Twelve years of short rotation forest studies in Estonia
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1 Twelve years of short rotation forest studies in Estonia Andres Koppel, Katrin Heinsoo, Estonian Agricultural University Enköping, Sweden 26 May
2 Overview The environment for SRF in Estonia 1.1. Estonian energy balance 1.2. land resources 1.3. strategy documents 1.4. attitude towards SRF 2. Past: What has been done? 2.1. test plantations 2.2. productivity studies 2.3. waste utilization - municipal sludge disposal - wastewater purification 3. From past to present: Ongoing projects 4. Future: Perspectives Enköping, Sweden 26 May
3 1. The environment for SRF in Estonia Most arguments for SRF have become more evident during past 10+ years Energy: fossil fuels - price up, Kyoto protocol, traditional resources close to exhaustion Land resources: area of abandoned arable land doubled since 1995 Rural employment still a problem Enköping, Sweden 26 May
4 1.1. The environment for SRF in Estonia. Energy Structure of energy production, import and export in Estonia (TJ) Production Import Export oil shale peat firewood, chips coal oil shale gas fuel oil diesel oil, gasoline oil shale peat oil-shale oil electricity firewood 0 0,5 2,9 Enköping, Sweden 26 May ,2 7, , ,1 73, ,9 2,1 0,3 0,8 30, ,5 20,7 88 2,7 12,5 24,6 18,5 13,5 11,6 1,1 0,5 5,8 3, ,5 24,2 79,1 1,6 8,9 27,8 3,6 36,2 19,9 0,9 2,4 6,4 7,1 Source: Statistical Office of Estonia
5 1.1. The environment for SRF in Estonia. Energy Structure of energy production, import and export in Estonia (TJ) Production Import Export Energy production dropped rapidly and stabilised Import declined and is still declining Export is slowly growing peat fuelwood, chips 4. Production of renewables (firewood) increased 3 times Enköping, Sweden 26 May
6 1.1. The environment for SRF in Estonia. Energy Structure of energy export in Estonia (TJ) Firewood export is growing fast, most of peat exported Gas import growing Petrol and diesel oil import growing Export oil shale peat oil-shale oil electricity firewood Enköping, Sweden 26 May
7 1.1. The environment for SRF in Estonia. Energy Structure of energy production, import and export in Estonia Conclusions from the statistical data: Domestic traditional renewable sources of energy almost exhausted Prices of firewood and woodchips rising fast Enköping, Sweden 26 May
8 1. The environment for SRF in Estonia. Energy Structure of energy production, import and export in Estonia Results of the current situation: Possibility that recently reconstructed woodfired- boilers will be converted to gas Heat producers revitalised the renewable energy project Enköping, Sweden 26 May
9 1.2. The environment for SRF in Estonia. Land Structure of agricultural land use in Estonia (th ha) Rapid decline in arable land use Cereals: -161 Pastures: cereals and legumes pastures and fodder cultures potato technical cultures vegatables One exception: rapeseed th ha Totally >440 th ha abandoned (approx 40% of arable land). NB! In 1995 the figure was 180 th ha Enköping, Sweden 26 May
10 1.2 The environment for SRF in Estonia. Land 442 th ha abandoned (Source: Estonian Ministry of Agriculture) How to exploit this resource? 1. Let the nature rule! Approx 10-15% of abandoned areas - natural forestation 2. Afforestation programmes Approx 700 ha of hybrid poplar 3. Energy crops Rapeseed (rapidly expanding 2004 approx 64 th ha) Short rotation forests (no commercial plantations exist) Other energy cultures -? Only discussions Enköping, Sweden 26 May
11 1.3. The environment for SRF in Estonia. Strategy documents Estonian long-term energy development plan 2015 (adopted in Parliament ) Stabilisation of energy consumption on the level of 2003 The share of renewable electricity should grow to 5.1% by 2010 (wind, co-generation) Emphasis on renewable liquid biofuels, especially biodiesel Solid biofuels? - Sceptical attitude Stated, that the export is growing and therefore the resources of domestic biofuel are exhausted For further development of biomass plantations economic calculations are needed Enköping, Sweden 26 May
12 1.4. The environment for SRF in Estonia. Attitude years ago : Public opinion - we have natural shrublands, no need to introduce artificial ones Forest researchers: we have enough resources from conventional forests. Willow is not a tree. Willow productivity is too low. Harvesting is a problem Today: Public opinion: innovative ideas are welcome. Everything is possible and acceptable if it works Forest researchers: willow is acceptable, there are other fastgrowing species too- hybrid polplar, grey alder etc. Politicians: sharp rise of interest Entrepreneurs: does it pay off? Farmers: ready to accept. Where to get the planting material? Enköping, Sweden 26 May
13 2.1. Past. SRF test plantations in Estonia 1993: 5 plantations 1,6 ha 2004: 8 plantations 24,5 ha NB! Only 1 plantation established in 1993 failed totally (Valga) No Location Area (ha) Established in Studies 1 Tõravere Light use efficiency Productivity 2 Kambja Seasonal wastewater purification 3 Saare Productivity, fertilisation effect , 1995 Municipal sludge utilisation 4 Nõo Clone tests 5 Aarike 0.02!! 1995 Wastewater purification Vohnja Wastewater purification Freeflow wastewater purification & 6 Kihlevere constructed wetland 7 Väike-Maarja Wastewater purification. Practical use Enköping, Sweden 26 May
14 2.2. Past. Productivity studies: Saare plantation st rotation cycle 2nd rotation cycle DW (g) control fertilised growth of 2 years year July 2003, 3rd rotation Enköping, Sweden 26 May
15 2.2. Past. Productivity studies: Saare plantation 1st rotation period 2nd rotation period Annual production (t ha -1 ) Average of 7 clones Best clone Control 5,2 8,7 Fertilised 11,0 14,7 Control 5,0 6,5 Fertilised 7,4 10,9 Enköping, Sweden 26 May
16 2.2. Past. Productivity studies: Saare plantation Results: 1. Fertilisation doubles growth (mechanism - allocation pattern changes) 2. Stability over 3 rotation periods 3. Clone differences. Clone susceptibility to pests differs on different sites Conclusion: more emphasis needed to pests and disease studies Enköping, Sweden 26 May
17 2.3. Past. Waste utilisation. a. Municipal sludge disposal Area: 0.44 ha of Nõo plantation Municipal sludge: 6.3 t (d.w.) applied in May, 2001 N kg ha -1 ; P kg ha -1 ; K - 46 kg ha -1 Enköping, Sweden 26 May
18 2.3. Past. Waste utilisation. a. Municipal sludge disposal t ha C lone N o C ontrol Fertilised Year Depth (cm) Plot BOD7 (mgo l -1 ) N (mg l -1 ) P (mg l -1 ) control <3,0 3,9 2,3 10 fertilised 4,5 4,8 1,3 control <3,0 1,7 0, fertilised 0,3 control <3,0 1,3 0,1 10 fertilised <3,0 2,8 2,1 control <3,0 2,7 0, fertilised <3,0 2,4 0,5 Municipal sludge almost doubled shoot productivity Sludge application did not cause nutrient leakage to groundwater Enköping, Sweden 26 May
19 2.3. Past. Waste utilisation. b. Wastewater purification Period BOD7 total-n Total-P Average for the period Enköping, Sweden 26 May
20 3. From past to present. Ongoing projects LIFE ENVIRONMENT demonstration project ( ); 3 Estonian partners (EAU + 2 municipalities) EC 6FP CRAFT cooperation research project WACOSYS ( ); Partners from 5 countries EC 6FW CRAFT cooperation research project BIOPROS ( ); Partners from 9 countries Estonian MoAgr, MoEnv Estonian bioenergy programme feasibility study Enköping, Sweden 26 May
21 LIFE Environment project Sustainable wastewater purification in Estonian small municipalities Aims Establish 3 different prototypes of wastewater purification systems in 3 rural settlements in Estonia To present the innovative sustainable wastewater purification system as one solution for local environmental/energy supply problems in Estonia Some expected results Practical : Nutrient discharge to water bodies is lower than allowed threshold Improved knowledge: on vegetation filters, ecophysiology of different plant species and purification efficiency Dissemination Enköping, Sweden 26 May
22 3. LIFE - Kambja prototype Septic Pond Ca 1000 PE 9.1 ha Salix (+5.0 ha control) 1.6 ha Alnus + Populus Biopond Wastewater pipes Pump Outflow of wastewater WINTER Additional bioponds Additional bioponds SUMMER Vegetation filter with Salix, Populus triploides and Alnus River Enköping, Sweden 26 May
23 3. From past to present Wastewater purification & energy production Kambja prototype July, 2003 May, 2003 July, 2004 Enköping, Sweden 26 May
24 3. From past to present Wastewater purification & energy production Kambja prototype First results total N, total P mg/l total 100 N total P BOD BOD 7 mg/l mg/l 18,00 15,00 12,00 9,00 outflow lysimeter sampling points 0 6,00 3,00 0,00 total N total P Enköping, Sweden 26 May
25 WACOSYS - Monitoring and Control System for Wastewater irrigated Energy plantations Aims Develop, test and optimise monitoring and control system for irrigation and fertilisation of SRP plantations with wastewater Guarantee efficient, low cost and sustainable production of combustible biomass products (pellets) Reduce wastewater treatment costs for small communities Some expected results Local renewable CO 2 neutral energy sources created Surface and groundwater pollution avoided Water resources saved by reusing wastewater and closing the nutrient loop at local level Economy of rural areas strengthened New markets for renewable energy consumption Enköping, Sweden 26 May
26 BIOPROS - Solutions for the safe application of wastewater and sludge for high efficient biomass production in Short-Rotation-Plantations Aims Some expected results Gain knowledge about the economic, ecological and technical feasibility of SRPs for different local conditions and market requirements Transfer it to their SME members (farmers, biomass processors, engineers, decisions makers) SRP biomass production throughout Europe and abroad will increase Better knowledge about a wide range of SRP aspects will be reached including SRPs best practice and costs as well as related legislation and standards Enköping, Sweden 26 May
27 Feasibility study of Estonian bioenergy programme 2005 Aims & expected results Analysis of legislative background (Estonian, EU, incl. support schemes, environmental constraints) Results of the applied research: productivity, possible cultures Analysis of technologies (incl. production, combustion) Economical feasibility calculation Suggestion of methods for land resource evaluation Suggestion of the organisational structure for the commercial production chain Enköping, Sweden 26 May
28 4. Future: Perspectives Estonian bioenergy programme? More co-operation in Estonian research community? Structural unit for renewables in EAU? Enköping, Sweden 26 May
29 Thank you! Estonian Agricultural University: More information on SRF studies in Estonia : Andres Koppel: andres.koppel@eau.ee Katrin Heinsoo: katrin.heinsoo@eau.ee Enköping, Sweden 26 May
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