rough description of an experiment Beam transport Bates 180º system for magnetic scattering magnets (~45º) quadrupole doublet extracting magnet five quadrupoles: rotator Electron scattering - Scuola Electron Raimondo scattering Anni- - Otranto 2013
78 A rough description of an experiment Targets solid, liquid or gas: depending on the characteristics of the isotopes to be investigated target thickness: imposed by energy resolution desired (energy straggling: 0.4 kev/mg cm 2 ) and required to obtain cross section data thickness for the area covered by the beam: obtained with an accuracy <1% -relative density profile (measured in beta or gamma absorption experiments) + average area density (calculated from the weight and area of the target) removal of the heat deposited in the target by the beam: -essential in experiments with small cross sections -circulate pressurized H 2 gas
79 A rough description of an experiment Spectrometers
80 A rough description of an experiment Spectrometers -determine the momenta of the scattered particles -intrinsic resolution: E/E 10 4 or better -electron energy: determined from the applied field, the radius of the trajectory of the detected particle and its momentum
81 A rough description of an experiment QDQ Spectrometers -determine the momenta of the scattered particles -intrinsic resolution: E/E 10 4 or better -electron energy: determined from the applied field, the radius of the trajectory of the detected particle and its momentum QDD NIKHEF
82 A rough description of an experiment QDQ Spectrometers -determine the momenta of the scattered particles -intrinsic resolution: E/E 10 4 or better -electron energy: determined from the applied field, the radius of the trajectory of the detected particle and its momentum QDD NIKHEF -most important factor in spectrometer design: energy resolution -depends upon matching between energy dispersion at the end of the beam transport system and the energy dispersion admittance of the spectrometer
83 A rough description of an experiment QDQ Spectrometers -determine the momenta of the scattered particles -intrinsic resolution: E/E 10 4 or better -electron energy: determined from the applied field, the radius of the trajectory of the detected particle and its momentum -most important factor in spectrometer design: energy resolution -depends upon matching between energy dispersion at the end of the beam transport system and the energy dispersion admittance of the spectrometer Detectors QDD -situated in the focal planes NIKHEF -determine the particle type, its trajectory (proportional mutiwire chambers),... -efficiency: fundamental to obtain cross sections measure 1 H or 12 C cross sections
84 A rough description of an experiment Types of experiments
85 A rough description of an experiment Types of experiments e e detector inclusive experiment
86 A rough description of an experiment Types of experiments e e detector detector -smaller cross sections -smaller total efficiency -higher beam intensity γ,p,n,π, α,pp,pn,nn,... detector exclusive experiment inclusive experiment
87 A rough description of an experiment Types of experiments e e detector detector -smaller cross sections -smaller total efficiency -higher beam intensity γ,p,n,π, α,pp,pn,nn,... detector exclusive experiment inclusive experiment -accidental coincidences: pulsed vs. CW beams
88 A rough description of an experiment
89 A rough description of an experiment Radiative tail: must be eliminated
90 A rough description of an experiment Distortion of the electron wave functions -provoked by the Coulomb interaction e-nucleus -experimental data are corrected to be compared to PWBA calculations that are simpler (change q scale for light nuclei) -DWBA required in case of heavy nuclei Radiative tail: must be eliminated
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