MLA CITATION STYLE: PRINT, MEDIA, & ONLINE SOURCES

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1 MLA CITATION STYLE: PRINT, MEDIA, & ONLINE SOURCES ~Wells College Long Library~ ~ MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This handout, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th ed.), offers examples and guidelines for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, and the Works Cited page. If you are asked to use MLA format, be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers 7 th ed. or visit the MLA website (mla.org). CITING SOURCES IN-TEXT (or parenthetical citations): When using the MLA style, in-text citations are used within a paper to briefly acknowledge the source of a direct quote, fact, or idea originating from an outside source. These citations also enable readers to find the source in the Works Cited list. Parenthetical references should be kept as brief and concise as possible. Print and online sources are cited the same in parenthetical references. If an online source lacks page numbers, omit the numbers from the citation. Guidelines for in-text citations Give only the information needed to identify the source. Usually the author s last name and page number is enough. Place the in-text citation as near as possible to the material being cited. Example Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263). The crash of 1929 was one such event (The Great Depression 37), but many others considered it as evidence of this type of economic cycle. When the author or title of a source is referred to in a sentence, the in-text citation only needs a page number. If a work has no author, use the works title, or a shortened version of the title, when citing intext. The page numbers of a web printout should not be cited because the pagination may vary in different printouts. If the works cited list contains more than one author with the same last name, add the first initial to identify the appropriate author. If the source provides numbered paragraphs, or section numbers, include the appropriate abbreviation before the number(s). Multi-Volume Works: Reference to volume and page Reference to an entire volume In text reference to an entire volume Smith has expressed this concern ( )., as stated by the presidential commission (Report 4). Greenpeace notes this phenomenon has been seen mainly in North America (Smith). The loans were a great profit to the lender (J. Malcolm 234). This was not unusual for the time period (Mouton pars ). (Wilson 2:1-18) (Henderson, vol.3) In volume 3, Henderson suggests that,

2 THE WORKS CITED PAGE lists all of the references cited in the text of a research paper. This list is placed at the end of the paper and provides the information necessary to identify and retrieve each source that supports your research. Guidelines for formatting the works cited page: Start the works cited list on a new page, continuing the page numbers from the body of the paper. Center the title of the page (Works Cited) an inch from the top of the paper. Align the start of each entry with the left margin. Indent any subsequent lines one-half inch (or five spaces). Double-space the list within and between entries. Arrange entries in alphabetical order by author s last names or by title for sources with no authors. Capitalize the first word and all other principal words of the titles and subtitles of cited works list (do not capitalize articles, prepositions, coordinating conjunctions, or the to in infinitives.) Guidelines for formatting citations from PRINT sources: Provide complete publication information. When multiple publishers are listed, include them all, placing a semicolon between each. If no publisher is given, use: n.p. Do not use abbreviations p. or pg. or pp. to designate page numbers. If no author is given, begin the citation with the title and ignore A, An, or The when alphabetizing the list. If no date is give, use n.d. If no page numbers are given, use n. pag. If no place of publication is given use n.p.: Guidelines for formatting citations from ONLINE sources: Like those for print (see above), citations for online sources should provide information that both identifies the source and allows the source to be retrieved again. All citations for online sources should include the medium (Web) and the date that the content was retrieved. It is not necessary to include the URL, however, if the source is difficult to find, or your instructor requires a URL, list the complete address within angle brackets <> after the date accessed. For more complete information about creating citations for online sources see section in the MLA Handbook. Section 1: PRINT SOURCES BOOKS and parts of books Last name, First name. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher. Year of Publication. Medium of Publication Single Author Nabokov, Vladimir. Lolita. New York: Putnam, Print.

3 5.3.4 Two or More Works by the SAME Author To cite two or more works by the same author, give the name in the first entry only. Thereafter, in place of the name, type three hyphens followed by a period and the title Speak, Memory: An Autobiography Revisited. New York: Knopf, Print Two or More Authors Give the author s names as they appear on the title page. Broer, Lawrence R., and Gloria Holland. Hemingway and Women: Female Critics and the Female Voice. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, Print. More Than Three Authors Dasco, Sheryl Tatar, et al. Managed Care Answer Book. New York: Panel, Print. OR Dasco, Sheryl Tatar, Clifford C. Dasco, Connie U. Brelhan, Kirk C. Harlow, Margaret S. Jaffee-Neer, Marilyn Rumsey, and Ellison H. Wittels. Managed Care Answer Book. New York: Panel, Print Book by a Corporate Author National Research Council. Beyond Six Billion: Forecasting the World s Population. Washington: Natl. Acad., Print A Work in an Anthology More, Hannah. The Black Slave Trade: A Poem. British Women Poets of the Romantic Era. Ed. Paula R. Feldman. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, Print.

4 5.5.8 An Introduction, Preface, Forward, or Afterward Felstiner, John. Preface. Selected Poems and Prose by Paul Celan. By Paul Celan. Trans. Felstiner. New York: Norton, xix-xxxvi. Print Article in Reference Book Basic format of works-cited entries for article in a Reference Book. If no author, start with title of entry. Author of Article. "Title of Article." Title of Encyclopedia. Ed. Editor of Encyclopedia. edition number ed. Vol. volume number. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium. When citing widely used reference books, do NOT give the full publication information. Japan. The Encyclopedia Americana ed. Print. When citing specialized subject reference works, give full publication information. Allen, Anita L. Privacy in Health Care. Encyclopedia of Bioethics. Ed. Stephen G. Post. 3 rd ed. Vol.4 New York: MacMillan-Thompson, Print. PERIODICALS, (magazines, journals, and newspapers) Basic format of works-cited entries for scholarly journals Author s Last Name, First Name. Title of Article. Title of Periodical volume. issue (year): page numbers. Format Article in a Scholarly Journal Williams, Linda. Of Kisses and Ellipses: The Long Adolescence of American Movies. Critical Inquiry 32.2 (2006): Print.

5 5.4.5 Article in Newspaper McKay, Peter A. Stocks Feels the Dollar s Weight. Wall Street Journal 4 Dec. 2006: C1+. Print Article in a Magazine McEvoy, Dermot. Little Books, Big Success. Publishers Weekly 30 Oct. 2006: Print A Review Kauffman, Stanley. A New Spielberg. Rev. of Schindler s List, dir. Steven Spielberg. New Republic 13 Dec. 1993: 30. Print. MEDIA The first element (ex. Director, composer, performer, title) depends on the desired emphasis. You may include other important information, such as the writers or producers, between the title and distributor Television or Radio Program Death and Society. Narr. Joanne Silberner. Weekend Edition Sunday. National Public Radio. WNYC, New York, 25 Jan Radio Sound Recording The Cure. Instant Karma: The Amnesty International Campaign to Save Darfur. Geffen, CD Film or Video Recording It s a Wonderful Life. Dir. Frank Capra. RKO, DVD. If you are citing the contribution of a particular individual, begin with that person s name. Jhabvala, Ruth, adapt. A Room with a View. By E.M.Forster. Dir. James Ivory. Perf. Maggie Smith and Daniel Day-Lewis. Cinecom Intl., Film.

6 Section 2: ONLINE SOURCES Basic Elements of citations for online sources Author or Creator. Title of Webpage, Chapter, or Segment. Title of Web Site. Publisher or Sponsor, Date of Publication. Web. Date of access b World Wide Web Site Smith, Thomas. Utah Mine Rescue Funeral. CNN.com. Cable News Network, 21 Aug Web. 21 Aug c Book or part of a Book found online Webster, John. The White Devil. N.p.:n.p., Project Gutenberg. Web. 2 Nov d Media The Great Train Robbery. Dir. Edward Porter. Thomas Edison, Internet Archive. Web. 5 June Resources from library database: E-Book Author. Title of Article or Chapter. Title of Complete Publication. City: Publisher, date of publication. Name of Database. Web. Date of Access. Norton, Mary Beth. In the Devil s Snare: The Salem Witchcraft Crisis of New York: Vintage, EBSCO ebook Collection. Web. 17 Dec

7 Article or chapter in an online reference source Eisinger, Chester. Herzog: Overview. Reference Guide to American Literature. 3 rd ed Literature Resource Center. Web. 2 Oct Scholarly Journal in Full-Text Accessed from a Database Tolson, Nancy. Making Books Available: The Role of Libraries and Librarians. African American Review 32.1 (2007): ERIC. Web. 19 Sept Newspaper Peres, Judy. Couples Divorce Entangles Frozen Embryos. Syracuse Post Standard 7 Aug. 2002, Final ed.: C12. New York State Newspapers. Web. 12 Dec Magazine Weymouth, Lally. Dangerous Neighborhood. Newsweek 14 Dec. 2005: Academic Search Elite. Web. 2 Oct Article from a periodical on the web Magazine McGrath, Ben. Third String Rummy. The New Yorker 2 Feb 2006: n.p. Web. 26 June Scholarly Journal Denning, Peter J. Business Designs for the New University. Educom Review 31.6 (1996): Web. 23 June 2011.

8 1 inch from top ½ inch from top Smith, 7 Works Cited An Inconvenient Truth. Dir. Davis Guggenheim. Perf. Al Gore, Billy West. Paramount, DVD. Clinton, Bill. Interview by Andrew C. Revkin. Clinton on Climate Change. New York Times. New York Times, May Web. 25 May Ebert, Roger. An Inconvenient Truth. Rev. of An Inconvenient Truth, dir. Davis Guggenheim. rogerebert.com. Sun-Times News Group, 2 June Web. 24 Apr "Global Warming." Encyclopedia of Global Warming and Climate Change. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Credo Reference. Web. 16 Apr Gowdy, John. Avoiding Self-organized Extinction: Toward a Co-evolutionary Economics of Sustainability. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology (2007): Print. How to Fight Climate Change. nrdc.org. Natural Resource Defense Council. 19 May Web. 16 April Recorded Film or Movie A Review Article on a website Article from Online Newspaper Article in a Print Journal Online Reference Source The works cited list begins on a new page, with the heading centered one inch from the top of the paper. Place the works cited page at the end of the research paper. The first line of each entry is flush with the left margin, which is one inch from the left side of the paper. Subsequent lines in ½ (or 5 spaces). Entries are listed alphabetically by author s last names. If no author is given, use the title as the main entry. Double space entries within (and between) throughout the works cited list. Moraes, E. C., Sergio H. Franchito, and V. Brahmananda Rao. "Amazonian Deforestation: Impact of Global Warming on the Energy Balance and Climate." Journal of Applied Meteorology & Climatology 52.3 (2013): Academic Search Elite. Web. 16 Apr Journal Article in a Library Database Oreskes, Naomi. The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change. The Global Warming Reader: a Century of Writing About Climate Change. Ed. Bill McKibben. New York: Penguin Books, Print. A work in a Print Anthology