Modelling physiological features of Human body behavior in car crash simulations
|
|
- Maximilian Wilkinson
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Modelling physiological features of Human body behavior in car crash simulations Michel BEHR, Yves GODIO, Maxime LLARI, Christian BRUNET Laboratoire de Biomécanique Appliquée (Marseille, France) Presented by Yves GODIO ABSTRACT Human numerical models are widely used to investigate injury mechanisms involved in car crash configurations. One limitation of these models is linked to the time dependency of biological tissues mechanical properties, as a result of various physiological modifications. To answer this limitation, we present one possible approach to evaluate the influence of internal body pressures (mainly resulting from breathing) on the result of a frontal impact, by modelling main muscles responsible for respiration. A finite element model of a full human body in driving position was derived from the Radioss Humos model. Modifications first included integration and interfacing of a user-controlled respiratory muscular system (intercostals, scalene, sterno-cleido-mastoidius and diaphragm muscles). A volumetric measurement procedure for lungs and both thoracic and abdominal chambers was also implemented using the Radioss Monitored Volume tool. A frontal impact at an initial speed of 50km/h was simulated, for two different stages of respiration (at rest and after a 2l inspiration). Internal abdominal pressure (IAP) in both cases was compared. The result of the IAP influence on the diaphragm cupolas maximal strain during both simulations was recorded and compared in order to determine a qualitative risk indicator. The Humos model, initially dedicated to road safety research, could be turned to a rather promising 3D model of respiration with only minor modifications. Our approach also underlined the need to implement in human models physiological behaviors such as muscle contraction when investigating injury mechanisms and risks. Laboratoire de Biomécanique Appliquée ( Faculté de Médecine nord Bd Dramard Marseille, France Tel: +33 (0) michel.behr@inrets.fr 1
2 Introduction General context: Passive road safety Realistic experimental protocols Injury mechanisms validation Accidentology Input data for numerical simulations Injury mechanisms validation Experimentation Protocol set up Input data for simulations Models validation Numerical simulation Towards virtual traumatology Our approach is coupling real accident data and experimental tests with PMHS to develop biofidel Human body numerical models Can physiological events (such as muscular contraction) alter injury mechanisms? 2
3 Introduction Steps of investigation of current study: 1. Contracting muscle modelling 2. Development of a respiration module in a FE human body model 3. Respiration and frontal impact simulation 3
4 Problem definition Contracting muscle modelling The muscle bundle: Muscle body architecture : 3D bricks merged with 1D action lines (series of small-sized contraction units) Each contraction unit is composed of a passive component (relaxed muscle) and an active component (bracing) in parallel a p a a p a p 4 a p p a: active element p: passive element
5 Problem definition Contracting muscle modelling Contraction formulation (classical muscle mechanics) δ CP Passive Component Non linear elastic behavior (in traction) f p ( δ ) = α( β. δ )² CA δ CP. δ r c A 0 Ta t Active Component The generated force depends on instantaneous muscle length and strain rate f 1 Optimal length f p δ 5
6 Problem definition Modification of the Radioss HUMOS model 1. Monitored volumes definition: Whole Abdomen (PIA) stomach (gastric PIA) lungs (air transfer) 2. implementation of active muscles Diaphragm Intercostals Scalenes Sterno Cleido Mastoidius Abdominal wall HUMOS model Initially defined at rest (Functional Residual Capacity - FRC) 6
7 Problem definition Modification of the Radioss HUMOS model scalenes SCM Muscle contraction : 2 approaches 1D contractile cells for Diaphragm, scalenes, SCM and Intercostals Bulk Modulus over-estimation for abdominal wall (*3, according to Gennisson et al, 2005) Intercostals Muscles Number of springs Diaphragm (2D contractile) 200 Intercostals (1D inferior and superior) Internals 236 Externals 236 Scalenes (1D) 28 Sterno Cleido Mastoidius (1D) muscular activations Diaphragm (Behr et al, 2006) 7
8 Problem definition Contraction parameters Model of respiratory muscle contraction unit (CU) F max = PCSA * F s where F is maximal voluntary contraction force PCSA : Physiological Cross Section Area of considered contraction unit F s # 25 N/cm² (Herzog,1999) RESULTS: Pretension function Diaphragm Fmax = 38 N per CU Sterno-Cleido-Mastoidius and Scalenes Fmax = 100 N Intercostal internal and external sup. Fmax = 42.5 N per CU Force (N) Fmax *Fmax 1 2*Fmax Intercostal internal and external inf. Fmax = 34 N per CU Relative elongation (%) 8
9 Analysis Contracting muscle validation Verifying the contraction unit behavior for a whole muscle bundle Traction/compression cycles (light blue curve on figures), up to 50% of deformation. Boundary conditions : proximal extremity fixed, imposed velocity (1ms -1 ) on other extremity Passive force (N) Resulting force (on tendons) without contraction Theoretical Simulation Deformation (%) Active force (N) 1000 Resulting force (on tendons) with maximal contraction Theoretical Simulation Deformation (%) % Physiological window 40% 20% 400 0% 400 0% % % time (ms) time (ms) 9
10 Analysis Validation of a respiratory cycle by contracting muscles dv=2litres dh=4.0cm At rest t=0ms Full inspiration t=300ms From rest (FRC) to Full inspiration reached in 300ms led to : - 2 litres lungs volume increase (physiological Total Lung Capacity is 3.5litres) - ~15 rib angle variation in sagittal plane for rib 1 (in agreement with Ratnovsky et al, 2005) - 4cm vertical deflection of the diaphragm cupola (3.1cm according to Blaney et al, 1997) 10
11 Analysis Frontal impact simulation 2 Frontal impact conditions : 50 Km / h At rest and at full inspiration (~2litres) Respiratory cycle from 0 to 300ms After 300 ms, deceleration of the sled 11
12 Analysis Relative evolution of the Intra-Abdominal Pressure (IAP) Intra Abdominal Pressure Intra Abdominal Pressure 25 impact impact At Functional Residual Capacity At Total Lung Capacity dp (kpa) Sled Velocity inspiration Velocity (m/s) dp (kpa) At Functional Residual Capacity At Total Lung Capacity Sled Velocity Velocity (m/s) time (ms) time (ms) The same frontal impact at two stages of respiration led to : - 4kPa IAP offset at full inspiration (coherent with Hodges et al results) - during impact, IAP increase is up to 30%higher after 2l inspiration at full inspiration, the maximal strain level (injury criteria) of the diaphragm cupola reaches 8% (against 1% at rest) 12
13 Discussion, Conclusion Internal body pressures: the diaphragm contraction induces an initial pressure offset and increases the maximal strain level during a frontal impact (injury risk possibly increased) Possible improvements : tuning of the respiration module evaluation of realistic IAP injury criteria (experimentally) Physiological events, such as muscular contraction, should be considered in biomechanics of impact (at least up to a reasonable level of impact energy, still to be determined) 13
14 Acknowledgements & References We would like to acknowledge Professor Yves Jammes expertise for the evaluation of the respiration module J.L. Gennisson et al., Human muscle hardness assessment during incremental isometric contraction using transient elastography, J Biomech 38 (2005) W. Herzog, Biomechanics of the musculo-skeletal system, 2nd édition, Wiley ed. Ratnovsky et al., Anatomical model of the trunk for analysis of respiratory muscles mechanics, Resp Physiol 148 (2005), Blaney et al., Sonographic measurement of diaphragmatic displacement during tidal breathing manoeuvres, Physiother Theor Pract 13 (1997), Hodges et al., Intra abdominal pressure increases stiffness of the lumbar spine, J Biomech 38 (2005), Behr et al., 3D reconstruction of the Diaphragm for virtual traumatology, Surgical Radiologic Anatomy 28 (2006),
Pregnant Woman Model to Understand Injury Mechanisms in Case of Frontal Impact
Pregnant Woman Model to Understand Injury Mechanisms in Case of Frontal Impact *Laboratoire de Biomécanique Appliquée (www.inrets.fr) Faculté de Médecine nord Bd Dramard 13916 Marseille, France email:
More informationA pregnant woman model to study injury mechanisms in car crashes
A pregnant woman model to study injury mechanisms in car crashes Authors: Jérémie Pérès*, Michel Behr*, Lionel Thollon*, Kambiz Kayvantash**. *IFSTTAR, **CADLM Correspondance: Jérémie Pérès Laboratoire
More informationThoracic Injury Criterion for Frontal Crash Applicable to All Restraint Systems
Stapp Car Crash Journal, Vol. 47 (October 2003), pp. 323-348 Copyright 2003 The Stapp Association Stapp Car Crash Journal 2003-22-0015 Thoracic Injury Criterion for Frontal Crash Applicable to All Restraint
More informationUSE OF SIMULATION TO IMPROVE CARDIOVASCULAR STENT DEVELOPMENT
USE OF SIMULATION TO IMPROVE CARDIOVASCULAR STENT DEVELOPMENT V. Astier, S. Bidal, V. Garitey, F. Mouret Abstract : A stent is a wire metal mesh tube placed into an artery or blood vessel to hold the structure
More informationBasic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (I) 100/04/24
Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (I) 100/04/24 Evaluation of breathing function Chart review History Chest X ray Blood test Observation/palpation Chest mobility Shape of chest wall Accessory
More informationPediatric Respiratory System: Basic Anatomy & Physiology. Jihad Zahraa Pediatric Intensivist Head of PICU, King Fahad Medical City
Pediatric Respiratory System: Basic Anatomy & Physiology Jihad Zahraa Pediatric Intensivist Head of PICU, King Fahad Medical City Outline Introduction Developmental Anatomy Developmental Mechanics of Breathing
More informationANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY ONLINE COURSE - SESSION 2 ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY ONLINE COURSE - SESSION 2 ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY Human beings are arguably the most complex organisms on this planet. Imagine billions of microscopic parts, each with its own identity,
More informationQ dummy family. Fahrzeugsicherheit Berlin e.v. Robert Kant, Christian Kleessen (Humanetics)
Computational models of Q dummy family Ines Lehmann, Heiko Johannsen (VFSB) Robert Kant, Christian Kleessen (Humanetics) Protection of children hld in cars, December 2 3, 2010, Munich Fahrzeugsicherheit
More informationHow To Simulate A Kidney Blunt Impact
COMPARISON OF TETRAHEDRAL AND HEXAHEDRAL MESHES FOR ORGAN FINITE ELEMENT MODELING: AN APPLICATION TO KIDNEY IMPACT Xavier BOURDIN INRETS - LBMC (UMR_T946 INRETS/UCBL1), Bron, France Xavier TROSSEILLE,
More informationSkeletal Muscle Mechanics
Skeletal Muscle Mechanics Brief reminder Types of muscle contraction Force of weight = force developed by muscle Muscle length does not change Force of weight < force developed by muscle Muscle allowed
More informationCRASH ANALYSIS OF AN IMPACT ATTENUATOR FOR RACING CAR IN SANDWICH MATERIAL
F2008-SC-016 CRASH ANALYSIS OF AN IMPACT ATTENUATOR FOR RACING CAR IN SANDWICH MATERIAL Boria, Simonetta *, Forasassi, Giuseppe Department of Mechanical, Nuclear and Production Engineering, University
More informationInfluence of Crash Box on Automotive Crashworthiness
Influence of Crash Box on Automotive Crashworthiness MIHAIL DANIEL IOZSA, DAN ALEXANDRU MICU, GHEORGHE FRĂȚILĂ, FLORIN- CRISTIAN ANTONACHE University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest 313 Splaiul Independentei
More informationTHUMS User Community
THUMS User Community Project Overview Th. Fuchs 1, K. Zhou 1, Prof. Dr. S. Peldschus 1,2 1 Biomechanics Group, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Munich 2 Hochschule Furtwangen University Stuttgart,
More informationRESPIRATORY VENTILATION Page 1
Page 1 VENTILATION PARAMETERS A. Lung Volumes 1. Basic volumes: elements a. Tidal Volume (V T, TV): volume of gas exchanged each breath; can change as ventilation pattern changes b. Inspiratory Reserve
More informationWelcome to Anatomy & Physiology
Welcome to Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1 -Human Organization What do you need to do to pass this class? MEMORIZE! The Scope of Human Anatomy Human anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body.
More informationAn Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Objectives Define anatomy and physiology Identify the levels of organization in organisms from simplest to most complex Identify the organ systems of the human
More informationEFFECT OF VEHICLE DESIGN ON HEAD INJURY SEVERITY AND THROW DISTANCE VARIATIONS IN BICYCLE CRASHES
EFFECT OF VEHICLE DESIGN ON HEAD INJURY SEVERITY AND THROW DISTANCE VARIATIONS IN BICYCLE CRASHES S. Mukherjee A. Chawla D. Mohan M. Singh R. Dey Transportation Res. and Injury Prevention program Indian
More informationMATERIALS AND METHODS
REDISTRIBUTION OF LOAD OF INJURED LOWER CERVICAL SPINE UNDER AXIAL COMPRESSION USING FEM E. C. Teo 1 and H. W. Ng 1 1 School of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Nanyang Technological University,
More informationProduct-process interaction modeling of composite structures using As-Built information
FASERINSTITUT BREMEN e.v. (FIBRE) Product-process interaction modeling of composite structures using As-Built information Christian BRAUNER 1, Andrea MIENE 1, Michael BRUYNEEL², Frederic PASCON², Axel
More informationClinical Biomechanics
Clinical Biomechanics 25 (2010) 859 866 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Clinical Biomechanics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/clinbiomech Intra-abdominal pressure and abdominal wall
More informationAnatomy PHL 212. By Dr Tajdar Husain Khan
Anatomy PHL 212 By Dr Tajdar Husain Khan Overview of Anatomy Anatomy(from the Greek word anatome,"dissection") is a branch of natural science dealing with the structural organization of living things The
More informationFinite Element Formulation for Beams - Handout 2 -
Finite Element Formulation for Beams - Handout 2 - Dr Fehmi Cirak (fc286@) Completed Version Review of Euler-Bernoulli Beam Physical beam model midline Beam domain in three-dimensions Midline, also called
More informationPresented by the expert of France 55th Session of the UN ECE Working Party on Passive Safety GRSP 19-23 May 2014 Agenda Items 15
Informal document GRSP 55 39 (55th GRSP, 19 23 May 2013, agenda items 15 & 18) Presented by the expert of France 55th Session of the UN ECE Working Party on Passive Safety GRSP 19-23 May 2014 Agenda Items
More informationI tro r duct c io i n t o Exercise Technique
Introduction to Exercise Technique Is Exercise Technique Important? It is the actual technique used for a resistance training exercise that determines; The precise movement pattern the body will be attempting
More informationLab #11: Respiratory Physiology
Lab #11: Respiratory Physiology Background The respiratory system enables the exchange of O 2 and CO 2 between the cells and the atmosphere, thus enabling the intake of O 2 into the body for aerobic respiration
More informationA COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TWO METHODOLOGIES FOR NON LINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF KNIFE EDGE GATE VALVE SLEEVE
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 6, Issue 12, Dec 2015, pp. 81-90, Article ID: IJMET_06_12_009 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?jtype=ijmet&vtype=6&itype=12
More informationAgoraLink Agora for Life Science Technologies Linköpings Universitet Kurs i Fysiologisk mätteknik Biofluidflöden
AgoraLink Agora for Life Science Technologies Linköpings Universitet Kurs i Fysiologisk mätteknik Biofluidflöden Fysiologisk mätteknik Anatomy of the heart The complex myocardium structure right ventricle
More informationThe Pilates Studio of Los Angeles / PilatesCertificationOnline.com
Anatomy Review Part I Anatomical Terminology and Review Questions (through pg. 80) Define the following: 1. Sagittal Plane 2. Frontal or Coronal Plane 3. Horizontal Plane 4. Superior 5. Inferior 6. Anterior
More informationHuman Anatomy and Physiology The Respiratory System
Human Anatomy and Physiology The Respiratory System Basic functions of the respiratory system: as a Gas exchange supply oxygen to aerobic tissues in the body and remove carbon dioxide waste product. in-
More informationPulmonary Ventilation
Pulmonary Ventilation Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (http://www.aw-bc.com) Page 1. Introduction Pulmonary ventilation, or breathing, is the
More informationSAULT COLLEGE OF APPLIED ARTS & TECHNOLOGY SAULT STE MARIE, ON COURSE OUTLINE
SAULT COLLEGE OF APPLIED ARTS & TECHNOLOGY SAULT STE MARIE, ON COURSE OUTLINE Course Title: Normal Functional Movement Code No.: RSP102 Semester: 1 Program: Author: Chiropractic Health Assistant Nancy
More informationExperimental determination of cervical spine mechanical properties
Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics Vol. 10, No. 4, 2008 Experimental determination of cervical spine mechanical properties MAREK GZIK*, WOJCIECH WOLAŃSKI, DAGMARA TEJSZERSKA Division of General Mechanics
More informationBENEFIT OF DYNAMIC USE CASES TO EARLY DESIGN A DRIVING ASSISTANCE SYSTEM FOR PEDESTRIAN/TRUCK COLLISION AVOIDANCE
BENEFIT OF DYNAMIC USE CASES TO EARLY DESIGN A DRIVING ASSISTANCE SYSTEM FOR PEDESTRIAN/TRUCK COLLISION AVOIDANCE Hélène Tattegrain, Arnaud Bonnard, Benoit Mathern, LESCOT, INRETS France Paper Number 09-0489
More informationComputer Aided Engineering (CAE) Techniques Applied To Hip Implant
International Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 3 Issue. 3 Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) Techniques Applied To Hip Implant 1, M. S. Abo_Elkhair, 2, M. E. Abo-Elnor,
More informationASSESSING MOTORCYCLE CRASH-RELATED HEAD INJURIES USING FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATIONS
ISSN 1726-4529 Int j simul model 9 (2010) 3, 143-151 Professional paper ASSESSING MOTORCYCLE CRASH-RELATED HEAD INJURIES USING FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATIONS Toma, M. * ; Njilie, F. E. A. * ; Ghajari, M. **
More informationMuscle Energy Technique. Applied to the Shoulder
Muscle Energy Technique Applied to the Shoulder MUSCLE ENERGY Theory Muscle energy technique is a manual therapy procedure which involves the voluntary contraction of a muscle in a precisely controlled
More informationBiomechanical simulation of thorax deformation using finite element approach
DOI 10.1186/s12938-016-0132-y BioMedical Engineering OnLine RESEARCH Open Access Biomechanical simulation of thorax deformation using finite element approach Guangzhi Zhang 1*, Xian Chen 1, Junji Ohgi
More informationLeghe a memoria di forma come tecnologia di attuazione per la biorobotica
Leghe a memoria di forma come tecnologia di attuazione per la biorobotica Milano, 7 novembre, 2013 Maurizio Follador maurizio.follador@sssup.it Advanced Education, Frontier Interdisciplinary Research and
More informationSAFE A HEAD. Structural analysis and Finite Element simulation of an innovative ski helmet. Prof. Petrone Nicola Eng.
SAFE A HEAD Structural analysis and Finite Element simulation of an innovative ski helmet Prof. Petrone Nicola Eng. Cherubina Enrico Goal Development of an innovative ski helmet on the basis of analyses
More informationImage-based simulation of the human thorax for cardio-pulmonary applications
Presented at the COMSOL Conference 2009 Boston Image-based simulation of the human thorax for cardio-pulmonary applications F. K. Hermans and R. M. Heethaar, VU University Medical Center, Netherlands R.
More informationPREDICTING THROW DISTANCE VARIATIONS IN BICYCLE CRASHES
PREDICTING THROW DISTANCE VARIATIONS IN BICYCLE CRASHES MUKHERJEE S, CHAWLA A, MOHAN D, CHANDRAWAT S, AGARWAL V TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH AND INJURY PREVENTION PROGRAMME INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY NEW
More informationCHAPTER 9 BODY ORGANIZATION
CHAPTER 9 BODY ORGANIZATION Objectives Identify the meaning of 10 or more terms relating to the organization of the body Describe the properties of life Describe the function for the structures of the
More informationMORPHOPHYSIOLOGY I Human Anatomy & Physiology I
MORPHOPHYSIOLOGY I Human Anatomy & Physiology I Semester Credits: 4 In-class Hours: 48 Out-of-Class Hours: 96 Level: 1 st year OVERVIEW Morphophysiology I introduces students to the study of anatomy and
More informationSTUDY OF DAM-RESERVOIR DYNAMIC INTERACTION USING VIBRATION TESTS ON A PHYSICAL MODEL
STUDY OF DAM-RESERVOIR DYNAMIC INTERACTION USING VIBRATION TESTS ON A PHYSICAL MODEL Paulo Mendes, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Portugal Sérgio Oliveira, Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia
More informationPedestrian protection - Pedestrian in collision with personal car
Pedestrian protection - Pedestrian in collision with personal car Authors: Jiří Svoboda, Ing; Zdeněk Šolc, Ing. Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Automotive
More informationMotorcycle accident reconstruction in VL Motion
Motorcycle accident reconstruction in VL Motion Presenter Nicola Cofelice ESR 14 AGENDA 1 Motorcycle accident reconstruction - Overview 2 Research progress 3 What s next? copyright LMS International -
More informationINTRODUCTION. ICrash 2006, Athens Greece, 4th-7th July 2006
Real accidents involving vulnerable road users: in-depth investigation, numerical simulation and experimental reconstitution with PMHS. T Serre *, C Masson *, C Perrin **, S Chalandon *, M Llari *, M Py
More informationAN EXPLANATION OF JOINT DIAGRAMS
AN EXPLANATION OF JOINT DIAGRAMS When bolted joints are subjected to external tensile loads, what forces and elastic deformation really exist? The majority of engineers in both the fastener manufacturing
More informationFIRST RESULTS FROM THE JAMA HUMAN BODY MODEL PROJECT
FIRST RESULTS FROM THE JAMA HUMAN BODY MODEL PROJECT Tomiji Sugimoto Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc. Kunio Yamazaki Japan Automobile Research Institute Japan Paper Number 05-0291 ABSTRACT
More informationUpon successful completion of the program, graduates may obtain employment as Physical Therapist Assistants (CIP # 51.0806; O-NET # 31-2021.
ASSOCIATE OF APPLIED SCIENCE IN PHYSICAL THERAPIST ASSISTANT (PTA AAS) 1750 clock hours/ 80 weeks (Total time to complete the program may vary based on school holidays and breaks) 63 weeks Theory/Lab (14-24
More informationOxygenation. Chapter 21. Anatomy and Physiology of Breathing. Anatomy and Physiology of Breathing*
Oxygenation Chapter 21 Anatomy and Physiology of Breathing Inspiration ~ breathing in Expiration ~ breathing out Ventilation ~ Movement of air in & out of the lungs Respiration ~ exchange of O2 & carbon
More informationUNIT 1 BODY PLAN AND ORGANIZATION LECTURE
UNIT 1 BODY PLAN AND ORGANIZATION LECTURE 1.03 CONTRAST THE SCIENCES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY A. Anatomy Anatomy is the scientific study of structures and the relationship of.. structures to each other.
More informationSIESMIC SLOSHING IN CYLINDRICAL TANKS WITH FLEXIBLE BAFFLES
SIESMIC SLOSHING IN CYLINDRICAL TANKS WITH FLEXIBLE BAFFLES Kayahan AKGUL 1, Yasin M. FAHJAN 2, Zuhal OZDEMIR 3 and Mhamed SOULI 4 ABSTRACT Sloshing has been one of the major concerns for engineers in
More information4.3 Results... 27 4.3.1 Drained Conditions... 27 4.3.2 Undrained Conditions... 28 4.4 References... 30 4.5 Data Files... 30 5 Undrained Analysis of
Table of Contents 1 One Dimensional Compression of a Finite Layer... 3 1.1 Problem Description... 3 1.1.1 Uniform Mesh... 3 1.1.2 Graded Mesh... 5 1.2 Analytical Solution... 6 1.3 Results... 6 1.3.1 Uniform
More informationAnatomy & Physiology 120. Lab #7 Muscle Tissue and Skeletal Muscles
Anatomy & Physiology 120 Lab #7 Muscle Tissue and Skeletal Muscles What you Need to Know Look briefly at the Structure of: 1) Skeletal, 2) Smooth & 3) Cardiac Muscle Naming, Identification, Functions You
More informationLong term performance of polymers
1.0 Introduction Long term performance of polymers Polymer materials exhibit time dependent behavior. The stress and strain induced when a load is applied are a function of time. In the most general form
More information3. Experimental Results
Experimental study of the wind effect on the focusing of transient wave groups J.P. Giovanangeli 1), C. Kharif 1) and E. Pelinovsky 1,) 1) Institut de Recherche sur les Phénomènes Hors Equilibre, Laboratoire
More informationINJECTION MOLDING COOLING TIME REDUCTION AND THERMAL STRESS ANALYSIS
INJECTION MOLDING COOLING TIME REDUCTION AND THERMAL STRESS ANALYSIS Tom Kimerling University of Massachusetts, Amherst MIE 605 Finite Element Analysis Spring 2002 ABSTRACT A FEA transient thermal structural
More informationIntroduction to A&P (Chapter 1) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College. Eastern Campus
Introduction to A&P (Chapter 1) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College Primary Sources for figures and content: Eastern Campus Marieb, E. N. Human Anatomy & Physiology
More informationAehlert: Paramedic Practice Today PowerPoint Lecture Notes Chapter 50: Abdominal Trauma
Aehlert: Paramedic Practice Today PowerPoint Lecture Notes Chapter 50: Abdominal Trauma Chapter 50 Abdominal Trauma 1 Describe the epidemiology, including morbidity, mortality rates, and prevention strategies,
More informationAnimal Systems: The Musculoskeletal System
Animal Systems: The Musculoskeletal System Tissues, Organs, and Systems of Living Things Cells, Cell Division, and Animal Systems and Plant Systems Cell Specialization Human Systems The Digestive The Circulatory
More informationHow To Powertrain A Car With A Hybrid Powertrain
ELECTRIFICATION OF VEHICLE DRIVE TRAIN THE DIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING CHALLENGES A3PS Conference, Vienna Dr. Frank Beste AVL List GmbH 1 Motivation for Powertrain Electrification Global Megatrends: Urbanization
More informationMathematical Model of Blood Flow in Carotid Bifurcation. Phd student: Eng. Emanuel Muraca. 16/10/09 Milan
Presented at the COMSOL Conference 2009 Milan Mathematical Model of Blood Flow in Carotid Bifurcation Phd student: Eng. Emanuel Muraca 16/10/09 Milan 1 Research s s goal The goal of this research is to
More informationWhat Are the Health Benefits Associated with Strength Training?
Strength Training Program Necessary Basic information to obtain results. -- Most of the information contained in this handout is based on information gathered, researched, and presented by the National
More informationChapter 6. Components of Elasticity. Musculotendinous Unit. Behavioral Properties of the Musculotendinous Unit. Biomechanics of Skeletal Muscle
Chapter 6 Behavioral Properties of the Musculotendinous Unit 1) extensibility: ability to be stretched or to increase in length 2) elasticity: ability to return to normal resting length following a stretch
More informationStability of the spine modelled as an arch
Loughborough University Institutional Repository Stability of the spine modelled as an arch This item was submitted to Loughborough University's Institutional Repository by the/an author. Citation: XIAO,
More informationAssessment of Whiplash Protection in Rear Impacts. Crash Tests and Real-life Crashes
Assessment of Whiplash Protection in Rear Impacts Crash Tests and Real-life Crashes Maria Krafft, Anders Kullgren Folksam Anders Lie, Claes Tingvall Swedish National Road Administration June 24 Summary
More informationStudy on Structural Behaviour of Human Vertebral Column Using Staad.Pro
Study on Structural Behaviour of Human Vertebral Column Using Staad.Pro Healtheephan alexis. S Post graduate student, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore 641 013 healtheephan@yahoo.com ABSTRACT
More informationA. All cells need oxygen and release carbon dioxide why?
I. Introduction: Describe how the cardiovascular and respiratory systems interact to supply O 2 and eliminate CO 2. A. All cells need oxygen and release carbon dioxide why? B. Two systems that help to
More informationRehabilitation of Sports Hernia
Rehabilitation of Sports Hernia (Involving Adductor Tenotomy, Ilioinguinal Neurectomy and Osteitis Pubis) An appendix follows this protocol for examples of exercises in each phase of rehabilitation. There
More informationDEVELOPMENT OF HELICOPTER SAFETY DEVICES
25 TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF THE AERONAUTICAL SCIENCES DEVELOPMENT OF HELICOPTER SAFETY DEVICES Wayne Lam, Cees Bil *RMIT University Keywords: helicopter, crash, simulation, MADYMO Abstract Recent investigations
More informationHuman Anatomy & Physiology General
Human Anatomy & Physiology General Biology is the study of life but, what exactly is life? how are living things different from nonliving things eg. a human from a rock eg. a a human from a robot eg. a
More informationHead injury prediction tool for protective systems optimisation
Head injury prediction tool for protective systems optimisation Deck Caroline, Willinger Rémy Strasbourg University, IMFS-CNRS Strasbourg, France Summary: This paper presents an original numerical human
More informationThoracic injuries in frontal car crashes: risk assessment using a finite element human body model by
THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Machine and Vehicles Systems Thoracic injuries in frontal car crashes: risk assessment using a finite element human body model by MANUEL MENDOZA VÁZQUEZ
More informationIntra-abdominal pressure mechanism for stabilizing the lumbar spine
Journal of Biomechanics 32 (1999) 13 17 Intra-abdominal pressure mechanism for stabilizing the lumbar spine Jacek Cholewicki *, Krishna Juluru, Stuart M. McGill Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Department
More informationDeflection Calculation of RC Beams: Finite Element Software Versus Design Code Methods
Deflection Calculation of RC Beams: Finite Element Software Versus Design Code Methods G. Kaklauskas, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 1223 Vilnius, Lithuania (gintaris.kaklauskas@st.vtu.lt) V.
More informationIntroduction to A&P (Chapter 1) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College Eastern Campus
Introduction to A&P (Chapter 1) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College Eastern Campus Primary Sources for figures and content: Marieb, E. N. Human Anatomy & Physiology
More informationBASIC PROPERTIES OF MUSCLE
BASIC PROPERTIES OF MUSCLE 18-1 Lecture Overview Muscles and motion Muscles Muscle structure Relevant properties Force-length properties Muscle states Force-velocity relationship Muscle fiber types Isometric
More informationFull-field kinematic measurements by Digital Image Correlation for material characterization at different scales
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA), Politecnico di Milano, June 8 th, 2015 Full-field kinematic measurements by Digital Image Correlation for material characterization at different
More informationINVESTIGATION OF VISCOELASTICITY AND CURE SHRINKAGE IN AN EPOXY RESIN DURING PROCESSING
TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPOSITE MATERIALS INVESTIGATION OF VISCOELASTICITY AND CURE SHRINKAGE IN AN EPOXY RESIN DURING PROCESSING T. Shimizu *, H. Koinuma, K. Nagai Mitsubishi Heavy Industries,
More informationLow Back Injury in the Industrial Athlete: An Anatomic Approach
Low Back Injury in the Industrial Athlete: An Anatomic Approach Earl J. Craig, M.D. Assistant Professor Indiana University School of Medicine Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Epidemiology
More informationToward Anatomical Simulation for Breath Training in Mind/Body Medicine
Toward Anatomical Simulation for Breath Training in Mind/Body Medicine Benjamin Sanders 1 Paul DiLorenzo 1,2 Victor Zordan 1 and Donald Bakal 3 Abstract The use of breath in healing is poorly understood
More informationSit stand desks and musculo skeletal health. Katharine Metters
Sit stand desks and musculo skeletal health Katharine Metters Topics Sitting Standing Movement and activity Work and human change Sitting uses less energy Sitting provides support for the body to reduce
More informationHole s Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition. Mrs. Hummer Hanover Area Jr./Sr. High School. Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Hole s Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition Mrs. Hummer Hanover Area Jr./Sr. High School Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
More informationENHANCEMENT OF SEAT PERFORMANCE IN LOW-SPEED REAR IMPACT
ENHANCEMENT OF SEAT PERFORMANCE IN LOW-SPEED REAR IMPACT Harald Zellmer Michael Stamm Alexander Seidenschwang Autoliv GmbH, Elmshorn, Germany Anton Brunner Winterthur Insurance Corp., Dep. of Accident
More informationWHIPLASH INJURIES, NOT ONLY A PROBLEM IN REAR-END IMPACT
WHIPLASH INJURIES, NOT ONLY A PROBLEM IN REAR-END IMPACT Hans Cappon Michiel van Ratingen Jac Wismans TNO Automotive The Netherlands Wolf Hell and Dina Lang German Institute for Vehicle Safety (GDV) Germany
More informationRear Impact Dummy Biofidelity
GTR 7 Informal Working Group February 28 March 1 211 Brussels, Belgium Rear Impact Dummy Biofidelity Kevin Moorhouse, Ph.D. NHTSA Yun-Seok Kang Ohio State University Objectives & Tasks Evaluate biofidelity
More informationThe Mechanics of Arrow Flight upon Release
The Mechanics of Arrow Flight upon Release Lieu, D.K. University of California, Berkeley Kim, Jinho and Kim, Ki Chan Korea National Sport University, Seoul Abstract The dynamic behavior of arrows upon
More informationACCELERATED REHABILITATION PROTOCOL FOR POST OPERATIVE POSTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION DR LEO PINCZEWSKI DR JUSTIN ROE
ACCELERATED REHABILITATION PROTOCOL FOR POST OPERATIVE POSTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION DR LEO PINCZEWSKI DR JUSTIN ROE January 2005 Rationale of Accelerated Rehabilitation Rehabilitation after
More informationSAULT COLLEGE OF APPLIED ARTS & TECHNOLOGY SAULT STE MARIE, ON COURSE OUTLINE. Date: Sept., 2002 Previous Outline Date: 09/01.
SAULT COLLEGE OF APPLIED ARTS & TECHNOLOGY SAULT STE MARIE, ON COURSE OUTLINE Course Title: Normal Functional Movement Code No.: RSP1020 Semester: 1 Program: Author: Instructor: Chiropractic Health Assistant
More informationWhat is Pilates? Pilates for Horses?
What is Pilates? Pilates is a conditioning system that increases core stability, strength and body awareness; redresses imbalances, and re aligns the body from the inside out. It can improve posture, achieve
More informationMECHINICAL VENTILATION S. Kache, MD
MECHINICAL VENTILATION S. Kache, MD Spontaneous respiration vs. Mechanical ventilation Natural spontaneous ventilation occurs when the respiratory muscles, diaphragm and intercostal muscles pull on the
More informationDESIGN AND EVALUTION OF A NEW-GENERATION FUEL-EFFICIENCY SUPPORT TOOL. Mascha van der Voort and Martin van Maarseveen
DESIGN AND EVALUTION OF A NEW-GENERATION FUEL-EFFICIENCY SUPPORT TOOL Mascha van der Voort and Martin van Maarseveen Department of Civil Engineering & Management University of Twente P.O. Box 217, 7500
More informationChapter 12 The Trunk and Spinal Column
Chapter 12 The Trunk and Spinal Column Manual of Structural Kinesiology R.T. Floyd, EdD, ATC, CSCS Vertebral Abdominal 24 31 most column complex some intricate & complex articulating vertebrae do pairs
More informationMETHODS FOR ACHIEVEMENT UNIFORM STRESSES DISTRIBUTION UNDER THE FOUNDATION
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 7, Issue 2, March-April 2016, pp. 45-66, Article ID: IJCIET_07_02_004 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?jtype=ijciet&vtype=7&itype=2
More informationAP-90-0004. Final report for the work on Motorcyclist Accidents (SP4) Project no. FP6-PLT-506503 APROSYS
Final report for the work on Motorcyclist Accidents (SP4) AP-90-0004 Project no. FP6-PLT-506503 APROSYS Integrated Project on Advanced Protection Systems Intrument: Integrated Project Thematic Priority
More informationModeling Beams on Elastic Foundations Using Plate Elements in Finite Element Method
Modeling Beams on Elastic Foundations Using Plate Elements in Finite Element Method Yun-gang Zhan School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang,
More informationSpinal Cord Injury Education. An Overview for Patients, Families, and Caregivers
Spinal Cord Injury Education An Overview for Patients, Families, and Caregivers Spinal Cord Anatomy A major component of the Central Nervous System (CNS) It is 15 to 16 inches long, and weighs 1 to 2 ounces
More informationSAULT COLLEGE OF APPLIED ARTS & TECHNOLOGY SAULT STE MARIE, ON COURSE OUTLINE. Date: Sept., 2001 Previous Outline Date: 09/00.
SAULT COLLEGE OF APPLIED ARTS & TECHNOLOGY SAULT STE MARIE, ON COURSE OUTLINE Course Title: Normal Functional Movement Code No.: RSP102 Semester: 1 Program: Author: Instructor: Chiropractic Health Assistant
More informationNEUROMUSCULAR FACTORS
HAZARD FACTORS OF ACL RUPTURE: NEUROMUSCULAR FACTORS KAUX JF, Delvaux F, Forthomme B, Massart N, Daniel C, Crielaard JM, Croisier JL Sports Medicine and Traumatology Department (SPORTS2) University Hopital
More information