Section 2 Workbook (Circulatory ANSWERS) Name: KeyANANSWERAN AN Key
C3. Describe the inter-relationships of the structures of the heart 15. Complete the table to show the functions of these heart structures. The Heart Itself left and right atria Function Receives blood and pumps it to the ventricle left and right ventricles coronary arteries and veins Both receive blood from the atria. Right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs (pulmonary system) while the left ventricle pumps blood to the body (systemic system) Brings blood to the heart tissues (arteries) and takes blood away from the heart tissue (veins) back to the superior vena cava Within the Heart Atrioventricular (AV) and semilunar valves chordae tendineae septum Function Prevents backflow of blood and separates the heart into chambers Anchors the AV valves and prevents them from inverting Separates the right and left side of the heart Attached to the Heart superior and inferior vena cava aorta Function Returns blood from the upper and lower regions of the body to the right atrium Takes blood away from the heart to the body pulmonary trunk Splits into the left and right pulmonary arteries which take blood to the lungs for gas exchange pulmonary arteries and veins Arteries takes deoxygenated blood to lungs Veins returns oxygenated blood to heart left atrium -6-
16. Label these diagrams of the internal and external features of the heart. C4. Analyze the relationship between heart rate and blood pressure 17. A) Complete the table: Structure Location in Heart Function sinoatrial (SA) node Upper right atrium Pacemaker sets heart rate Makes atria contract at same time atrioventricular (AV) node Purkinje fibers Lower right atrium Septum B) How do these structures maintain a regular cardiac cycle? Sends message down the Purkinje fibres to the ventricles to make them contract at the same time Takes nerve impulse from the AV node to the ventricles to make the ventricles contract in unison SA node causes the simultaneous contraction of the atria and sets the pace of the heartbeat. It is the pacemaker AV node & Purkinje fibres cause simultaneous contraction of the ventricles C) Draw and label PQRST in a normal EKG. P wave atria about to contract QRS complex ventricles about to contract T wave whole heart rests -7-
18. Describe how the autonomic nervous system increases and decreases heart rate and blood pressure. Autonomic nervous system made up of sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system increases blood pressure and increases heart rate Parasympathetic nervous system decreases blood pressure and decreases heart rate 19. Define blood pressure It is created by the pressure of blood against the wall of an artery due to the contraction of the ventricles. You feel the blood start and stop as it moves through your arteries. 20. Define hypertension and describe 2 causes of this disease. Chronic high blood pressure. Caused by: genetics, cholesterol, diet, stress, age, diabetes, no exercise, rapid weight change, smoking 21. Define hypotension and describe 2 causes of this disease. Chronic low blood pressure Caused by: genetics, dehydration, heart condition, thyroid condition, nervous system disorder (Parkinson s), some medications, low blood sugar, diabetes, anemia, septic shock -8-
C5. Describe the inter-relationships of the vessels of the circulatory system. 22. Complete this table showing the function of these blood vessels. Blood vessel Subclavian artery Subclavian vein Carotid arteries Jugular veins Mesenteric arteries Superior Vena cava (anterior vena cava) Inferior Vena cava (posterior vena cava) Pulmonary arteries Pulmonary veins Hepatic vein Hepatic portal vein Renal arteries Renal veins Iliac arteries Iliac veins Coronary arteries Vessel carries blood Vessel carries blood to Oxygen rich? from Poor? Aorta Arms Oxygen rich Arms Superior (anterior) vena cava Oxygen poor Aorta Head Oxygen rich Head Superior (anterior) vena cava Oxygen poor Aorta Digestive tract Oxygen rich Head, neck, chest, arms, heart Right atrium Oxygen poor Body lower regions Right atrium Oxygen poor Right ventricle / pulmonary Lungs Oxygen poor trunk Lungs Left atrium Oxygen rich Liver Inferior (posterior) vena cava Oxygen poor Digestive tract (small Liver Oxygen poor intestine) Aorta Kidneys Oxygen rich Kidneys Inferior (posterior) vena cava Oxygen poor Aorta Legs Oxygen rich Legs Inferior (posterior) vena cava Oxygen poor Aorta Heart - myocardium Oxygen rich Coronary veins Heart - myocardium Superior (anterior) vena cava Oxygen poor Aorta Left ventricle Body Oxygen rich -9-
23. Use the chart to differentiate among the five ty pes of blood vessels: Name of Blood Vessel Structure Label and give the function of each layer Valves present? (Y/N) Direction of Blood Flow artery Label the three layers Inner layer (endothelium) Middle layer (smooth muscle) NO Away from the heart to arterioles arteriole Outer layer (fibrous connective tissue) How is the structure designed for its function? smooth muscle, sphincter muscles to regulate blood pressure & blood flow into capillary beds NO NO Away from heart, to capilliaries From arterioles to venules capillary venule NO Label valve. Describe its function YES. From capillaries to vein to heart Towards heart from a venule vein Valve = prevents backflow of blood -10-
24. On this diagram label all the vessels from question #22 on page 9. Label the heart chambers. Colour the structures carrying oxygenated blood red, and those carrying deoxygenated blood blue. 25. Distinguish between pulmonary and systemic circulation with respect to vessels involved, and oxygen content. Systemic arteries carry oxygenated blood to the body from the heart Systemic veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart from the body Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart to go out to the rest of the body -11-
26. You are a red blood cell starting at the aorta and then traveling through the body. For each pathway, use arrows and blood vessel names to show your path from the aorta, through the body and back to the left ventricle. Each pathway must enter and exit the heart twice, why? So the blood can get rid of CO 2 and pick up O 2 at the lungs before heading to the tissues of the body Pathway #1. Kidneys: Aorta renal arteries renal arterioles renal capillaries renal venules renal veins inferior vena cava right atrium right AV valve (tricuspid) right ventricle pulmonary semilunar valve pulmonary trunk pulmonary arteries pulmonary arterioles pulmonary capillaries pulmonary venules pulmonary veins left atrium left AV valve (bicuspid) left ventricle aortic semilunar valve aorta Pathway #2. Leg: Aorta iliac arteries iliac arterioles iliac capillaries iliac venules iliac veins inferior vena cava right atrium right AV valve (tricuspid) right ventricle pulmonary semilunar valve pulmonary trunk pulmonary arteries pulmonary arterioles pulmonary capillaries pulmonary venules pulmonary veins left atrium left AV valve (bicuspid) left ventricle aortic semilunar valve aorta Pathway #3. Digestive system: Aorta mesenteric arteries mesenteric arterioles mesenteric capillaries hepatic portal vein hepatic veins inferior vena cava right atrium right AV valve (tricuspid) right ventricle pulmonary semilunar valve pulmonary trunk pulmonary arteries pulmonary arterioles pulmonary capillaries pulmonary venules pulmonary veins left atrium left AV valve (bicuspid) left ventricle aortic semilunar valve aorta Pathway #4. Heart tissue itself: Aorta cardiac arteries cardiac arterioles cardiac capillaries cardiac venules cardiac veins superior vena cava right atrium right AV valve (tricuspid) right ventricle pulmonary semilunar valve pulmonary trunk pulmonary arteries pulmonary arterioles pulmonary capillaries pulmonary venules pulmonary veins left atrium left AV valve (bicuspid) left ventricle aortic semilunar valve aorta Pathway #5. Head: Aorta carotid arteries carotid arterioles capillaries jugular venules jugular veins superior vena cava right atrium right AV valve (tricuspid) right ventricle pulmonary semilunar valve pulmonary trunk pulmonary arteries pulmonary arterioles pulmonary capillaries pulmonary venules pulmonary veins left atrium left AV valve (bicuspid) left ventricle aortic semilunar valve aorta Pathway #6. Arm: Aorta subclavian arteries subclavian arterioles subclavian capillaries subclavian venules subclavian veins superior vena cava right atrium right AV valve (tricuspid) right ventricle pulmonary semilunar valve pulmonary trunk pulmonary arteries pulmonary arterioles pulmonary capillaries pulmonary venules pulmonary veins left atrium left AV valve (bicuspid) left ventricle aortic semilunar valve aorta -12-
27. Why does blood pressure, blood velocity and total cross-sectional area of these 5 ty pes of blood vessels vary. Blood Pressure = decreases as it moves from arteries to veins. Blood pressure varies in the artery and arteriole due to contraction of the heart Blood velocity = blood slows down as it moves from the artery to capillaries and then it speeds up in the venules on its way to the veins due to contraction of skeletal muscles Total cross-sectional area = The highest area is the capillaries because they are the most numerous; next numerous is the arterioles and venules; and the smallest area is the arteries and veins because they are fewest in number. a. Which ty pe of blood vessel has the most cross-sectional area? Why? Capillaries because there are so many of them b. Which ty pe of blood vessel has the slowest blood velocity? Why? Capillaries because the blood must move slowly to allow for capillary - tissue fluid exchange. c. In which type of blood vessel does diffusion of gases, nutrients and wastes take place?. Relate this to cross-sectional area and velocity. Capillaries because they are most numerous and therefore have the greatest cross sectional area. Blood is moving slowest in capillaries for this nutrient and waste exchange. d. Which ty pe of blood vessel has the most variation in blood pressure? Why? Artery because of the contraction of the heart. -13-
28. Capillary-tissue fluid exchange occurs as a result of the balance between the opposing forces of blood pressure and osmotic pressure. What events occur at each labelled point? X = water, oxygen and nutrients move into the surrounding tissue ECF from the blood plasma so cells can take up these substances to make what they need. Y Z Y= diffusion of substances with their concentration gradient. Z= water, carbon dioxide and wastes, released by cells, move into the blood capillary from the surrounding tissue ECF a. Describe why water leaves the bloodstream at the arterial end of a capillary bed (X). Include direction of movement and what substances move. Blood pressure (BP) is greater than osmotic pressure (OP). BP pushes plasma fluid from blood to ECF. Water, glucose, oxygen, amino acids move into the ECF. b. Why does most of the water return to the capillary at the venule end (Z)? What substances move into this end? BP is less than OP. Blood is hypertonic and pulls water back from ECF. Water, carbon dioxide, and wastes move into the capillary. c. Describe what happens in the middle of the capillary bed (Y). Diffusion of nutrients and wastes with their concentration gradient -14-
d. What happens to the water that does not return to the capillary? Taken up by the lymph capillaries to the subclavian vein 29. Identify and describe differences in structure and circulation between fetal and adult systems. Be sure to label and describe the functions of the: umbilical vein and arteries, oval opening, venous duct, arterial duct. Colour vessels according to oxygen concentration. Deoxygenated blood = blue Oxygenated blood = red Mixed blood = purple Fetal Circulation: 1. Oval opening / foramen ovale: hole between atria to allow blood to bypass the lungs 2. Arterial duct / ductus arteriosis: connect the pulmonary artery and the aorta so that blood can bypass the lungs 3. Venous duct / ductus venosus: so blood returning from the placenta can bypass the liver 4. Umbilical artery: take wastes and deoxygenated blood to placenta for capillary tissue fluid exchange 5. Umbilical vein: take nutrients and oxygenated blood from the placenta to the developing fetus -15-
C6. Describe the components of blood 30. Complete the table. Name of Blood Cell Shape Function Origin Red blood cell Transport oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions Bone Marrow White blood cell To fight infection - pathogens Bone Marrow Platelet To clot blood Bone Marrow 31. List the major components and functions of plasma. Water: maintain blood volume, transport molecule Proteins: clotting proteins, albumin, immunoglobulin Salts, gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, vitamins 32. Explain the relationship between antigens and antibodies. Antigen: an identification glycoprotein on the outside of a cell that indicates whether the cell belongs to you or if it belongs to someone else or a pathogen Antibody: a protein designed to combat any foreign protein / pathogen -16-
C7. Describe the inter-relationships of the structures of the lymphatic system 33. Describe the functions of the lymphatic system. 1. Take up excess tissue fluids from the ECF 2. Transport fatty acids and glycerol lacteals 3. Fight infection 4. Trap and remove cellular debris 34. Complete the table. Make a diagram that shows the relationship between these structures. Lymphatic Structure lymph capillaries lymph veins lymph nodes Function Collects and drains excess fluids from ECF Transports lymph fluid to subclavian vein Cleans lymph fluid of debris -17-