Data Center Site Qualification Program Detailed Site Prospectus Roanoke County Center for Research and Technology Roanoke / Salem, Virginia January 2013
Table of Contents About This Report... 4 Executive Summary... 5 Chapter 1 - Overview... 9 Data Center Options & Layouts... 9 Variables... 9 Enterprise User Model... 10 Co-Location Model... 11 Other Considerations... 13 Data Center Modeling Summary... 17 Infrastructure Services... 18 Electrical... 18 Fiber and Telecommunications Infrastructure... 21 Gas... 25 Water... 25 Sewer... 25 Business Continuity Review... 26 Natural Disaster Risk... 26 Man-Made Disaster Risk... 28 Fire and Rescue Services... 31 Police and Crime Index... 32 Public Transportation... 32 Specific Mission Critical Support... 34 2
Demographic Benchmark Results... 36 Chapter 2 Site Details... 38 Site Location... 39 Current Utilization... 41 Surrounding Uses... 42 Field Survey... 42 Climate and Weather... 45 Chapter 3 Data Center Model Calculations... 47 Chapter 4 Fiber Carrier Details... 54 Chapter 5 Business Continuity Analysis... 56 Natural Disaster Risk Details... 57 Man-Made Disaster Risk Details... 62 Public Transportation... 65 Chapter 6 Demographic Details... 69 Background... 70 Demographic Details... 71 3
About This Report This feasibility report was prepared in conjunction with American Electric Power s (AEP s) Data Center Site Qualification Program. The program s objective is the proactive identification and analysis of sites that offer the unique combination of factors desired by today s mission critical and data center operations. These factors include highly reliable and redundant power and fiber infrastructures, competitive cost structures, and a location insulated from manmade and natural risks. Biggins Lacy Shapiro & Co., a location economics and site selection firm, has served as lead consultant for the program, together with its affiliated energy services company, Sugarloaf Associates. Engineering and site evaluation services were provided by Intelligent Building Solutions, LLC (IBS), a facilities consulting firm focusing on mission critical projects. This report was written by IBS using a culmination of their independent analysis of the Roanoke County Center for Research and Technology in Salem, VA (RCCRT) and its suitability for a mission critical facility. The review process included an initial site survey and an in-depth review of supporting documents to ascertain the feasibility to support a test model mission critical facility with 100,000 square feet of raised floor (computer room) designed to current industry specifications for power usage and redundancy. 4
Executive Summary This report examined the potential for mission critical development at the Roanoke County Center for Research and Technology in the Salem, VA area (RCCRT). The site is a newly developed 483-acre technology park located approximately 20 miles southwest of downtown Roanoke, directly adjacent to Exit 132 of Interstate 81. The analysis demonstrates excellent potential for data center development, earning the site a 7 rating out of a possible 10. The site s orientation is favorable for data center development, and it offers strong utility infrastructure. Logistically, the Salem area offers a temperate climate and a low susceptibility to natural and man-made disasters, although the location s proximity to metropolitan cities and public transportation options could be a concern for some risk-adverse users. The site s location is appropriate for a stand-alone enterprise user or a colocation facility, and the site will physically accommodate either. For purposes of this analysis, the site was designed with 100,000 square feet of raised floor, also known as white space. Graphic 1.1 and 1.2 are maps showing RCCRT in relation to the state of Virginia, Roanoke and Salem, Virginia. 5
Washington D.C. 253 miles RCCRT Richmond, VA 195 Miles Graphic 1.3 Map showing RCCRT relationship to major data center market hubs Graphic 1.4 Map showing lot layout for RCCRT 6
SITE ATTRIBUTES Roanoke County Center for Research and Technology A. General Information Location Type of Site Size Salem, Virginia Area Technology Park 26-57 acres (5 lots available) B. Electric Infrastructure Existing Service Voltage MCF Service Voltage Proposed In-Service Date Design Load Capacity Notes C. Fiber Infrastructure Providers in Vicinity High Bandwidth (Distance from Site) 12.47 kv 138 kv 12-18 months from signed customer letter of intent Service in excess of 20MW ½ mile of right-of-way remains to be secured to bring line to site AT&T, Verizon, Cox Communications Approx. 1.5 miles D. Other Utilities Natural Gas Service 4, 40 PSI Natural Gas Provider Roanoke Gas Company Water 12, 82 PSI Available Water Capacity 3 MGD for RCCRT as whole Water Provider Western Virginia Water Authority Sewer 8 Sewer Provider Western Virginia Water Authority Available Sewer Capacity 1 MGD for RCCRT as whole E. Natural Disaster Risk Seismic Rating Low (See Chapter 5) Tornado Rating Low (See Chapter 5) F. Man-Made Disaster Risk Low susceptibility to man-made disasters. Only three areas of concern have been noted within the report. Forest Fire Low concern of occurrence Traffic Accident on Local Highways Concern in regards to site access Rail Line Accident Low concern of occurrence and impact 7
LOCATION EVALUATION Roanoke County Center for Research and Technology OVERALL RATING 7 OUT OF 10 A. Location (Rating of 4 out of 10) a. Proximity to Major Highways Favorable b. Proximity to Public Transportation Mixed Unfavorable c. Distance to Metropolitan Cities (<40 Miles) Unfavorable d. Proximity to Major Financial Market Hubs (< 75 fiber km) Unfavorable e. Proximity to NYC 458 miles B. Available Utility Resources (Rating of 7 out of 10) a. High Voltage Electrical Services Favorable Mixed b. Water Favorable c. Natural Gas Favorable d. Fiber Connectivity Favorable C. Site Logistics/Security (Rating 7 out of 10) a. Proximity to Adjoining Buildings/Property Favorable b. Ability to Fence/Secure Property Very Favorable c. Susceptibility to Natural Disasters Favorable-Mixed d. Susceptibility to Man-Made Disasters Favorable e. Distance from Building Structure to Street Favorable f. Distance from Building Structure to Railroads Favorable g. Access to Public Transportation Mixed h. Access to Service Vendors (1 hour response time) Mixed Favorable i. Access to Fuel Favorable j. Weather Favorable k. Air Quality Favorable D. Property (Rating 10 out of 10) a. Available Yard Space for Mission Critical Facility Equip. Very Favorable b. Paved Surfaces/Parking Very Favorable c. Provisions for Future Expansion Very Favorable E. Area Demographics (Rating of 7 out of 10) a. Population Density Favorable b. Workforce and Talent Pool Mixed c. Housing Favorable d. Employment and Income Statistics Favorable e. Local Government and Services Favorable f. School District and Higher Education Favorable Very Favorable (7-10) Favorable (5-7) Mixed (3-5) Unfavorable (1-3) 8
Chapter 1 - Overview Data Center Options & Layouts For illustrative and analytical purposes, a feasibility test was conducted to assess and model the site s capacity to accommodate a prototypical data center with these attributes: Total building size - approximately 188,122 gross square feet (GSF) Building dimensions - 900 by 207.5 Tilt-up construction with pre-cast concrete walls Slab to beam clear height - 36 Column spacing - 52 on center longitudinally by 50 laterally Two analyses were performed to maximize the building s white space yield: 1. Enterprise model - In an enterprise model, the objective is to achieve the most amount of power with the highest redundancy. 2. Co-location model - In a co-location model, the objective is to get the most amount of white space at moderate densities. Redundancy is a secondary function. The layouts illustrated are diagrammatic and are used for graphical representation to show the inherent differences between the enterprise and colocation scenarios. They are not intended to be precise representations. For example, the layouts do not take into account egress and minor inefficient space. However, they do demonstrate a fairly accurate estimate for potential yields and, experience has shown, are accurate to within five percent. Variables A number of variables have been factored into the feasibility analysis. Explanations of the key variables follow, while the assumptions used by the models are documented later in this section and Chapter 3. Density - the amount of power (expressed in watts) used per square foot. Density is calculated by configuring a cabinet layout/count and multiplying it by the cabinet load then dividing by the amount of white space. Cabinet Load - the amount of power used by the equipment (servers, storage arrays, or communication equipment) contained in a given cabinet. Cabinet load is typically calculated using a weighted average. Today s cabinet average loads run between 2.5 to 7 watts per cabinet. 9
Critical Load (also called IT Load) - The amount of power needed to operate the computing equipment. The total critical load is used to calculate the mechanical requirements, or essential load. Redundancy - System redundancy is expressed in Tier levels: Tier I - No redundancy on the critical (IT) load or the essential load. The uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is sized for the IT load (N load). There is no redundancy in the mechanical plant. The emergency power system (EPS) -- i.e., the generator -- is sized for the IT and mechanical loads. This system is 99.671% reliable, with 28.84 hours (1,730.41 minutes) of expected downtime per year. Tier II - N+1 redundancy on the critical load, N+1 redundancy on the essential load. Single generator EPS plant for full critical and essential load. 99.741% reliable, with 22.70 hours (1362.20 minutes) expected downtime per year. Tier III - 2N redundancy on the critical load, N+1 redundancy on the essential load. 2N redundancy on the EPS plant. The plant is sized for full critical and essential loads. 99.982% reliable, with 1.57 hours (94.68 minutes) expected downtime per year. Tier IV - 2N+1 redundancy on the critical load, 2N redundancy on the essential load. 2N+1 redundancy on the EPS plant. The plant is sized for full critical and essential loads. 99.995% reliable, with 26.30 minutes expected downtime per year. There are several variations that can be applied to these tiers. Financial services facilities are most often modeled with Tier III redundancies. Co-location models are usually based somewhere between Tier I plus and Tier II plus. Enterprise User Model As mentioned, the first model used by this analysis was based on a design for a typical enterprise end user. 2N resiliency was assumed throughout the design for critical and essential loads. Models were based on 100W, 120W and 150W per square foot of white space. These variables were then used to calculate the parameters for a sweet spot design. There are two options for the placement of equipment: 1. Contain the majority of the mission critical equipment within the facility. 2. Place the large mission critical equipment, such as generators and the mechanical plant, outside of the building envelope. In both versions, the best design parameters were at 125W per square foot with 2N resiliency. The indoor option yielded approximately 75,000 square feet of white space 10
and the outdoor option yielded approximately 100,000 square feet. The total calculated electrical load was 16,615 kw for the indoor option and 23,171 kw for the outdoor option. (Calculations did not take into account inefficient space and support space such as offices. However, calculations for equipment spacing and rack layouts are rather conservative. Estimates are believed to be within +/- 5%.) Co-Location Model The co-location model assumes multiple data halls at approximately 9,900 square feet of white space. The model is based on N+ 1 redundancy on critical loads and N+ 1 redundancy on essential loads. Major mission critical equipment is placed outside of the building envelope. Results of the analysis indicate ten data halls plus additional space for back-of-house program and administrative offices can be arranged to fit inside the current spec build program. This data hall model will result in approximately 18,000 kw of total electrical load. Mission Critical Equipment 109,340 GSF 75,000 GSF White Space Graphic 1.5 Enterprise Solution 1 75,000 GSF white space - 109,340 GSF mission critical equipment 11
Mission Critical Equipment Outdoor Space 64,658 GSF Mission Critical Equipment 86,240 GSF 100,000 GSF White Space Graphic 1.6 Enterprise Solution 2 100,000 GSF white space - 86,240 GSF mission critical equipment 64,658 GSF reserved for outdoor equipment space Mission Critical Equipment Yard 10ea Co-location Data Halls Approx. 9,900 GSF White Space Each. 99,000 GSF White Space Total. Graphic 1.7 Co-location model with 10ea data halls approx. 9,900 GSF white space each. 99,000 GSF white space total. Program includes provisions for mission critical equipment inside and mission critical equipment yard outside. Item Enterprise Indoor Option Enterprise Outdoor Option Co-Location Model Total White Space (SF) 75,000 100,000 99,000 Total IT Load (kw) 10,395 14,850 10,968 Total N Mechanical 3,740 5,005 3,920 Plant (Tons Cooling) Total Electrical Load 16,615 23,171 17,487 (kw) Redundancy Criteria 2N 2N 2N Table 1.3 Data center design options 12
Other Considerations Several scenarios and types of mission critical facilities were analyzed in an attempt to maximize the site s fullest potential and greatest raised floor (white space) yield. Note, however, that the three biggest upfront hurdles/costs associated with data center development are: 1. The electrical service delivery, 2. The Fat Pipe fiber delivery, and 3. Planning permission for the required specialty equipment. These items must be taken into consideration and incorporated into the site s pro forma. Free Cooling Although not considered in the modeling, the weather, climate and air quality in the Roanoke area are conducive to the possibility of using free cooling for a Mission Critical facility. Temperatures and climate are rather mild. The Roanoke area s Air Quality Index (as given by the U.S. EPA) is 38 (Good), slightly better than the national average of 40. (Lower numbers indicate less pollution.) Chapter 2 includes additional details. Co-Generation It is estimated that a mission critical facility designed at 100W per square foot would require an electrical service in excess of 20 mw. Co-generation is an entirely plausible alternative for power and cooling at this location. A Combined Heat and Power cogeneration system (CHP) could be an alternative technology to augment the power requirements for the development. In a CHP system, electricity is generated by a primary fuel source such as oil, natural gas, methane, refuse, pellets, etc. The byproduct of this process is heat. The exhaust heat is captured through a series of heat exchangers which can be used to produce steam, hot water, or the hot gas which can be used directly for cooling. A combination of all three can also be incorporated where portions of the waste heat are directed to manufacture multiple byproducts for different applications. The characteristics of this site would allow for co-generation. 13
Graphic 1.8 Isometric view of data center on site Graphic 1.9 Rendering of data center at RCCRT 14
Graphic 1.10 Secondary rendering of data center at RCCRT Graphic 1.11 Cut away view of data center 15
Graphic 1.12 Cut away rendering of data center Graphic 1.13 Aerial view of data center 16
Graphic 1.14 Cut sections of data center Data Center Modeling Summary Ultimately, the initial modeling estimates for the RCCRT location project a potential 75,000 SF to 100,000 SF white space build-out. The major upfront cost and shell provisions that must be incorporated into either an enterprise or co-location model are: A. Electrical Service i. Initial utility cost and time of delivery ii. Cost of the 138 kv switchgear and substations iii. Operational cost 1. Maintenance 2. Utility usage rates B. Fiber Provisions i. Cost of the future point of presence (POP) room ii. Empty raceways and points of entry (POE) iii. Service providers C. Master Plan Provisions i. Future provisions for multiple data center development ii. Empty raceways iii. Support space iv. Additional building hardening required for mission critical development See Chapter 3 for design calculations. 17
Infrastructure Services Electrical Currently there is an existing 12.47kV, three phase underground primary service that distributes along the main road of the park. The two companies that reside in the park utilize this circuit. This circuit originates at the Kumis Substation which is approximately 2.1 circuit miles away. Typically, a circuit such as the one delivered to the RCCRT is limited to between 5 to 6 mw (Megawatts) in capacity. The limiting factor for capacity is distance from the substation and the size and type of the incoming feeders. The electrical transmission lines that run through the RCCRT are 765kV lines. These lines are not available for service to the RCCRT. Appalachian Power, the local electric utility, can deliver a single contingency or dual circuit 138kV service to the RCCRT. The dual circuit 138kV service can be fed from two diverse substations, the Kumis and Cloverdale substations. Graphic 1.15 Map of AEP s transmission network 18
Graphic 1.16 Map of AEP s transmission network Graphic 1.17 Close up of AEP s transmission network 19
Graphic 1.18 Map showing substation locations Graphic 1.19 20-mile radius map showing substation locations 20
Graphic 1.20 Diagram of proposed AEP primary utility service Fiber and Telecommunications Infrastructure There are several long haul fiber carriers within close proximity to the Roanoke County Center for Research and Technology. These carriers would be able to provide adequate bandwidth to satisfy the communications requirements of a data center or other mission critical facility. The general corridor for fiber runs along State Route 11. The route connects Washington DC to Charlotte, NC and northwesterly destinations such as Columbus, OH. Major points of presence (POPs) are located in downtown Roanoke (626 2 nd St. NW) and Bluefield, WV (704 Bland St.) The RCCRT lies approximately in between these two POPs. Other major communication POPs / regeneration facilities are located at 810 South Craig Avenue in Salem. The build-out for new fiber infrastructure for the RCCRT is within a mile and a half and would be a relatively straight forward project. There should be no major obstacles in delivering high bandwidth fiber infrastructure to the RCCRT. Fiber infrastructure would 21
have to be run aerially to the beginning of Glenmary Dr. From there, fiber services can be run subterranean or aerially to the site. In and out diverse pathways may present a challenge at this site due to the limitation of the single roadway into the technology park. Fiber maps and searches indicate several long haul providers and mid-tier fiber providers within close proximity to the RCCRT. In addition, there might be a host of lower tier fiber providers in the area. These lower tier providers usually lease or have agreements with the major fiber carriers. A site survey was performed to identify fiber infrastructure in and around the RCCRT. AT&T, Verizon Business, and Cox Communications have fiber infrastructure within the RCCRT and general vicinity. See Chapter 4 for additional information. 810 South Craig Ave. Fiber Regen / POP Roanoke County Center for Research and Technology 626 2 nd St. NW POP 2121 Gardner St Customer with Fiber Connectivity Graphic 1.21 Map showing POP and Regeneration sites 22
Graphic 1.22 Fiber map of area 23
Photo 1.1 Mark outs showing fiber Photo 1.2 Fiber manhole (COX Com.) Photo 1.3 View of aerial distribution Photo 1.4 Close up of fiber loop Photo 1.5 and 1.6 Show aerial transition to subterranean 24
Gas Roanoke Gas Company is the natural gas provider at the RCCRT. Currently a 4 high pressure gas line (40 PSI) serves the technology park. This service is adequate for back-of-house heating and hot water; however, a larger service would be required for emergency power generation and/or cogeneration. Water Water service is provided by the Western Virginia Water Authority. The main source of water serving the RCCRT and the surrounding area is the Spring Hollow Reservoir and Treatment Facility. The Reservoir is fed from the Roanoke River and has a capacity of 3.2 billion gallons. In addition, the water system is interconnected between four additional treatment facilities. The Spring Hollow Treatment Facility can treat 18 million gallons of water a day and can be expanded to treat 36 million gallons of water per day. Current average use within the network is 5.1 million gallons of water per day. The RCCRT is fed via a 12 water main at a static pressure of 82 PSI. The water usage capacity for the RCCRT is 3 million gallons per day. Sewer Wastewater and sewer service is provided by the Western Virginia Water Authority. An 8-inch sewer main serves the RCCRT. Wastewater is treated at the Roanoke Water Pollution Control Plant. This plant is permitted to treat 55 million gallons of wastewater per day with the ability to treat a peak day capacity of 90 million gallons. The system treats an average of 37 million gallons of wastewater per day. Currently, the RCCRT can discharge 1 million gallons of wastewater per day. 25
Business Continuity Review Natural Disaster Risk This site has a rather low exposure to natural disasters that could affect the continuous operation of a mission critical facility. However, data center operators must also consider the potential for natural disasters to impact aerial distribution infrastructure and modes of transportation. Seismic The area of Glenvar and the city of Salem have a 0.17 index rating for earthquakes. This information is from algorithms calculated by the USGS. The U.S. average, in comparison, is 1.8, and the state of Virginia has a rating of 0.2. The City of Roanoke has a slightly elevated index rating of 1.09 due to the population density and the density of structures susceptible to damage. This rating is very low and acceptable to the placement of a mission critical facility. Recent seismic activity was recorded on May 16, 2009 in the southwestern section of Roanoke County, with a magnitude of 3.0 on the Richter Scale. Largest Seismic Events within 50-Mile Radius of Site Over Past 50 Years Magnitude (Richter Scale) Distance from Site Date 4.3 48.8 miles November 20, 1969 3.9 28.1 miles March 8, 1968 3.6 17.7 miles May 30, 1974 Table 1.4 Seismic events See Chapter 5 for additional information. Tornados The area of Glenvar and the city of Salem have an average tornado index rating of 37.95, compared with a U.S. average of 136.45 and 88.66 for the state of Virginia. These ratings are from algorithms calculated by the USGS. Compared to the rest of the country, this site has a very low risk of tornado activity. Within the statistical data set of a 50-year period within a 50-mile radius of the site, there have been a total of 17 tornado events, all with a magnitude rating of 2 on the Fujita scale. 26
The closest tornado event occurred 8.5 miles away in Roanoke County on April 4, 1974. The storm caused an estimated $2.5 million worth of damage across an area of approximately 6.5 miles. The most recent record of tornado activity occurred September 9, 2004. This event happened in Bedford County approximately 19.2 miles away. There was minimal damage recorded in this tornado incident. See Chapter 5 for additional information. Flooding According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency s (FEMA) Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM), the site area and the surrounding thoroughfares are not in the 1% flood zone (100-year flood). Graphic 1.23 FEMA s FIRM map showing RCCRT not in 1% annual flood zone (100 flood event) Extreme Weather Events Events such as hurricanes, wildfires, blizzards and floods pose the greatest risk to the continual operation of a data center operation and, therefore, are of the greatest 27
concern. Based on the evaluation of the site in regards to these risks, the site is not susceptible to such extreme weather events. See Chapter 5 for a more detailed listing of the history of extreme weather events in the Roanoke area. Man-Made Disaster Risk RCCRT s susceptibility to man-made disasters is relatively low. The only areas of concern discovered during this review are discussed in the following sections. See Chapter 5 for additional information. Superfund Sites Superfund Sites is the United States Environmental Protection Agency s (EPA s) environmental program for addressing abandoned hazardous waste sites. A search on the EPA s database for superfund sites within the state of Virginia resulted in two sites within Salem and four sites within Roanoke County. The sites are as follows: EPA Superfund Site Database for the Roanoke Area Site Name EPA ID NPL Status City County Proximity in Relation to RCCRT Old Salem Tannery Roanoke Drum Recycling Starlight Lane Tire Fire Virginia Scrap iron and Metal Dixie Caverns Land Fill Mathews Electroplating VAD988170437 Non Salem Salem 5.5 Miles VA0001897289 Non Roanoke Roanoke 10.28 Miles VAN000305871 Non Roanoke Roanoke 10.35 Miles VA0000807156 Non Roanoke Roanoke 9.92 Miles VAD980552095 Deleted Salem Salem.57 Miles VAD980712970 Deleted Roanoke Roanoke.89 Miles *Source EPA Database Table 1.5 EPA Superfund site database for Roanoke Area 28
Graphic 1.24 Map of EPA Superfund sites The two immediate superfund sites closest to the RCCRT have been deleted from the National Priorities List of most hazardous waste sites and pose no health or safety hazards. The Dixie Caverns Land Fill was removed from the list in 2001 and Mathews Electroplating was deleted from the list in 1988. The other sites on the list pose no health or hazard risk to the RCCRT. 29
Neighboring Activities A search on the Environmental Protection Agency s (EPA) Facility Registration System (FRS) database listed several facilities in the immediate area that currently -- or have previously -- housed, stored, or manufactured substances that may be hazardous to health or affect the environment. These facilities could pose a low to moderate risk to a data center at the site. Graphic 1.25 Sites with potential toxins Graphic 1.26 Sites with potential substances that could adversely affect air quality Graphic 1.27 Sites with potential elements that could have health or environmental risks Graphic 1.28 Sites that could have potential hazardous chemicals An immediate man-made risk to a data center at the RCCRT could stem from an industrial accident at neighboring businesses. Two companies within the technology park are listed on the EPA database for several environmental interest types -- Tecton Products Ltd., is a manufacturer of plastic and vinyl pulltrusions, and Novozymes Biologicals, Inc,, a producer of industrial enzymes, microorganisms, and biopolymers. See Chapter 5 for additional information. Although the risk is low, an industrial accident or fire at either one of these facilities could have a negative impact to the continuous operation of a mission critical facility. 30
Other Man-Made Risks Additional man-made risks that could potentially impact the continuous operation of a data center are: A) Forest fire in the neighboring wooded areas -- The large forested area directly north of the RCCRT could potentially be a risk in the event of a large forest fire, either man-made or by natural causes. There are no recent records of such forest fires in the general vicinity, however, and the state, as a whole, has a low frequency for such occurrences. B) Major traffic accident on Rt. 81 or State Route 11 -- A large accident on either of the main thoroughfares could potentially impact the continuous operation of a facility at the RCCRT. The effects of such an event could range from not being able to access the site because of extended road closures, to a power or communications disruption due to a vehicle collision with a telephone pole. C) A rail accident along the Norfolk Southern line -- At its closest juncture, the RCCRT is roughly a half a mile away from a major rail line. The rail line is buffered from the RCCRT by Interstate 81 and Rt. 11. Additionally, the RCCRT is higher in elevation from the rail line. Even though the rail line is reasonably close to the RCCRT, the risk of interrupted operation by a rail incident is very low. Fire and Rescue Services There are 14 fire and/or rescue stations within Roanoke County. Roanoke County has 142 full-time, paid firemen and 12 part-time, paid firemen. This does not include the 14 full-time, paid clerical and support staff and 3 part-time, paid employees. Roanoke County Fire Station #9 is approximately 2 miles from the RCCRT. The next closest fire department or rescue squad is in neighboring Salem, approximately 5 miles away. Salem has 3 fire stations and/or rescue stations. Salem has 64 full-time, paid firemen and 13 part-time, paid firemen. This does not include 2 full-time, paid clerical and support staff employees. The next closest fire station and/or rescue station in Roanoke County is Fire/Rescue Station #3 in Cave Springs. 31
Graphic 1.29 Map of fire and rescue resources Police and Crime Index There are 119 full-time, paid police officers and 1 part-time, paid police officer in Roanoke County. This is augmented by 14 paid, full-time and 3 paid, part-time support staff. In the city of Salem, there are 119 full-time police officers and 1 part-time police officer, augmented by 55 paid, full-time and 2 part-time, paid support staff. Based on a set of complex algorithms calculated by the FBI, Salem, VA s Crime Index Rating is 1,058.59. This is compared to the State of Virginia s Crime Index Rating of 1,220.52. Both the city of Salem and the State Crime Index Rating are below the U.S. national Crime Index Rating of 1,809.54. Historically, the city of Salem s Crime Index Rating has been substantially below the national and state average. Furthermore, the crime rate for the area around the RCCRT is even substantially lower than the city of Salem. Public Transportation In general, public transportation to the site is limited. This may have a bearing on business continuity due to access for employees and the service vendors needed to maintain a mission critical facility. 32
The nearest airport is in Roanoke and is approximately a 25-minute drive. There is service from the airport to the major cities including; Charlotte, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, Atlanta, Washington D.C. and New York. Rail service is very limited in that the nearest station with service to Washington D.C. or New York is at least 50 miles away in Clifton Forge, VA. The next closest Amtrak station is in Lynchburg where a trip to Washington D.C. would take 4 hours. As far as public transportation within and around the immediate area is concerned, The Valley Metro Bus Service is present. It offers bus service throughout the City of Roanoke and the city of Salem. The yellow line or Route 91 bus offers service closest to the RCCRT. This route can be accessed via connecting routes, the black 71 / 72 and 75 / 76 routes, and the pink 81 / 82 routes, at Campbell Court (the center of the city of Roanoke). The Valley Metro Smart Way Commuter Bus provides bus service from Campbell Court in downtown Roanoke to downtown Blacksburg. The service runs hourly between 5:15 AM until 8:20 PM. Service between Roanoke Regional Airport and the Glennmary Interchange (Exit 132 on I81) takes approximately 1 hour. Greyhound runs regular bus service to Washington, DC. The route travels via Lynchburg, VA. See Chapter 5 for additional information. 33
Specific Mission Critical Support Normally, mission critical facilities require a 4-hour response time for support services. Since there is a concentration of mission critical facilities in Ashburn, VA, which is only approximately 3.5 hours from the Salem area, the vendors that provide support services are within a 4-hour radius. Spare parts and equipment stock are readily available, which is a key component when locating a mission critical facility. The following list of companies and services is intended only to illustrate their proximity to the proposed site and should not be interpreted as an endorsement. Fuel Oil Delivery Companies Webbs Oil Corp Pumping systems are backed up by generators 8223 Resevoir Rd, Roanoke, VA Great Lakes Petroleum pulls supply direct from pipeline. Have multiple sources and locations nationally Roanoke, VA Mechanical Contractors Comfort Systems USA 106 St.John Rd., Salem, VA TLI Construction Services 4190 W. Main St., Salem, VA G.J. Hopkins, INC. 714 5th St., Roanoke, VA Electrical Contractors IES 2708 Shenandoah Avenue Northwest Roanoke, VA Davis H Elliot Company, INC. 21 Kirk Ave, Roanoke, VA Varney, INC. 1701 Shenandoah Ave, Roanoke, VA 34
Generator Providers Carter Machinery Company, INC (Caterpillar) 971 Russell Dr, Salem, VA Cummins Atlantic LLC (Cummins) 263 Simmons Dr., Cloverdale, VA WBD Western Branch Diesel (MTU Detroit Diesel) 4546 Thirlane Road Northwest, Roanoke, VA HVAC Providers Trane 2301 Trane Drive, Roanoke, VA L.A. Prillaman Company, INC (Baltimore Air Coil) Ashland, VA South River Contracting of Roanoke (York) 5130 Hildebrand Rd, Roanoke, VA Critical Equipment Emerson (Liebert) Dimension Data (Solutions Provider) Roanoke, VA VA Sales Office (Sales Rep) 3897 Deep Rock Rd., Richmond, VA Eaton Corp 145 Campbell Avenue Southwest, Roanoke, VA 24011 Stulz Lee Technologies, INC (Sales Rep) Innisbrook, Corp. Ctr., 4510 Cox Rd, Glen Allen, VA Schneider Electric (APC) Lee Technologies, INC (Reseller) 12150 Monument Dr., Fairfax, VA 35
Demographic Benchmark Results Typically, the reference area used in the benchmarking analysis is the site s host community. However, when circumstances dictate, as is the case for RCCRT, the methodology must be adapted in order to most accurately capture the attributes of the surrounding area. For purposes of this analysis, blended totals for three areas were used: 1) Glenvar, the nearest community, a small community with limited available statistical information; 2) Salem, the dominant community in the area surrounding RCCRT but outside the Roanoke County limits and to the northeast of the site; and 3) Roanoke County, as the site actually sits in an unincorporated area of the county. Statistics from any one of these divisions would fail to capture important elements of the region surrounding RCCRT, but taken together, they present a valid characterization of the surrounding demographics. Generally speaking, data centers tend to locate in areas with a high concentration of working couples without children, a strong economy and a vast talent pool. In almost all categories, the area surrounding RCCRT was found to have similar, or more advantageous, indicators. The following table highlights some of the characteristics considered. Note: Deviations from the benchmark are not necessarily an indication that the area is unable to support a data center, nor is alignment with the benchmark a guarantee of success. Rather, the benchmarking exercise is intended to serve as a guide in understanding how the RCCRT site differs from other data center locations. These differences may or may not be relevant depending on the labor needs of the potential user. Prospective data center operators are encouraged to speak with local utility and economic development officials to gain greater insight into the local labor force dynamics, including commute tolerances, detailed occupational profiles, and current hiring conditions. See Chapter 6 for additional information regarding the Salem area demographics. 36
Select Demographic Benchmarks Characteristic Benchmark Average Roanoke County, Glenvar and Salem Combined Average population 70,321 41,232 Average density (people per square mile) 3,933.35 922.12 Population growth rate 5.10% 4.02% Percentage female/male 48.94%/51.06% 57.56%/42.44% Average median income $46,915 $24,963 Male $58,744 $29,083 Female $39,507 $19,890 Median age 36 52 Racial diversity (non-white population) 42.73% 9% Place of birth In-state 47.46% 66.05% Out-of-state 28.83% 28.59% Foreign country 24.21% 4.85% Primary language spoken at home English 64.23% 92.14% Other (includes Spanish, Indo- 35.77% 7.86% European, Asian and Pacific Islander languages and Other) Average household size 2.63 2.13 Marital status Currently married (over age 15) 55% 41.44% Never married (over age 15) 31% 18.21% Housing Owner occupied 62.34% 57.06% Current mortgage 81.65% 58.54% Median value, owner occupied $412,375 $163,166 Rental as percentage of total units 33.69% 36.25% Average rental price $1,000-$1,499 $700-$999 Population below poverty level 7.25% 10.53% Student to teacher ratio 16:1 19:1 Table 1.6 Demographics comparison By using the benchmark data set and comparing it to the RCCRT location, certain factors stand out that should be noted. The Salem area has a lower population density and an older community with a lower income level when compared with the benchmark data. Diversity within the Salem area is quite low with 92.14% of the population being white compared to 64.23% of the population being white within the benchmark data. 37
Chapter 2 Site Details Site Location Current Utilization Surrounding Uses Field Survey Climate and Weather 38
Site Location Roanoke County Center for Research and Technology is located in an unincorporated area just outside of the city limits of Salem, VA approximately 19 miles southwest of downtown Roanoke, VA. The nearest neighboring cities are Blacksburg, Christiansburg, and Radford, ranging in distance from 15 to 25 miles southwest along Interstate 81 in neighboring Montgomery County. Logistically, the RCCRT is located close to the center of the state of Virginia. It is fairly close to the border of West Virginia. The closest major metropolitan hub is Greensboro, NC which is approximately 117 miles away. Ashburn, VA, which is a major hub for data centers and telecommunications, is approximately 220 miles away. Charlotte, NC, which is another hub for data centers and telecommunications, is approximately 182 miles away. The RCCRT is almost directly equidistant between the two cities. The RCCRT is approximately 458 miles away from NYC and the major financial hubs. City Distance (Miles) Atlanta, GA 420 Baltimore, MD 284 Charlotte, NC 182 Columbia, SC 272 Columbus, OH 374 Greensboro, NC 118 Knoxville, TN 242 Raleigh, NC 237 Richmond, VA 195 Washington, DC 253 Table 1.7 Distances to Major Cities from the RCCRT Graphic 1.30 and 1.31 Maps showing RCCRT in relation to state and the cities of Salem and Roanoke 39
RCCRT Graphic 1.32 Map showing location of RCCRT RCCRT Graphic 1.33 Aerial map view of RCCRT 40
Photo 1.7 View of Interstate 81 Current Utilization Of the 483 acres within the technology park, approximately 182 acres is currently an undeveloped wooded area. The remaining 246 acres are divided between seven planned lots and buffer zones. The lots vary in size between 26 acres and 57 acres. Graphic 1.4 Map showing lot layout for RCCRT 41
Two of the seven lots are developed and have operating facilities: Tecton, a manufacturer of custom fiberglass pulltrusions, and Novozymes Biologicals, a producer of industrial enzymes, microorganisms, and biopolymers. The two developed sites are approximately 26 acres. The remaining five lots are divided as follows: Lot Area (Acres) Lot #1 57 Lot #2 26 Lot #3 27 Lot #4 45 Lot #5 56 Total sites currently available 211 Table 1.8 RCCRT lot areas In addition to large site parcels within RCCRT, there is a utility right-of-way that traverses north and south through the park dissecting it in half. Surrounding Uses The technology park is bordered by two small residential developments. To the east is Glenvar Heights and to the west is a small, unnamed development. A vast wooded area lies north of the site, extending into the Blue Ridge Mountains, specifically Ft. Lewis Mountain. This area is mainly uninhabited. The next northerly neighboring feature to the park is County Rt. 622 (Bradshaw Rd.), greater than four miles away. The technology park is bordered to the south by Interstate Highway Rt. 81. State Highway Rt. 11 runs parallel to Interstate 81. Both thoroughfares run in a northeastern / southwestern direction. Rt. 81 is the main artery which would connect Washington DC, via the State Rt. 17 exchange, to Charlotte, NC via Interstate 77. The RCCRT lies at the lower base of Ft. Lewis Mountain. The elevation for the general area varies between 883 to 1,740 feet above sea level. Ft. Lewis Mountain peak is at 3,260 feet above sea level. Field Survey Within the technology park, the sites are steep, grassy, cleared pastures. The field survey included a tour of Lot 1, which is the largest available site. The site is currently unleveled and has some unique features which would need to be addressed during the development process: 42
1. The site would require extensive cut and fill excavation to create a level pad. 2. There is a drainage swale which bisects the lot in a southeastern direction. It appears to be a natural feature and is indicated on the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency Management Agency s FIRM map as Skypes Branch South. It is possibly a small creek that has since dried up. 3. In the eastern section of the lot, there is a small pond. While it is unknown whether or not the pond is a man-made or natural feature of the site, the assumption would be man-made feature, as it is not indicated on the FIRM maps as a natural feature. (The FIRM Map is listed earlier in this report.) Lot 1 is bordered by the technology park s two tenants, Novozymes and Tecton. Both companies sites border Lot 1 s south side. In addition, there is a large private parcel that abuts Lot 1 s southwestern quadrant. On Lot 1 s southeastern quadrant there is a large cut area made for water drainage. Lot 2, which is undeveloped, borders Lot 1 s east side. The northeast, northern, and northwest border is undeveloped forested land which is part of the RCCRT. On the western border of Lot 1 lies a small residential community and Prunty Drive. Photos 1.8, 1.9 and 1.10 Panoramic views of Lot 1 scanning northwest to east of the site Photos 1.11, 1.12 and 1.13 Panoramic views of Lot 1 scanning southeast to south west Photos 1.14, 1.15 and 1.16 Panoramic views scanning northwest to the south 43
Graphic 1.34 Aerial view showing photo locations 44
Climate and Weather Average Annual Weather Statistics Glenvar Salem Roanoke Co. VA U.S. Average Temp (Deg. F). 51.20 51.80 52.20 55.50 54.50 Precipitation (%) 39.82 38.54 39.99 42.76 38.67 Average Number Days with.1 or More Inches of Precipitation 77.82 78.71 78.59 74.79 66.51 Snow (Inches) 22.53 18.40 23.43 14.85 23.27 Average Number Days with.1 or More Inches of Snow 20.82 15.87 24.64 11.43 27.17 Humidity (%) 76.82 77.97 75.52 76.77 77.52 Wind Speed (MPH) 17.73 17.94 18.61 19.32 16.93 *Source USGS Table 1.9 Average annual weather statistics from historical weather data The weather and climate for the Roanoke area is rather temperate which lends itself to the possibility of using free cooling for a mission critical facility. Free cooling is the use of the ambient outdoor temperature to cool the facility s critical load. Air quality is another factor to consider when attempting to design a facility to use a free cooling mode. Air Quality The USEPA uses the following index to assess the air quality of a particular locality. The index is a culmination of several aspects and variables of the quality of air. For each aspect and variable, the higher number will reflect in an increased rating on the Air Quality Index. Below is chart identifying the USEPA Air Quality Index. Some of the variables and aspects that are reflected in the AQI are Total Suspended Particulates, Amount of Lead, Carbon Monoxide (CO), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Ozone, Particulate Matter (PM10), and Particulate Matter (PM2.5). 45
Air Quality Index (AQI) Values Levels of Health Concern Colors 0 to 50 Good Green 51 to 100 Moderate Yellow 101 to 150 Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups Orange 151 to 200 Unhealthy Red 201 to 300 Very Unhealthy Purple 301 to 500 Hazardous Maroon Table 1.10 AQI Index Levels, Source USEPA The higher rating on the index, the more likely adverse health effects will affect the general local population. The air quality for the community of Glenvar, the city of Salem, and the county of Roanoke has drastically improved over history, as have state and national conditions. In 1999 the general area had an AQI rating of 60, whereas the state of Virginia had an AQI mean average of 51 and the National Mean average AQI rating was 45. Today the area of Glenvar, the city of Salem, and the county of Roanoke have an average AQI rating below both the state and national averages. The AQI average for the area resides below 38 while the state and National average is at approximately 40. This data is relevant for the fresh air intake mission critical facilities require as well as the option for free cooling. Not only is this to be considered when cooling a facility, but also how it will affect servers operation or fiber optic connectivity. The amount of pollutants in the air will also affect the usable life of the cooling equipment. The filters and coils would be greatly degraded if the air quality is poor. 46
Chapter 3 Data Center Model Calculations Prototypical Enterprise Data Center Design Prototypical Colocation Data Center Design 47
Prototypical Enterprise Data Center Design Options Prototypical Data Center Options Traditional A/C System Cabinet Densities IT Load Calculations 90,000 90,000 90,000 Design Sweet Spot Design Sweet Spot Notes & Comments White Space White Space White Space Interior Option Exterior Option 100w per SF 120w per SF 150w per SF 75,000 SF White 100,000 SF White Number of Active Racks EA 200.00 200.00 200.00 180.00 200.00 Average Power Consumption per Rack KW 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 Total Connected Power for Active Racks KW 500.00 500.00 500.00 450.00 500.00 Number of Misc. Equipment Cabinets EA 200.00 200.00 200.00 180.00 200.00 Average Power Consumption per Misc. Equipment Cab KW 3.00 4.00 5.00 4.00 5.00 Total Connected Power for Misc. Equip. Cabs KW 600.00 800.00 1,000.00 720.00 1,000.00 Number of Server Cabinets EA 2,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 1,600.00 2,200.00 Average Power Consumption per Server Cab KW 4.00 5.00 6.00 5.50 5.00 Total Connected Power for Server Cabs KW 8,000.00 10,000.00 12,000.00 8,800.00 11,000.00 TOTAL IT LOAD KW 9,100.00 11,300.00 13,500.00 9,970.00 12,500.00 Gross Raised Floor Area SF 90,000.00 90,000.00 90,000.00 80,000.00 100,000.00 Watts per SF (N Load) W 101.11 125.56 150.00 124.63 125.00 Head Room 5% 5.06 6.28 7.50 6.23 6.25 Total Design KW 106.17 131.83 157.50 130.86 131.25 Total amount of Cabinets / Racks EA 2,400.00 2,400.00 2,400.00 1,960.00 2,600.00 Average SF per Cabinet SF 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 Includes Isles and support space Square Foot of White Space SF 60,000.00 60,000.00 60,000.00 49,000.00 65,000.00 Items in Data Center Space Allocation for CRACs SF 12,800.00 15,400.00 19,200.00 13,300.00 17,800.00 Space Allocation for PDUs SF 9,000.00 10,800.00 13,500.00 9,300.00 12,600.00 Total used White Space SF 81,800.00 86,200.00 92,700.00 71,600.00 95,400.00 Average White SF per Cab SF 34.08 35.92 38.63 36.53 36.69 Data Center Day 1 Data Center Day 1 Data Center Day 1 Data Center Day 1 Data Center Day 1 90,000 SF White 90,000 SF White 90,000 SF White 75,000 SF White 100,000 SF White Notes & Comments Area and Footprint Units 100W / SF 2N 120W / SF 2N 150W / SF 2N 125W / SF 2N 125W / SF 2N Gross Square Foot Whole Building SF 188,000 188,000 188,000 188,000 188,000 Gross Raised Floor Area SF 90,000.00 90,000.00 90,000.00 75,000.00 100,000.00 Design Computer Equip. Load Density W/SF 100.00 120.00 150.00 125.00 125.00 UPS Minimum Usable Capacity KW 9,000.00 10,800.00 13,500.00 9,375.00 12,500.00 Interior Space Required for an Indoor Equipment Option SF 104,380.00 122,090.00 153,340.00 109,340.00 150,040.00 Total Interior Space Required for an Indoor Option SF 194,380.00 212,090.00 243,340.00 184,340.00 250,040.00 Delta to Building Footprint SF -6,380.00-24,090.00-55,340.00 3,660.00-62,040.00 Indoor options would require a Interior Space Required for an Outdoor Equipment Option SF 60,980.00 70,090.00 86,940.00 61,740.00 86,240.00 reduction of program or redundcy Total Interior Space Required for an Outdoor Option SF 150,980.00 160,090.00 176,940.00 136,740.00 186,240.00 Delta to Building Footprint (Calcs do not include inefficient space). SF 37,020.00 27,910.00 11,060.00 51,260.00 1,760.00 Calcs do not take into consideration inefficient space or support space Primary Power Gross SF of "White" space * Design Load W 9,000,000.00 10,800,000.00 13,500,000.00 9,375,000.00 12,500,000.00 Total Critical Load KW 10,023.75 11,880.00 14,850.00 10,395.00 14,850.00 Total Essential Load KW 5,974.13 7,161.84 8,951.29 6,219.62 8,321.70 Total Required Load KW 15,997.88 19,041.84 23,801.29 16,614.62 23,171.70 Total Required Load KVA 19,197.46 22,850.20 28,561.54 19,937.54 27,806.04 Nominal Transformer Rating KVA 2,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 Number of Transformers EA 8.00 10.00 12.00 8.00 12.00 Space Allocation Indoor Transformer Footprint (Includes Walkway) SF 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 Total Required Space SF 8,000.00 10,000.00 12,000.00 8,000.00 12,000.00 Outdoor Transformer Footprint (Includes Walkway) SF 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 Total Required Space SF 3,200.00 4,000.00 4,800.00 3,200.00 4,800.00 Allowance for Supplementary Equipment SF 2,400.00 3,000.00 3,600.00 2,400.00 3,600.00 UPS System - A System Static Minimum Usable UPS Capacity "N" KW 9,000.00 10,800.00 13,500.00 9,375.00 12,500.00 UPS Redundancy KW 2N 18,000.00 21,600.00 27,000.00 18,750.00 25,000.00 Module Rating KVA 750.00 750.00 750.00 750.00 750.00 Module Rating KW 675.00 675.00 675.00 675.00 675.00 Total Number of Modules Required EA 27.00 32.00 40.00 28.00 38.00 Modules per System EA 3.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 Total Number of Systems EA 9.00 8.00 10.00 7.00 10.00 Total Capacity per System KVA 2,250.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 Total Capacity per System KW 2,025.00 2,700.00 2,700.00 2,700.00 2,700.00 Total Capacity KVA 20,250.00 24,000.00 30,000.00 21,000.00 30,000.00 Total Capacity KW 18,225.00 21,600.00 27,000.00 18,900.00 27,000.00 Total Spare Capacity KW 225.00 0.00 0.00 150.00 2,000.00 12/6/2012 Page 1 of 3