Methoden moderner Röntgenphysik II: Struktur und Dynamik kondensierter Materie
|
|
|
- Ronald Stafford
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Methoden moderner Röntgenphysik II: Struktur und Dynamik kondensierter Materie Vorlesung zum aupt/masterstudiengang Physik SS 2011 G. Grübel, M. Martins, E. Weckert et al. SemRm3, Physik, Jungiusstrasse Di: 14:00-15:30 Do: 11:20-12:50 S. V. Roth (SR) , & finden statt fällt aus 1 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
2 im Overview over use of soft matter and x-ray scattering of soft matter Soft matter Structure function relationship Definition Occurence ow to produce Polymers, nanocomposites Chemistry, biology, physics Characterization methods GPC, centrifuging X-ray scattering Micro- & nanofocused x-ray beams 2 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
3 Literature [Strobl] G. Strobl, "The Physics of Polymers", Springerverlag, eidelberg (1997), ISN [Springer] T. Springer et al., "Streumethoden zur Untersuchung kondensierter Materie", Forschungszentrum Jülich Gmb, Jülich (1996), ISN [Lechner] M.D. Lechner et al., "Makromolekulare Chemie", irkhäuser Verlag, erlin (1993), ISN [Lindner] P. Lindner et al., Neutron, X-rays and light: Scattering Methods pplied to Soft Condensed Matter", North olland, msterdam (2002), ISN [Stribeck] N. Stribeck, "X-ray Scattering of Soft matter", Springerverlag, eidelberg (2007), ISN [iggins] J.S. iggins and.c. enoit, "Polymers and Neutron Scattering", Clarendon Press, Oxford (1996), ISN Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
![, "Makromolekulare Chemie", irkhäuser Verlag, erlin (1993), ISN 3-7643-2973-4 [Lindner] P. Lindner et al.](/docs-images/45/1542100/images/page_3.jpg ", Neutron, X-rays and light: Scattering Methods pplied to Soft Condensed Matter\", North olland, msterdam (2002), ISN 0-444-51122-9 [Stribeck] N.")
4 asics, theory, preparation a primer What is soft matter? asic Definition a try! Notion for description, constituents, architecture Characterization of polymers, molar masses, polydispersity Chain conformation, constitution, configuration, chain models Flory-uggins-theory, mixture of polymers, Interaction, phase separation Colloids Polymer-Metal nanocomposites Take care here, metals (hard matter, actually) comes into play. ut it s still soft matter this is no contradiction, as you will see! 4 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
5 Soft Matter Soft matter is not hard matter! Metallic alloys, ceramics Polymers (bottles) Colloids (wall paintings) Nanocomposites (Metal-Polymer-Composites, airplanes, credit cards) Fibres (Textiles) Wood (natural nanocomposite) Cells (iology) Glue (quite complex!) Characteristics: Polydispersity, heterogeneity Stribeck: Scattering, not diffraction 5 We will first start with polymers! Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
6 Example: Cracks in industrial Polystyrene bulk material µsxs Optical micrograph Strong overlap to materials science Roth et al., J. ppl. Cryst. 36, 684 (2003) 6 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
7 asic definition Polymers: Macromolecules uild up of a large number of molecular units Covalent bonds Molecules: N 2, O 2, 2, C 3, Standard example: Polyethylene (PE) Note: Names are often abbreviated by capital letters, e.g. Polypropylene - PP, Poly(mehtylmethacrylate) PMM, Polystryrole (PS), Poly(ethyelene terephtalate) PET, Poly(p-phenyleneterephtahalamide) PPT: Kevlar and often have commonly used trade names: Kevlar, nylon Difference in chemical constituents, architecture and hence in physical properties! morphous, crystalline, glassy, viscous, Deformation, cracks, SXS, GISXS 7 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
8 asic definition Standard example: Polyethylene (PE) Ethylene: C C Structure unit Monomeric unit Covalent bond: Interaction between nearest neighbours dominates inding and anti-binding orbitals: Spatial overlap of electron wave functions, binding energy Increased electron density between nuclei Strongly directed bonding (diamond, sp3-hybridisation) Polyethylene C C C C backbone Number of monomers: Degree of polymerization: N Polymerization process: starts from low molar mass compounds 8 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
9 Distribution functions Polymerization reactions: mixture of macromolecules of different molecular weight Monomer: molecular weight M Distribution function: p(m) -> number density (number per ) p(m)dm : fraction of polymers M M+dM Normalization: Number average molecular weight: p ( M ) dm =1 M n = p( M ) MdM Strictly speaking: M -> discrete (monomer units), but degree of polymerization high Weight average: p'( M ) = p( M ) M p( M ) MdM Weight fractions p( M ) M MdM M W = p'( M ) MdM = p( M ) MdM 9 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
10 Distribution functions Source: Stribeck Source: Stribeck 10 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
11 Polydispersity MW Note: M W > M n Characterize distribution of molecular weight U = 1 M 2 Variance of p(m) ΔM = p( M )( M M n ) dm 2 p( M ) M dm p( M )2M nmdm + = p( M ) M dm 2 2 n n U M = M W n = M M M W 1 = n ΔM M 2 2 n 2 n using M n = p( M ) MdM 11 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
12 The polymer chain C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C Linear chains exist, but more realistically: Rotational degree of freedom R Mean segment length l= Contour length path length L =12 v l r v i N=12 l l v Chain end distance R Center of gravity 12 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
13 The polymer chain End-to-end distance: R = N v l 2 = N l R G = 1 N v M mass of macromolecule 2 mir 1 i m i mass of segment M Mean over all configurations Radius of gyration (for a gaussian, uncorrelated chain) Measure for extension of macromolecule Relation between R G and R Using v r i = v r R G = R / 6 r v ' v + l = r r i i CM R r v 0 l v i r v i ' r v i r v CM We will need this for small angle x-ray scattering! l 13 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
14 rchitectures Short chain and Long chain branches Star polymers Network of crosslinked chains 14 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
15 Polymerization methods Industrial PS p Schulz-Zimm Source: Strobl Schulz-Zimm Step polymerization Poisson chain polymerization Equal degree of polymerization Same p M [g/mol] p = M M n 0 =10 4 Mass of an individual molecule M M n W = = g / mol 15 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
16 Polymerization methods Establishing of covalent bonds Chain polymerization Step polymerization G+G -> G G +G -> G G M+M 0 -> MM 0 =M M -> M M 0 Monomeric unit (M 0 ) groups of monomers (G) 16 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
17 Polymerization via radicals Well-known Large industrial scale Many polymers accessible 1) Start: Initiator I I -> 2R t T, which are suitable for polymerisation e.g. peroxides In-situ formation light Many radicals start polymerization in presence of monomers (M) R + M -> RM 2) Growth reaction: RM + nm -> P 3) Stop: End of polymer chain growth Reaction of radicals at end of polymer chain Combination: -C2-CX + XC-C2- -C2-CX-CX-C2- Doubling of polymerization degree Disproportionality: -C2-CX + XC-C2- C=CX + XC2-C2- Double bond via transfer of 17 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
18 Copolymers Ethylene Propylene C C C C C 3 Statistical: lock structure.. n -block- m n,m>10 lock-copolymers we will see a variety of structure, especially in thin films Di-, tri-, multiblock copolymers e.g.: hard, viscous (depending on Tg) 18 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
19 Glass transition temperature more during part II, summer semester lectures (ermann Franz) rief introduction important to understand structure of thin films! Crystalline (lectures by M) Melt (liquid state) Solid morphous : frozen in liquid state, glassy -> isotropic -> physical parameters not direction dependent 19 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
20 Glass transition temperature owto characterize glassy state: Characteristic temperature: T g Not a phase transition of 1st or 2nd degree Dynamic interpretation: α,β-relaxation Source: Lechner Latent heat Melting, crystallization, Viscoelastic: Elastic response at small interaction times Creep at long interaction times Source: Lechner Not in equilibrium, might even recrystallize 20 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
21 Flory-uggins-Theory Polymer mixtures Polymer blends -> mixing = route to combine different materials properties igh fracture resistance and stiff Problem: increase in elastic moduli -> brittle high fracture resistance tough material Still stiff enough PS: stiff, but brittle Polybutadiene ~rubber Fracture starts here and is initially localized here! Example: (Y. Men) 21 We will look with SXS into deformation and crack propagation! Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
22 Flory-uggins-Theory Q: when do we obtain a homogenous or heterogenous morphology during blending? : Flory-uggins theory phase diagrams as function of T and M: When can we expect single, binary phases n n n n V V V +V Consider liquid state G G G Reminder: dg = SdT + Vdp + { μ dn + γd Change in composition S entropy µ chemical potential (keyword: diffusion), change in phase: equilibrium µ1=µ2 γ surface tension (2D) For mixing: ΔG = G ( G + G ) mix 22 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
23 Flory-uggins-Theory It states: ΔG mix = TΔS t + ΔG loc Change in entropy: Mixing -> increase ssociated with motions of center of mass of all polymer molecules + : favours mixing Change of local interactions and motion of monomers General rule: Van-der-Waals interactions -> attractive energies between equal monomers are stronger than between different ones - : unfavorable for mixing Change in V: Shrinking, expansion Formulas? 23 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
24 Flory-uggins-Theory 1) ΔS t = Rn V ln + V ΔS t ΔG Rn mix ln = Rn = TΔS V V lnφ ssumption: Polymer chains ~ ideal gas t + ΔG φ loc, = Rn V. V lnφ 24 2) ΔG loc = RT V v C χφ φ The higher the concentration, the more likely the interaction χ Flory-uggins-Parameter Empirical parameter Nearest neighbour interactions contact energies This makes sense: v C Δ G loc φ, φ Molar volume of a reference unit common to and 0 0 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
25 Flory-uggins-Theory ΔG loc = RT V v C χφ φ ΔG mix = TΔS t + ΔG loc Derivation general for solid state physics! Now one -chain in mixture ence: Increase in potential energy: Number of nearest neighbours: z z φktχ' 2 void double counting Increase in G only when -pair is formed > probability: Energy increase by dimensionless parameter: ΔG ence: ( φ φ φ φ ) loc kt z χ + 2 ~ χ' φ with respect to kt 25 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
26 Phase diagrams ΔG mix = φ RTV v φ χ lnφ + + lnφ φφ v Molar volume v vc Low molar mass -> entropy leads to mixing Polymers: large molecular weights v, S 0 Δ t Mixing takes place, when ΔG mix <0 χ < 0 Mixing! χ > 0 incompatibility Symmetric mixture: Equal degree of polymerization N v,, = N N = N vc ΔG mix = RT ( n + n = φ φ = 1 ) + ( φ lnφ + φ lnφ + χnφ φ ) 26 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
27 Phase diagrams Symmetric binary polymer mixture φ = Critical point φ ' 2.4 omogenous -mixture φ '' 2.0 Miscibility gap 1.6 χn φ fter [Strobl] ' φ < φ < φ '' Two phases, demixing 27 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
28 Phase diagrams Consequences χn χ < χ χ > = 2 C χ C = 2 2 N ΔG φ mix 2 φ = = φ φ 2χN Critical value: separates region with miscibility gap Miscibility gap Compatibility through all concentrations, mixing N>>0 χ > 0 = 0 Vanishing curvature No mixing for high molecular weight! Critical concentrations Δ φ G mix = 0 χn Universal! 28 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth φ
29 Phase diagrams In general: upper and lower miscibility gap possible Include T, one can show (thermodynamics!): ΔG loc = Δ mix TΔS loc Endo- or exotherm : >0 or <0 1 2 TC χ ~ χ = > 0 T N T Entropic contributions to ΔG loc ( mobility ) neglected Endothermal polymer mixture miscibility for high temperatures, if molecular weights low enough -> mobile enough! T/T C homogeneous Two-phase 29 Of course, inverse for exothermal Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth φ
30 Partial crystalline polymers PS -> glassy solidification during cooling: no long range order PE, PP, P: long range order -> building-up of lamellar block Lamellae, ~nm Periodic arrangement W<< amorphous Ordered region SXS-pattern qy [Schroer, ppl. Phys. Lett (2006)] Why? Cooling > reduced mobility -> no thermodynamic equilibrium ->multiple folding of polymer chains 30 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
31 lock Copolymers 2 different species couples together by a chemical link [Strobl] We learn from Flory-uggins-Theory: binary polymer mixture -> separation in 2 phases. Linkage ~phase separation microphase separation: mesoscopic domains: nm 100nm >> single block domains: uniform size, arrangement! continous phase possible [Strobl] PS-b-PI this is already a nanocomposite pplications: Solar cells, magnetic data storage, masks, lithography, nanowires 31 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
32 Colloids - Polymers - Metals - Small particles, dispersed in liquid phase - Size: nm.µm - Wall paintings - Polymers: Spheres Production: [Xia, dv. Mat. (2000)] Emulsion polymerization: Example latex particles (styrene/butadiene) 1 Initiator (e.g. Potassium-persulfat) -> dissolved in water: urst of free radicals -> polymerize monomers: nuclei 2 Surfactant: Micelles, swollen by monomer until all monomer consumed: 32 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
33 Colloids and you obtain nice spheres: which you can nicely arrange here in 2D: [Springer] [Frömsdorf, J. Chem. Phys. (2006)] 33 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
34 pplication Optical properties: sharp resonances (visible light) < > plasmon resonances cluster arrangement & shape bsorption [a.u.] λ p λ p Wavelength [nm] J.C. ulteen et al., J Phys. Chem. 101, 7727 (1997) 34 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
35 Colloids Gold, Silica, Fe, CoPt, etc Simple recipies: auer, Nanotechnology (2003) (1) 0.01% (w/v) tetrachloroauric[iii]acid trihydrate (ucl4 32O in 100 ml of water) is heated to boiling. (2) 1 ml of 1% (w/v) trisodium citrate dihydrate is added to the boiling solution under constant stirring. (3) In about 25 s the slightly yellow solution will turn faintly blue (nucleation). (4) fter approximately 70 s the blue colour then suddenly changes to dark red, indicating the formation of monodisperse spherical particles. (5) The solution is boiled for another 5 min to complete reduction of the gold chloride. C65Na3O7 2(2O) u u + byproducts (salts) u u u More structures: Core-Shell: [bul Kashem, Macromolecules (2008)] 35 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
36 Polymer-Metal Nanocomposites iswas et al., Vac. Tech. Coat. 7, 54 (2006). auer et al., Nanotechnology 14,1289 (2003) igh-frequency filters Solar cells ν lim ~ρ/r nti-counterfeiting iosensors 36 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
37 Polymer-Metal Nanocomposites: Production Sputter deposition: r + Substrate - Nice clusters, too - Fast deposition method - Usually broader size distribution - self-assembly: u- u interaction much stronger than u- Polymer interaction Roth et al., ppl. Phys. Lett. 88, (2006) Noble metal (u, g, Cu, ) Polymer film 300nm Substrate (Si, glass, + TiO2) 37 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
38 Polymer-Metal Nanocomposites: Production Sputter deposition: r + Substrate F. Faupel et al., in: Low Dielectric Constant Materials for IC pplications, P. S. o, W. W. Lee, and J. Leu (Eds.), Springer Verlag, 221 (2003) pp Nucleation - Growth - Coalescence Modelling of industrial process: in-situ kinetic of nanoparticle growth 38 Methoden moderner Roentgenphysik II - Vorlesung im aupt/masterstudiengang Physik, Universität amburg, SS2011 S.V. Roth
Polymers: Introduction
Chapter Outline: Polymer Structures Hydrocarbon and Polymer Molecules Chemistry of Polymer Molecules Molecular Weight and Shape Molecular Structure and Configurations Copolymers Polymer Crystals Optional
Solidification, Crystallization & Glass Transition
Solidification, Crystallization & Glass Transition Cooling the Melt solidification Crystallization versus Formation of Glass Parameters related to the formaton of glass Effect of cooling rate Glass transition
PHASE TRANSITIONS IN POLYMERIC AND MICELLAR SYSTEMS
PHASE TRANSITIONS IN POLYMERIC AND MICELLAR SYSTEMS Summer School on Neutron Scattering and Reflectometry NG3 SANS Team NIST Center for Neutron Research June 3-7, 008 ABSTRACT Small-Angle Neutron Scattering
Elements of Addition Polymerization. Branching and Tacticity. The Effect of Crystallinity on Properties
Topics to be Covered Elements of Addition Polymerization Branching and Tacticity The Effect of Crystallinity on Properties Chapters 1 & 2 in CD (Polymer Science and Engineering) What Are Polyolefins? The
HW 10. = 3.3 GPa (483,000 psi)
HW 10 Problem 15.1 Elastic modulus and tensile strength of poly(methyl methacrylate) at room temperature [20 C (68 F)]. Compare these with the corresponding values in Table 15.1. Figure 15.3 is accurate;
Chapter 12 - Liquids and Solids
Chapter 12 - Liquids and Solids 12-1 Liquids I. Properties of Liquids and the Kinetic Molecular Theory A. Fluids 1. Substances that can flow and therefore take the shape of their container B. Relative
States of Matter CHAPTER 10 REVIEW SECTION 1. Name Date Class. Answer the following questions in the space provided.
CHAPTER 10 REVIEW States of Matter SECTION 1 SHORT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1. Identify whether the descriptions below describe an ideal gas or a real gas. ideal gas
Methoden Moderner Röntgenphysik II: Struktur und Dynamik Kondensierter Materie
Vorlesung zum aupt/masterstudiengang Physik Methoden Moderner Röntgenphysik II: Struktur und Dynamik Kondensierter Materie Surfaces Applications in Soft Matter (OS) (MMAK / SVR) Mottakin M. Abul Kashem
Chapter 7 : Simple Mixtures
Chapter 7 : Simple Mixtures Using the concept of chemical potential to describe the physical properties of a mixture. Outline 1)Partial Molar Quantities 2)Thermodynamics of Mixing 3)Chemical Potentials
Unit 12 Practice Test
Name: Class: Date: ID: A Unit 12 Practice Test Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) A solid has a very high melting point, great hardness, and
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF MATTER
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF MATTER The kinetic-molecular theory is based on the idea that particles of matter are always in motion. The theory can be used to explain the properties of solids, liquids,
Back to Basics Fundamentals of Polymer Analysis
Back to Basics Fundamentals of Polymer Analysis Using Infrared & Raman Spectroscopy Molecular Spectroscopy in the Polymer Manufacturing Process Process NIR NIR Production Receiving Shipping QC R&D Routine
Science Standard Articulated by Grade Level Strand 5: Physical Science
Concept 1: Properties of Objects and Materials Classify objects and materials by their observable properties. Kindergarten Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 PO 1. Identify the following observable properties
Mean Field Flory Huggins Lattice Theory
Mean Field Flory Huggins Lattice Theory Mean field: the interactions between molecules are assumed to be due to the interaction of a given molecule and an average field due to all the other molecules in
CHEMISTRY STANDARDS BASED RUBRIC ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND BONDING
CHEMISTRY STANDARDS BASED RUBRIC ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND BONDING Essential Standard: STUDENTS WILL UNDERSTAND THAT THE PROPERTIES OF MATTER AND THEIR INTERACTIONS ARE A CONSEQUENCE OF THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER,
Indiana's Academic Standards 2010 ICP Indiana's Academic Standards 2016 ICP. map) that describe the relationship acceleration, velocity and distance.
.1.1 Measure the motion of objects to understand.1.1 Develop graphical, the relationships among distance, velocity and mathematical, and pictorial acceleration. Develop deeper understanding through representations
Phase Equilibria & Phase Diagrams
Phase Equilibria & Phase Diagrams Week7 Material Sciences and Engineering MatE271 1 Motivation Phase diagram (Ch 9) Temperature Time Kinematics (Ch 10) New structure, concentration (mixing level) (at what
Name Class Date. In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or best answers each question.
Assessment Chapter Test A Chapter: States of Matter In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or best answers each question. 1. The kinetic-molecular
Lecture 24 - Surface tension, viscous flow, thermodynamics
Lecture 24 - Surface tension, viscous flow, thermodynamics Surface tension, surface energy The atoms at the surface of a solid or liquid are not happy. Their bonding is less ideal than the bonding of atoms
Chapter 13 - LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS
Chapter 13 - LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS Problems to try at end of chapter: Answers in Appendix I: 1,3,5,7b,9b,15,17,23,25,29,31,33,45,49,51,53,61 13.1 Properties of Liquids 1. Liquids take the shape of their container,
Matter, Materials, Crystal Structure and Bonding. Chris J. Pickard
Matter, Materials, Crystal Structure and Bonding Chris J. Pickard Why should a theorist care? Where the atoms are determines what they do Where the atoms can be determines what we can do Overview of Structure
Modern Construction Materials Prof. Ravindra Gettu Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Madras
Modern Construction Materials Prof. Ravindra Gettu Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Module - 2 Lecture - 2 Part 2 of 2 Review of Atomic Bonding II We will continue
Chemistry. The student will be able to identify and apply basic safety procedures and identify basic equipment.
Chemistry UNIT I: Introduction to Chemistry The student will be able to describe what chemistry is and its scope. a. Define chemistry. b. Explain that chemistry overlaps many other areas of science. The
Chemical Synthesis. Overview. Chemical Synthesis of Nanocrystals. Self-Assembly of Nanocrystals. Example: Cu 146 Se 73 (PPh 3 ) 30
Chemical Synthesis Spontaneous organization of molecules into stable, structurally well-defined aggregates at the nanometer length scale. Overview The 1-100 nm nanoscale length is in between traditional
Elastic Properties of Polymer Melts Filled with Nanoparticles
Elastic Properties of Polymer Melts Filled with Nanoparticles Helmut Münstedt and Christian Triebel Citation: AIP Conf. Proc. 1375, 21 (211); doi: 1.163/1.364479 View online: http://dx.doi.org/1.163/1.364479
TA Instruments User Training
TA Instruments User Training DSC 原 理 與 應 用 2012 年 9 月 7 日 國 立 台 灣 大 學 化 學 系 潘 貫 講 堂 (B 棟 積 學 館 2 樓 演 講 廳 ) 基 礎 應 用 許 炎 山 TA Instruments, Waters LLC 美 商 沃 特 斯 國 際 股 份 有 限 公 司 台 灣 分 公 司 TA Taipei office:
Effects of Tg and CTE on Semiconductor Encapsulants
Effects of Tg and CTE on Semiconductor Encapsulants Dr. Mark M. Konarski Loctite Corporation www.loctite.com Abstract As the role of direct-chip-attachment increases in the electronics industry, the reliability
Effect of Sterilization Techniques on Polymers
Effect of Sterilization Techniques on Polymers Contents of Presentation Introduction to Polymers Properties and Stability of Polymers Affect of Ionising Radiation and Ethylene Oxide on Polymers The need
M n = (DP)m = (25,000)(104.14 g/mol) = 2.60! 10 6 g/mol
14.4 (a) Compute the repeat unit molecular weight of polystyrene. (b) Compute the number-average molecular weight for a polystyrene for which the degree of polymerization is 25,000. (a) The repeat unit
Intermolecular Forces
Intermolecular Forces: Introduction Intermolecular Forces Forces between separate molecules and dissolved ions (not bonds) Van der Waals Forces 15% as strong as covalent or ionic bonds Chapter 11 Intermolecular
(1) e.g. H hydrogen that has lost 1 electron c. anion - negatively charged atoms that gain electrons 16-2. (1) e.g. HCO 3 bicarbonate anion
GS106 Chemical Bonds and Chemistry of Water c:wou:gs106:sp2002:chem.wpd I. Introduction A. Hierarchy of chemical substances 1. atoms of elements - smallest particles of matter with unique physical and
1 The water molecule and hydrogen bonds in water
The Physics and Chemistry of Water 1 The water molecule and hydrogen bonds in water Stoichiometric composition H 2 O the average lifetime of a molecule is 1 ms due to proton exchange (catalysed by acids
Materials Sciences. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Hort norbert.hort@gkss.de. International Masters Programme in Biomedical Engineering
Materials Sciences International Masters Programme in Biomedical Engineering Magnesium Innovations Center (MagIC) GKSS Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH Dr.-Ing. Norbert Hort norbert.hort@gkss.de Contents
Chapter 13 - Solutions
Chapter 13 - Solutions 13-1 Types of Mixtures I. Solutions A. Soluble 1. Capable of being dissolved B. Solution 1. A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase C. Solvent 1. The dissolving
FTIR and DSC of polymer films used for packaging: LLDPE, PP and PVDC
FTIR and DS of polymer films used for packaging: LLDPE, PP and PVD John Petrovich SHAPE American High School Abstract: Polymers are compounds used in various materials. There are a plethora of methods
Kinetics of Phase Transformations: Nucleation & Growth
Kinetics of Phase Transformations: Nucleation & Growth Radhika Barua Department of Chemical Engineering Northeastern University Boston, MA USA Thermodynamics of Phase Transformation Northeastern University
Polymer-Dispersionen
Polymer-Dispersionen Klaus Tauer Definitions Meaning & properties of polymer dispersions Preparation of polymer dispersions Polymer Dispersions Polymer: any of a class of natural or synthetic substances
DIFFUSION IN SOLIDS. Materials often heat treated to improve properties. Atomic diffusion occurs during heat treatment
DIFFUSION IN SOLIDS WHY STUDY DIFFUSION? Materials often heat treated to improve properties Atomic diffusion occurs during heat treatment Depending on situation higher or lower diffusion rates desired
Prentice Hall. Chemistry (Wilbraham) 2008, National Student Edition - South Carolina Teacher s Edition. High School. High School
Prentice Hall Chemistry (Wilbraham) 2008, National Student Edition - South Carolina Teacher s Edition High School C O R R E L A T E D T O High School C-1.1 Apply established rules for significant digits,
Lecture 4: Thermodynamics of Diffusion: Spinodals
Materials Science & Metallurgy Master of Philosophy, Materials Modelling, Course MP6, Kinetics and Microstructure Modelling, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia Lecture 4: Thermodynamics of Diffusion: Spinodals Fick
STUDENT BACKGROUND READING FOR EXPERIMENT C: COLORIMETRIC GOLD NANOSENSOR
STUDENT BACKGROUND READING FOR EXPERIMENT C: In this experiment you will synthesize and test a plasmonic colorimetric nanosensor made of nanoparticles of gold. Here we provide you with some background
AAHS-CHEMISTRY FINAL EXAM PREP-REVIEW GUIDE MAY-JUNE 2014 DR. GRAY CLASS OF 2016
AAHS-CHEMISTRY FINAL EXAM PREP-REVIEW GUIDE MAY-JUNE 2014 DR. GRAY CLASS OF 2016 UNIT I: (CHAPTER 1-Zumdahl text) The Nature of Science and Chemistry 1. Explain why knowledge of chemistry is central to
Warm-Up 9/9. 1. Define the term matter. 2. Name something in this room that is not matter.
Warm-Up 9/9 1. Define the term matter. 2. Name something in this room that is not matter. Warm-Up 9/16 1. List the three most important rules of lab safety. 2. Would you classify jello as a solid or a
2 MATTER. 2.1 Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
2 MATTER Matter is the material of which the universe is composed. It has two characteristics: It has mass; and It occupies space (i.e., it has a volume). Matter can be found in three generic states: Solid;
10.7 Kinetic Molecular Theory. 10.7 Kinetic Molecular Theory. Kinetic Molecular Theory. Kinetic Molecular Theory. Kinetic Molecular Theory
The first scheduled quiz will be given next Tuesday during Lecture. It will last 5 minutes. Bring pencil, calculator, and your book. The coverage will be pp 364-44, i.e. Sections 0.0 through.4. 0.7 Theory
Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram (a review) see Callister Chapter 9
Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram (a review) see Callister Chapter 9 University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 1 The Iron Iron Carbide (Fe Fe 3 C) Phase Diagram In their simplest form,
Molar Mass of Polyvinyl Alcohol by Viscosity
Molar Mass of Polyvinyl Alcohol by Viscosity Introduction Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVOH) is a linear polymer (i. e., it has little branching) of Ethanol monomer units: -CH 2 -CHOH- Unlike most high molar mass
Current Staff Course Unit/ Length. Basic Outline/ Structure. Unit Objectives/ Big Ideas. Properties of Waves A simple wave has a PH: Sound and Light
Current Staff Course Unit/ Length August August September September October Unit Objectives/ Big Ideas Basic Outline/ Structure PS4- Types of Waves Because light can travel through space, it cannot be
Formation of solids from solutions and melts
Formation of solids from solutions and melts Solids from a liquid phase. 1. The liquid has the same composition as the solid. Formed from the melt without any chemical transformation. Crystallization and
Viscoelasticity of Polymer Fluids.
Viscoelasticity of Polymer Fluids. Main Properties of Polymer Fluids. Entangled polymer fluids are polymer melts and concentrated or semidilute (above the concentration c) solutions. In these systems polymer
The atomic packing factor is defined as the ratio of sphere volume to the total unit cell volume, or APF = V S V C. = 2(sphere volume) = 2 = V C = 4R
3.5 Show that the atomic packing factor for BCC is 0.68. The atomic packing factor is defined as the ratio of sphere volume to the total unit cell volume, or APF = V S V C Since there are two spheres associated
JOURNAL INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOL 1, NO. 3, JULY 2006. 39
JOURNAL INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOL 1, NO. 3, JULY 2006. 39 Self-Assembled Polystyrene Micro-Spheres Applied for Photonic Crystals and Templates Fabrication Daniel S. Raimundo 1, Francisco J.
Chapter Outline: Phase Transformations in Metals
Chapter Outline: Phase Transformations in Metals Heat Treatment (time and temperature) Microstructure Mechanical Properties Kinetics of phase transformations Multiphase Transformations Phase transformations
Chapter 37 - SANS FROM POLYMER SOLUTIONS
Chapter 37 - SANS FROM OLYMER SOLUTIONS Soluility is a determining factor in the synthesis, mixing aility and end-use of polymers. A general model for descriing soluility (Flory, 1953) is discussed here
Element of same atomic number, but different atomic mass o Example: Hydrogen
Atomic mass: p + = protons; e - = electrons; n 0 = neutrons p + + n 0 = atomic mass o For carbon-12, 6p + + 6n 0 = atomic mass of 12.0 o For chlorine-35, 17p + + 18n 0 = atomic mass of 35.0 atomic mass
POM PA 12 PA 6 PA 66 PBT. Melting peaks of various semicrystalline thermoplastics
1.2 Procedure 63 1.2.3 Real-Life Examples 1.2.3.1 Identification of Plastics Polymers have a characteristic molecular structure and morphology. DSC often enables unknown polymers to be identified from
Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education *0123456789* CHEMISTRY 0620/04 Paper 4 Theory (Extended) For Examination from 2016 SPECIMEN PAPER
Size effects. Lecture 6 OUTLINE
Size effects 1 MTX9100 Nanomaterials Lecture 6 OUTLINE -Why does size influence the material s properties? -How does size influence the material s performance? -Why are properties of nanoscale objects
Study the following diagrams of the States of Matter. Label the names of the Changes of State between the different states.
Describe the strength of attractive forces between particles. Describe the amount of space between particles. Can the particles in this state be compressed? Do the particles in this state have a definite
vap H = RT 1T 2 = 30.850 kj mol 1 100 kpa = 341 K
Thermodynamics: Examples for chapter 6. 1. The boiling point of hexane at 1 atm is 68.7 C. What is the boiling point at 1 bar? The vapor pressure of hexane at 49.6 C is 53.32 kpa. Assume that the vapor
Microindentation characterization of polymers and polymer based nanocomposites. V. Lorenzo
Microindentation characterization of polymers and polymer based nanocomposites V. Lorenzo Hardness and hardness measurement Vickers hardness Relationships between hardness and other mechanical properties
Why? Intermolecular Forces. Intermolecular Forces. Chapter 12 IM Forces and Liquids. Covalent Bonding Forces for Comparison of Magnitude
1 Why? Chapter 1 Intermolecular Forces and Liquids Why is water usually a liquid and not a gas? Why does liquid water boil at such a high temperature for such a small molecule? Why does ice float on water?
Thermoplastic composites
Thermoplastic composites Definition By definition, a thermoplastic is a material based on polymer (macromolecular compound) which can be shaped, in a liquid (viscous) state at a temperature either higher
Physics 9e/Cutnell. correlated to the. College Board AP Physics 1 Course Objectives
Physics 9e/Cutnell correlated to the College Board AP Physics 1 Course Objectives Big Idea 1: Objects and systems have properties such as mass and charge. Systems may have internal structure. Enduring
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Vol. I Structure and Properties of Polymers - Pavel Kratochvíl STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS
STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS Pavel Kratochvíl Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic Keywords: Macromolecule, polymer, monomer,
AS COMPETITION PAPER 2008
AS COMPETITION PAPER 28 Name School Town & County Total Mark/5 Time Allowed: One hour Attempt as many questions as you can. Write your answers on this question paper. Marks allocated for each question
In the box below, draw the Lewis electron-dot structure for the compound formed from magnesium and oxygen. [Include any charges or partial charges.
Name: 1) Which molecule is nonpolar and has a symmetrical shape? A) NH3 B) H2O C) HCl D) CH4 7222-1 - Page 1 2) When ammonium chloride crystals are dissolved in water, the temperature of the water decreases.
STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY CANTON, NEW YORK COURSE OUTLINE CHEM 150 - COLLEGE CHEMISTRY I
STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY CANTON, NEW YORK COURSE OUTLINE CHEM 150 - COLLEGE CHEMISTRY I PREPARED BY: NICOLE HELDT SCHOOL OF SCIENCE, HEALTH, AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
Southeastern Louisiana University Dual Enrollment Program--Chemistry
Southeastern Louisiana University Dual Enrollment Program--Chemistry The Southeastern Dual Enrollment Chemistry Program is a program whereby high school students are given the opportunity to take college
Resin based materials in prosthetic dentistry. Mercedes Linninger DDS Department of prosthodontics
Resin based materials in prosthetic dentistry Mercedes Linninger DDS Department of prosthodontics Resins in dentistry Denture base Crown and bridge Artificial teeth Special tray Modelling Filling materials
Lecture 3: Models of Solutions
Materials Science & Metallurgy Master of Philosophy, Materials Modelling, Course MP4, Thermodynamics and Phase Diagrams, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia Lecture 3: Models of Solutions List of Symbols Symbol G M
1. The Kinetic Theory of Matter states that all matter is composed of atoms and molecules that are in a constant state of constant random motion
Physical Science Period: Name: ANSWER KEY Date: Practice Test for Unit 3: Ch. 3, and some of 15 and 16: Kinetic Theory of Matter, States of matter, and and thermodynamics, and gas laws. 1. The Kinetic
Tiangang TM BW-10LD (622)
Tiangang TM BW-10LD Oligomeric Hindered Amine Light Stabilizer (HALS) Poly-(N-β-hydroxyethyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxy-piperidyl-succinate) CAS number 65447-77-0 BW-10LD BW-10LD is a highly effective
Review - After School Matter Name: Review - After School Matter Tuesday, April 29, 2008
Name: Review - After School Matter Tuesday, April 29, 2008 1. Figure 1 The graph represents the relationship between temperature and time as heat was added uniformly to a substance starting at a solid
Insight Into Chain Dimensions in PEO/Water Solutions
Insight Into Chain Dimensions in PEO/Water Solutions BOUALEM HAMMOUDA, DEREK L. HO Center for Neutron Research and Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg,
Micelle Formation. Lecture: Colloidal Phenomena. Arne Thomas, MPI of Colloids and Interfaces, Golm thomas@mpikg.mpg.
Micelle Formation Lecture: Colloidal Phenomena Arne Thomas, MPI of Colloids and Interfaces, Golm thomas@mpikg.mpg.de 0331-567 9509 What is a Colloid? Colloid science is the study of systems involving small
IV. Molecular Clouds. 1. Molecular Cloud Spectra
IV. Molecular Clouds Dark structures in the ISM emit molecular lines. Dense gas cools, Metals combine to form molecules, Molecular clouds form. 1. Molecular Cloud Spectra 1 Molecular Lines emerge in absorption:
Chapter 6 Atmospheric Aerosol and Cloud Processes Spring 2015 Cloud Physics Initiation and development of cloud droplets Special interest: Explain how droplet formation results in rain in approximately
Mechanical Properties of Metals Mechanical Properties refers to the behavior of material when external forces are applied
Mechanical Properties of Metals Mechanical Properties refers to the behavior of material when external forces are applied Stress and strain fracture or engineering point of view: allows to predict the
Vacuum Evaporation Recap
Sputtering Vacuum Evaporation Recap Use high temperatures at high vacuum to evaporate (eject) atoms or molecules off a material surface. Use ballistic flow to transport them to a substrate and deposit.
The content is based on the National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) standards and is aligned with state standards.
Literacy Advantage Physical Science Physical Science Literacy Advantage offers a tightly focused curriculum designed to address fundamental concepts such as the nature and structure of matter, the characteristics
Chem 106 Thursday Feb. 3, 2011
Chem 106 Thursday Feb. 3, 2011 Chapter 13: -The Chemistry of Solids -Phase Diagrams - (no Born-Haber cycle) 2/3/2011 1 Approx surface area (Å 2 ) 253 258 Which C 5 H 12 alkane do you think has the highest
Introduction to Chemistry. Course Description
CHM 1025 & CHM 1025L Introduction to Chemistry Course Description CHM 1025 Introduction to Chemistry (3) P CHM 1025L Introduction to Chemistry Laboratory (1) P This introductory course is intended to introduce
Plastics and Polymer Business. Properties enhancement for Plastics
News Letter Vol. 18, issue October-December, 2012 Hyperdispersants and Coupling Agents for Thermoplastics and Thermosets Solplus, Ircolplus and Solsperse hyperdispersants and coupling agents have been
Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education *0123456789* CHEMISTRY 0620/03 Paper 3 Theory (Core) For Examination from 2016 SPECIMEN PAPER 1 hour
TIE-31: Mechanical and thermal properties of optical glass
PAGE 1/10 1 Density The density of optical glass varies from 239 for N-BK10 to 603 for SF66 In most cases glasses with higher densities also have higher refractive indices (eg SF type glasses) The density
7. Gases, Liquids, and Solids 7.1 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter
7. Gases, Liquids, and Solids 7.1 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter is a concept that basically states that matter is composed
GREEN NANOTECHNOLOGY. Geoffrey. Energy in the Built Environment. Solutions for Sustainability and. B. Smith Claes G. Granqvist.
GREEN NANOTECHNOLOGY Solutions for Sustainability and Energy in the Built Environment Geoffrey B. Smith Claes G. Granqvist CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London NewYork CRC Press is an imprint
CHAPTER 10: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES: THE UNIQUENESS OF WATER Problems: 10.2, 10.6,10.15-10.33, 10.35-10.40, 10.56-10.60, 10.101-10.
CHAPTER 10: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES: THE UNIQUENESS OF WATER Problems: 10.2, 10.6,10.15-10.33, 10.35-10.40, 10.56-10.60, 10.101-10.102 10.1 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN IONS Ion-ion Interactions and Lattice Energy
Chapter Outline Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms
Chapter Outline Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms What is happening in material during plastic deformation? Dislocations and Plastic Deformation Motion of dislocations in response to stress Slip
= 1.038 atm. 760 mm Hg. = 0.989 atm. d. 767 torr = 767 mm Hg. = 1.01 atm
Chapter 13 Gases 1. Solids and liquids have essentially fixed volumes and are not able to be compressed easily. Gases have volumes that depend on their conditions, and can be compressed or expanded by
Chem 1A Exam 2 Review Problems
Chem 1A Exam 2 Review Problems 1. At 0.967 atm, the height of mercury in a barometer is 0.735 m. If the mercury were replaced with water, what height of water (in meters) would be supported at this pressure?
Surface plasmon nanophotonics: optics below the diffraction limit
Surface plasmon nanophotonics: optics below the diffraction limit Albert Polman Center for nanophotonics FOM-Institute AMOLF, Amsterdam Jeroen Kalkman Hans Mertens Joan Penninkhof Rene de Waele Teun van
Chemistry 13: States of Matter
Chemistry 13: States of Matter Name: Period: Date: Chemistry Content Standard: Gases and Their Properties The kinetic molecular theory describes the motion of atoms and molecules and explains the properties
Chemical Sputtering. von Kohlenstoff durch Wasserstoff. W. Jacob
Chemical Sputtering von Kohlenstoff durch Wasserstoff W. Jacob Centre for Interdisciplinary Plasma Science Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, 85748 Garching Content: Definitions: Chemical erosion, physical
Features of the formation of hydrogen bonds in solutions of polysaccharides during their use in various industrial processes. V.Mank a, O.
Features of the formation of hydrogen bonds in solutions of polysaccharides during their use in various industrial processes. V.Mank a, O. Melnyk b a National University of life and environmental sciences
WHAT HAPPENS TO WATER ABSORBENT MATERIALS BELOW ZERO DEGREES?
WHAT HAPPENS TO WATER ABSORBENT MATERIALS BELOW ZERO DEGREES? Relative humidity (RH) below zero is defined as the actual water vapour pressure in the air (or space) divided by the saturation vapour pressure
Name Date Class STATES OF MATTER. SECTION 13.1 THE NATURE OF GASES (pages 385 389)
13 STATES OF MATTER SECTION 13.1 THE NATURE OF GASES (pages 385 389) This section introduces the kinetic theory and describes how it applies to gases. It defines gas pressure and explains how temperature
Hydrogen Bonds The electrostatic nature of hydrogen bonds
Hydrogen Bonds Hydrogen bonds have played an incredibly important role in the history of structural biology. Both the structure of DNA and of protein a-helices and b-sheets were predicted based largely
Lecture 19: Eutectoid Transformation in Steels: a typical case of Cellular
Lecture 19: Eutectoid Transformation in Steels: a typical case of Cellular Precipitation Today s topics Understanding of Cellular transformation (or precipitation): when applied to phase transformation