Accelerator Physics WS 2011/12
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1 Lecture: Accelerator Physics Heidelberg WS 2011/12 Prof. A. Schöning Physikalisches Institut der Universität Heidelberg Introduction 1
2 Goal of this Lecture Introduction to Accelerator Physics: experimental aspects: accelerator components collider concepts theory: optics linear beam dynamics simulation of beam particles (exercises) 2
3 Organisation Prerequisites: Knowledge: Quantum Mechanics, Electrodynamics, special relativity Lectures: Physics I-V Addressing: Master Students (Bachelor Students) Accompanying Tutorials: Wednesday 16h15, CIP Pool PI (Tutor Gregor Kasieczka) hands on computer exercises (Python) First date October 19! More Information on the Web: 3
4 Literature Accelerator Physics No script! Frank Hinterberger: Physik der Teilchenbeschleuniger und Ionenoptik (Taschenbuch) Klaus Wille: Physik der Teilchenbeschleuniger und Synchrotronstrahlungsquellen. Eine Einführung (Broschiert) Teubner Verlag 2001, also in English, Oxford University Press; book is difficult to get! E.Wilson: An Introduction to Particle Accelerators, Oxford University Press 2001 Helmut Wiedemann Particle Accelerator Physics, 3. Auflage, Springer 2007, ISBN J.D.Jackson, Classical Electrondynamics, also in German 4
5 Lecture Dates Dates: Wednesday 11:15-13:00 Place: Kleiner Hörsaal, Philosophenweg 12 5
6 Leistungskontrolle Tutorials (Gregor Kasieczka): 11 series of exercises a series has typically one exercise (mostly computational) exercises are checked and corrected working in small groups allowed target is 60% of the total score certificate (Master) number of credit points = 4 no grades given 6
7 Excursions We could organise excursions to HIT (Heidelberg Ion Therapy) Anka (KIT Karlstruhe), Synchrotron MPI-Kernphysik, (TSR for Ions, others) 7
8 Give Feedback! 8
9 Introduction History of Accelerator Physics Relativistic Kinematics Electromagnetic Forces 9
10 Cosmic Rays Particle Acceleration in Universe Victor Hess 10
11 Discovery of Muons in Cosmic Rays 11
12 The Cosmic Accelerator 12
13 Supernova gigantic plasma accelerator 13
14 History First collider from nature: cosmic rays, universe: supernova, shock waves, plasma accelerator Humans start to think about accelerating particles (electrons) First Applications: X Rays (cathode ray tubes, Conrad Röntgen) 14
15 Applications of Accelerators Investigation of small structures (scattering experiments) Excitation of atoms, nuclei, baryons (spectroscopy) production of new particles (Higgs Boson) Exotic states of matter (Quark-Gluon Plasma) Synchrotron light / Free electron llight sources for experiments: diffraction, spectroscopy, microscopy, lithography, metrology, etc. Radiation Therapy Technical Applications (e.g. production of isotopes) 15
16 The Principle Monitors have the same components like accelerators: electron gun kinetic energy: Ek i n= e U acceleration structure beam steering system 16
17 Ray Transformer (ring accelerator) Rolf Wideröe particle beam as second winding later Betatron 17
18 Cockcroft-Walton Generator (electrostatic accelerator) 18
19 Unilac (Darmstadt) (linear accelerator) resonator cell Alvarez- Structure 19
20 Milestones in Accelerator Physics first cascade generator (H.Greinacker) patent for betatron idea (J.Slepian) linear accelerator invented (G.Ising) first linear accelerator in Aachen (R.Wideröe) cyclotron main principle (E.Lawrence, N. Edlefsen) first Van-de-Graaf Generator (van des Graaf) first cyclotron (E.O.Lawrence, M.S Livingston) Cockcroft-Walton-Generator, first nulcear reaction (J.Cockcroft, E Walton) invention of klystron (W.W. Hansen, K.Varian, S.Varian) first Betatron (D.W.Kerst, R.Serber) principle of storage ring patented (R.Wideröe) principle of microtron (V.I.Veksler) principle of synchrotron (E.M. Mc Millan, V.I.Veksler) first electron synchrotron (F.K.Goward, D.E.Barnes) first electron linear accelerator (E.L. Ginzton et al.) study about proton linear accelerator (L.Alvarez, W.K.H.Panofsky) study about proton synchrotron (M.L.Oliphant) 320-MeV electron synchrotron in Berkeley (E.M.McMillan) Strong focussing principle (N.Christophilos) first proton synchrotron in Brookhaven (G.K.Green et al.) first electron positron storage ring AdA in Frascati (B.Touschek) 1GeV electrons with Laser-Plasma acceleration (W.Leemans) 20
21 Livingston Plot 21
22 Supermikroskop HERA 920 GeV Protonen x 26.7 GeV Elektronen HERMES H1 ZEUS ( Hamburg) 22
23 Tevatron (Fermilab, USA) terminated September 2011 D0 Experiment Proton-Antiproton Collider s1 / 2 = 2 TeV 23
24 Large Hadron Collider (CERN) LHC (pp) 7(14) TeV operation started km circumference! 24
25 LHC Integrated Luminosity 25
26 electron-positron collider at s1 / 2= 10 GeV New B-factory planned in Frascati (Italy) 26
27 Accelerators in Medicine X-ray therapy proton therapy (tumor treatment) Berlin, Darmstadt, Erlangen, Heidelberg, Munich, PSI (Switzerland),... ionisation loss in materials (tumors) 27
28 28
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