Growing peat: don t forget the rich-fen stage. Annemieke Kooijman, Casper Cusell, Bas van Geel, Ann-Helene Faber, Ivan Mettrop and Leon Lamers
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1 Growing peat: don t forget the rich-fen stage Annemieke Kooijman, Casper Cusell, Bas van Geel, Ann-Helene Faber, Ivan Mettrop and Leon Lamers
2 Peatland starts from open water petgat dug out Stobbenribben ca 1900 Westbroek ca 1900 base-rich fen Stobbenribben 1962 Westbroek 1958 Sphagnum fen Stobbenribbben 1993 Westbroek 1988 once it starts» ca 20 cm Sphagnum peat in ca 20 years Faber et al. in prep
3 Sphagnum peatland bit boring within approximately 30 years mainly Sphagnum spp. (S. subnitens) S. squarrosum S. fallax S. palustre (S. papillosum) (S. magellanicum) increase Polytrichum commune no orchids decrease of rich-fen species
4 Rich fens are richer rich in base cations rich in plant species EU Habitat directive community Transition mire H7140A many rare species Liparis loeselii Hamarbya paludosa Carex diandra Carex lasiocarpa Scorpidium scorpioides Campylium stellatum Hamatocaulis vernicosus
5 Rood schorpioenmos Scorpidium scorpioides characteristic rich-fen species lime-rich, iron-poor, nutrient-poor
6 Even a new moss species Grootbladig puntmos Calliergon megalophyllum extinct after 1965 never before found in Wieden found by Lars Hedenäs characteristic for weakly buffered, slightly nutrientrich pools
7 Rich-fen mosses endangered Common rich-fen mosses Threatened rich-fen mosses B. pseudotriquetrum C. cuspidata C. cordifolium M. polymorpha P. affine s.l. a.o. S. scorpioides C. stellatum S. cossoni H. vernicosus C. giganteum a.o.
8 Lack of new rich fens Cusell et al. 2013
9 In Wieden-Weerribben still no new fens this takes at least 60 years problems with water quality in past decades Cusell et al. 2013
10 Also: Further succession Bollemaat large rich-fen areas hardly any rich-fen left partly forest partly Sphagnum» isolated ponds» no supply of base-rich water Van Diggelen et al. 1996
11 Ca (micromol/l) Enhanced by high atmospheric deposition red dots 4000 S. scorpioides in NL and reference sites NL (30 kg N ha -1 yr -1 ) black dots Sweden, Poland and Ireland (5 kg N ha -1 yr -1 ) 3000 Netherlands R 2 = R 2 = similar ph, higher Ca absent below 25 mg/l Ca more base-rich water needed for survival ph Kooijman 2012
12 Enhanced by pollution with P (N:P ratio vegetation) S. scorpioides S. subnitens C. cuspidata S. squarrosum N/P ratio van hogere planten NW-Overijssel N:P ratio around 20 P limiting factor many rich fens still intact Vechtplassen N:P ratio around 10 N limitinf factor too much P almost all rich fens acidified Kooijman & Paulissen 2006
13 Extra acidification with high P Acidification capacity Sphagnum subnitens Sphagnum squarrosum Sphagnum fallax Scorpidium scorpioides (micromol in 6 w eeks) Low P High P Scorpidium scorpioides Sphagnum subnitens low acidification Calliergonella cuspidata Sphagnum squarrosum Sphagnum fallax rapid growth rapid acidification rapid replacement by large Sphagnum spp. Kooijman & Bakker 1994, 1995 Kooijman & Paulissen 2006
14 Rich fen or Sphagnum peatland? much easier to stimulate Sphagnum growth rather difficult to keep richfen stage is it hopeless? inundation with base-rich, nutrient-poor water? by accident? in management experiments?
15 Stobbenribben rich fens Floating fens in ponds of 3 m depth Ditch Van Wirdum 1991
16 Changes in bryophytes Only Fen A (200 x 25m) Ditch Ditch Calliergonella cuspidata Sphagnum squarrosum Scorpidium scorpioides Campylium stellatum Sphagnum subnitens Sphagnum contortum Sphagnum palustre Polytrichum commune Calliergonella cuspidata Sphagnum squarrosum 2013 Scorpidium scorpioides Campylium stellatum Sphagnum subnitens Sphagnum contortum Sphagnum palustre Polytrichum commune
17 Ongoing succession Sphagnum subnitens 1988 A B C D E Sphagnum palustre 1988 A B C D E Ditch Sphagnum subnitens 2013 A B C D E Sphagnum palustre 2013 A B C D E
18 Close to ditch: lower eutrophication Calliergonella cuspidata 1988 A B C D E Scorpidium scorpioides 1988 Achtersloot A B C D E Calliergonella cuspidata 2013 A B C D E Scorpidium scorpioides 2013 A B C D E and increase rich-fen mosses
19 Decrease eutrophication Tabel Bovengrondse biomassa en N:P ratios van de hogere planten in juli in locaties met S. scorpioides in de Stobbenribben. De waarden zijn gemiddelden, gebaseerd op n = year aboveground biomass (g m -2 ) N:P ratio (g g -1 ) reference Verhoeven et al Kooijman Kooijman & Hedenäs, ongepubliceerde data Cusell et al Mettrop et al., ongepubliceerde data Water purification plants Replacement of regional water inlet Cleaning of local ditch and longer route supply water
20 Flooding from ditch? m m m m m m m m m 0-20 m July cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm Achtersloot May cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm October cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm
21 Base-rich water from below root mat Ditch In the past through gaps in floating root mat In older (Sphagnum) fens no longer likely strong reduction in EC between 1973 and
22 In other fen even reverse succession In Fen D: 1973 Sphagnum now replaced by S. scorpioides Van Wirdum 1991
23 Inundation good idea? Field experiment local increase surface water level (17cm) Kiersche Wieden rich fen and Sphagnum peatland winter summer
24 Inundation best in summer Kierse Wiede Veldweg High infiltration, high Ca-content and low nutrients Cusell et al. 2015; Mettrop et al. in prep
25 Concluding remarks Cusell et al Rich fen stage also important especially for biodiversity Succession to Sphagnum peatland within 30 years reduced access of base-rich water high atmospheric deposition increased growth of large Sphagnum spp. with P Succession to Sphagnum peatland can be delayed by inundation with base-rich, but nutrient-poor (surface) water
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