Tissue: The Living Fabric

C 32 A P T if R Tissue: The Living Fabric ' B U { L D I W G THE F R A f.-s E W O R K Overview of Body Tissues 3. Using tlie key choices, correctly identify the following major tissue types. Enter the appropriate answer in the answer blanks. A. Connective B. Epithelium C. Muscle ' D. Nervous 1. Forms membranes 2. Allows for movement of limbs and for organ movements within the body. 3. Uses electrochemical signals to carry out its functions " 4. Supports and reinforces body organs. 5- Cells of this tissue may absorb and/or secrete substances 6. Basis of the major controlling system of the body. 7. Its cells shorten to exert force 8. Forms endocrine and exocrine glands. 9. Surrounds and cushions body organs 10. Characterized by having large amounts of extracellular material 11. Allows you to smile, grasp, swim, ski, and throw a ball 12. Widely distributed; found in bones, cartilages, and fat depots : _13. Forms the brain and spinal cord

Epithelial Tissue 1. List the six major functions of epithehum. 2. List six special characteristics of epithelium. 3. For 1-5, match the epithelial type named in Column B with the location in Column A. appropriate Column A 1. Lines the stomach and most of the intestines 2. Lines the inside of the mouth Column B A. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar B. Simple columnar 3- Lines much of the respiratory tract C. Simple cuboidal 4. Endothelium and mesothelium 5. Lines the inside of the unnary bladder D. Simple squamous E. Stratified columnar F. Stratified squamous G. Transitional For 6-10, match the epithelium named in Column B with the appropriate function in Column A. Column A _ 6. Protection. 7. Small molecules pass through rapidly. 8. Propel sheets of mucus. 9. Absorption, secretion, or ion transport.10. Stretches Column B H. Endothelium I. Simple columnar J. A ciliated epithelium K. Stratified squamous L. Transitional

4. Arrange the following types of epithelium from 1 to 5 in order of increasing protectiveness. A. Simple squamous D. Pseudostratified B. Stratified squamous E. Simple columnar C. Simple cuboidal 5. Arrange the following types of epithelium from 1 to 4 in order of increasing absorptive ability. A. Simple squamous C. Simple cuboidal B. Stratified squamous D. Simple columnar 6. Epithelium exhibits many of the plasma membrane modifications described in conjunction with our discussion of the composite cell in Chapter 3. Figure 4.2 depicts some of these modifications. Second: Correctly identify the following structures or regions by labeling appropriate leader lines using terms from the list below: A. Epithelium E. Connective tissue I. Cilia B. Basal region F. Basement membrane J. Reticular lamina C. Apical region G. Basal lamina K. Tight junctions D. Capillary H. Microvilli L. Desmosome

Connective i issue 1. Using the key choices, identify the following connective tissue t^'pes. Insert the appropriate answers in the answer blanks. A. Adipose connective tissue G. Fibrocartilage B. Areolar connective tissue H. Hyaline cartilage C. Dense regular connective I. Mucous connective D. Dense irregular connective J. Osseous tissue E. Elastic cartilage K. Reticular connective tissue P. Elastic connective tissue L. Vascular tissue 1. Parallel bundles of collagenic fibers provide strength; found in.tendons 2. Stores fat 3. The skin dermis 4. Hardest tissue of our "skull cap" 5. Composes the basement membrane; surrounds and cushions blood vessels and nerves; its gel-like matrix contains all categories of fibers and many cell types 6. Forms the embryonic skeleton; covers surfaces of bones at joints; reinforces the trachea 7. Insulates the body 8. Firm, slightly "rubbery" matrix; milky white and "glassy" in appearance 9. Cells are arranged in concentric circles around a nutrient canal; matrix is hard due to calcium salts 10. Contains collagenous fibers; found in inten'ertebral discs 11. Makes supporting framework of lymphoid organs 12. Found in umbilical cord 13. Found in external ear and auditory tube 14. Provides the medium for nutrient transport throughout the body 15. Forms the "stretchy" ligaments of the vertebral column

3- Arrange the following tissue types from 1 to 3 in order of decreasing vascularity. A. Cartilage B. Areolar connective C. Dense connective 4. Using the key choices, select the structural or related elements of connective tissue (CT) types that permit specialized functions. Insert the appropriate answers in the answer blanks. A. Adipocytes D. Elastic fibers G. Macrophages J. Osteocytes B. Chondrocytes E. Ground substance H. Matrix K. Osteoblasts C. Collagen fibers F. Hemocytoblast I. Mesenchyme L. Reticular fibers 1. Composed of ground substance and structural protein fibers 2. Composed of glycoproteins and water-binding glycosaminoglycans 3- Tough protein fibers that resist stretching or longitudinal tearing. 4. Primary bone marrow cell type that remains actively mitotic 5. Fine, branching protein fibers that constrvict a supportive network 6. Large, irregularly shaped cells, widely distributed, often found in CT; they engulf cellular debris and foreign matter and are active in immunity 7. The medium through which nutrients and other substances diffuse 8. Living elements that maintain the firm, flexible matrix in cartilage 9. Randomly coiled protein fibers that recoil after being stretched 10. The structural element of areolar tissue that is fluid and provides a reservoir of water and salts for neighboring tissues 11. In a loose CT, the nondividing cells that store nutrients 12. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all types of CT 13. Cellular elements that produce the collagen fibers of bone matrix

EpEtheliaS Membranes: Coverings and Linings 2. Complete the following table relating to epithelial membranes. Enter your responses in the areas left blank. Membrane Tissue type (epithelial/connective) Common locations Functions Mucous Epithelial sheet with underlying connective tissue (lamina propria) Protection, lubrication, secretion, absorption Serous Lines internal ventral cavities and covers their organs Cutaneous Protection from external insults; protection from water loss C A F T E R n ^ The Integumentary System BUILDING THE FRAMEWORK The Skin 1. 1. Name the tissue type composing the epidermis. 2. Name the tissue type composing the dermis. 2. The more superficial cells of the epidermis become less viable and ultimately die. What two factors account for this natural demise of the epidermal cells? 1. 2.

5. Using the key choices, choose all responses that apply to the following descriptions. Enter the appropriate letters and/or terms in the answer blanks. (Note: S. = stratum) A. S. basale D. S. lucidum G. Reticular layer J. Hypodermis B. S. corneum E. S. spinosum H. Epidermis-(as a whole) C. S. granulosum F. Papillary layer I. Dermis (as a whole) 1. Layer of translucent cells, absent in thin skin 2. Strata containing all (or mostly) dead cells 3- Dermal layer responsible for fingerprints 4. Vascular region 5. Actively mitotic epidermal region, the deepest epidermal layer L 6. Cells are flat, dead "bags" of keratin 7. Site of elastic and collagen fibers 8. General site of melanin formation 9. Major skin area where derivatives (hair, nails) reside 10. Largely adipose tissue; anchors the skin to underlying tissues 11. The stratum germinativum 12. Epidermal layer where most melanocytes are found 13. Cells of this layer contain keratohyalin and lamellated granules 14. Accounts for the hulk of epidermal thickness 15. When tanned, becomes leather; provides mechanical strength to the skin 16. Epidermal layer containing the "oldest" cells

7. This exercise examines the relative importance of three pigments in deterriiining skin color. Indicate which pigment is identified by the following descriptions by inserting the appropriate answer from the key choices in the answer blanks. A. Carotene B. Hemoglobin C. Melanin 1. Most responsible for the skin color of dark-skinned people 2. Provides an orange cast to the skin 3. Provides a natural sunscreen 4. Most responsible for the skin color of Caucasians 5. Phagocytized by keratinocytes 6. Found predominantly in the stratum corneum 7. Found within red blood cells in the blood vessels 8. Abnormalities of skin color can be helpful in alerting a physician to certain pathologies. Match the clinical terms in Column B with the possible-cause descriptions in Column A. Place the correct letter in each answer blank. Column A Column B 1. A bluish cast of the skin resulting from A. Cyanosis inadequate oxygenation of the blood B. Erythema 2. Observation of this condition might lead to tests for anemia or low blood pressure C. Hematoma 3. Accumulation of bile pigments in the D. Jaundice blood; may indicate liver disease 4. Clotted mass of blood that may signify bleeder's disease E. Pallor 5. A common result of inflammation, allergy, and fever

Appendages f ti-ie Skin 1. Figure 5-2 sliows longitudinal and cross-sectional views of a ha Part A 1. Identify and label all structures provided with leader lines. See Figure 5.2B for cross section Figure 5.2A

6. Using the key choices, complete the following statements. Insert the appropriate letters in the answer blanks. A. Sebaceous glands B. Sweat glands (apocrine) C. Sweat glands (eccrine) 1. Their products are an oily mixture of lipids, cholesterol, and cell fragments. 2. Functionally, these are merocrine glands. 3. The less numerous variety of perspiration gland, their secretion (often milky in appearance) contains proteins and other substances that favor bacterial growth. 4. Their ducts open to the external environment via a pore. 5. These glands are found everyv,'here on the body except the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. 6. Their secretions contain bactericidal substances. 7. They become more active at puberty under the influence of androgens. 8. Their secretions, when oxidized, are seen on the skin surface as a blackhead. 9. The ceruminous glands that produce ear wax are a modification of this gland variety. 10. These glands are involved in thermoregulation. Functions of the integumentary System 1. The skin protects the body by providing three types of barriers. Classify each of the protective factors listed below as an example of a chemical harder (C), a biological barrier (B), or a mechanical (physical) barrier (M). 1. Langerhans' cells and macrophages 4. Keratin 2. Intact epidermis 5. Melanin 3. Bactencidal secretions 6. Acid mantle 3. In what way does a sunburn impair the body's ability to defend itself? (Assume the sunburn is mild.)

Explain the role of sweat glands in maintaining body temperature homeostasis. In your explanation, indicate how their activity is regulated. Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin 2. This section reviews the severity of burns. Using the key choices, select the correct burn type for each of the following descriptions. Enter the correct answers in the answer blanks. A. First-degree burn B. Second-degree burn C. Third-degree burn 1. Full-thickness burn; epidermal and dermal layers destroyed; skin is blanched 2. Blisters form 3. Epidermal damage, redness, and some pain (usually brief) 4. Epidermal and some dermal damage; pain; regeneration is possible 5. Regeneration impossible; requires grafting 6. Pain is absent because nerve endings in the area are destroyed 4. Fill in the type of skin cancer that matches each of the following descriptions: 1. Cells of the stratum spinosum develop lesions; metastasizes to lymph nodes. 2. Cells of the lowest level of the epidermis invade the dermis and hypodermis; exposed areas develop ulcer; slow to metastasize. 3- Rare but deadly cancer of pigment-producing cells.

Developmental Aspects of the Integumentary System 1. Match the choices in Column B with the appropriate descriptions in Column A. Column A 1. Skin inflammations that increase in frequency with age 2. Cause of graying hair 3. Small white bumps on the skin of newborn babies, resuking from accumulations of sebaceous gland material 4. Reflects the loss of insulating subcutaneous tissue with age 5. A cohimon consequence of accelerated sebaceous gland activity during adolescence Column B A. Acne B. Cold intolerance C. Dermatitis D. Delayed action gene E. Lanugo F, Milia G. Vernix caseosa 6. Oily substance produced by the fetus's sebaceous glands 7. The hairy "cloak" of the fetus