Quantum Alchemy? Prof. David Kaiser

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Transcription:

Quantum Alchemy? Prof. David Kaiser

Matter unit Overarching question: Is the stuff of the world indivisible and unchanging or transmutable? I. Particles, Waves, and Cats II. Nuclear Transmutation III. Open Questions Readings: Smyth, Atomic Energy for Military Purposes, 206-226; Dear, Intelligibility of Nature, 141-172.

Things Fall Apart By the 1880s, matter seemed to be well understood: chemical elements and physical atoms. Cloud chamber photographs, early 1900s The mid-1890s, however, brought rapid changes: new radiations heralded structure and change within the atom. Atoms were neither indivisible nor eternal after all. J. J. Thomson with his cathode, ca. 1897

Introducing Discreteness (?) Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt, Berlin, ca. 1900 Max Planck (1858 1947) Lummer and Pringsheim, blackbody spectrum, 1890 u (, T) = 8π 3 1 c 3 e h /kt - 1

Not So Solid Albert Einstein proposed in 1905 that light might be corpuscular. Between 1900 1924, physicists across Europe sought to make sense of puzzling phenomena involving light and matter. Albert Einstein (1879 1955) Louis de Broglie proposed in 1924 that matter might be wavelike. Louis de Broglie (1892 1987)

Quantum Mechanics Werner Heisenberg (1901 1976) Niels Bohr s Institute for Theoretical Physics, Copenhagen, 1920s Erwin Schrödinger ( 1887 1961) Papers by W. Heisenberg and E. Schrödinger removed due to copyright restrictions.

Not A Happy Union My theory was inspired by L. de Broglie and by short but incomplete remarks by A. Einstein. No genetic relation whatever with Heisenberg is known to me. I knew of this theory, of course, but felt discouraged not to say repelled, by the methods of transcendental algebra [matrices], which appeared very difficult to me and by the lack of visualizability. Erwin Schrödinger, 1926 Schrödinger and Heisenberg receiving Nobel Prizes, 1933 The more I reflect on the physical portion of Schrödinger s theory the more disgusting I find it. What Schrödinger writes on the visualizability of his theory I consider trash. Werner Heisenberg, 1926

But What Does It Mean? Illustration of the double-slit experiment removed due to copyright restrictions. See: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:doubleslit.svg. Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein discussing quantum theory, ca. 1927 (x,t) 2 = Probability

Send One Photon Through At A Time t = 1/30 s t = 1 s t = 100 s

That Pesky Cat

Going Nuclear Article Fermi, E. "Possible Production of Elements of Atomic Number Higher than 92." Nature 133 (1934): 898-899 removed due to copyright restrictions. See: Nature. U 92 238 + n U 92 239 Np 93 239? n p + e + Photo of Fermi receiving a Nobel Prize, December 1938, removed due to copyright restrictions. Enrico Fermi (1901 1954) Fermi receiving Nobel Prize, December 1938

Fission on the Benchtop Image of Hahn and Strassmann's experimental arrangement removed due to copyright restrictions. See: Wikimedia Commons. Otto Hahn (1879 1968) Fritz Strassmann (1902 1980) U 92 + n Ba 56 + Kr 36 As chemists, we must actually say the new particles do not behave like radium but, in fact, like barium; as nuclear physicists, we cannot make this conclusion, which is in conflict with all experience in nuclear physics. Hahn and Strassmann, Dec. 1938

Explaining Fission Photo of Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn in Berlin, ca. 1938, removed due to copyright restrictions. Lise Meitner (1878 1968) Otto Robert Frisch (1904 1979) 1 kg U 235 = 20,000 tons of TNT This image is Public Domain.

Einstein Alert Einstein with Leo Szilard (1898 1964) Image of Einstein with Leo Szilard removed due to copyright restrictions. See: Life. Albert Einstein's letter to President Roosevelt removed due to copyright restrictions. See: Argonne National Laboratory.

Oppenheimer and S-1 Not long after the attack on Pearl Harbor (December 1941), the atomic bomb project received higher priority. Leslie Groves who had overseen the construction of the Pentagon was put in charge of the project, under the auspices of the US Army Corps of Engineers. J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904 1967) Leslie R. Groves (1896 1970) Groves surprised everyone by selecting J. Robert Oppenheimer, a theoretical physicist, to become scientific director of Los Alamos.

Factory Production U 92 235 vs. U 92 238 Uranium isotope separation plant, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, ca. 1944 U 92 238 + n Np 93 239 Np 93 239 + n Pu 94 240 Plutonium reactor facilities, Hanford, Washington, ca. 1945

Working Bombs Uranium bomb: gun assembly Image of implosion assembly removed due to copyright restrictions. See: Implosion Nuclear Weapon. N. Bradbury preparing test bomb, July 1945 Trinity test, 16 July 1945 Oppenheimer and Groves inspect ground zero

Nuclear War Loading Fat Man Pu bomb on Tinian island, August 1945 a demonstration of the new weapon might best be made, before the eyes of the representatives of all the United Nations, on the desert or barren island. (s) J. Franck, Chairman D. J. Huges J. J. Nickson E. Rabinowitch G. T. Seaborg J. C. Stearns L. Szilard June, 11, 1945 Bombing of Nagasaki 6 Aug 9 Aug 15 Aug Hiroshima Nagasaki Japan bombed bombed surrenders Oak Ridge workers celebrate V-J day

Failed Calculations UK, March 1940: Frisch and Peierls underestimated the critical mass of U 235 by a factor of 10. Image of "Copenhagen," Michael Frayn, removed due to copyright restrictions. Germany, 1939-42: Heisenberg et al. overestimated the critical mass of U 235 by a factor of 10.

Big Science Chart of funds expended by the U.S. on basic physics research between 1935-1960 removed due to copyright restrictions. Picture of the Berkeley University Bevatron (1955) removed due to copyright restrictions. See: Bevatron. Berkeley Bevatron, 1955

New Mendeleevs Image of a proton removed due to copyright restrictions. See: Quark Structure Proton. Hypothesis, 1964: Particles like protons consist of quarks. Murray Gell-Mann with John Seely Brown Photo courtesy of Joi Ito on Flickr. Photo of George Zweig removed due to copyright restrictions. See: George Zweig. George Zweig (1937 )

A New Atomism? Are quarks the new atoms indivisible and eternal corpuscles imagined by the ancients? Image of "The Lightness of Being," Frank Wilczek, removed due to copyright restrictions. Probably not: our current view is that matter is more like ligh than like solid, massy, hard, impenetrable, moveable Particles. If certain popular models are correct (e.g. SUSY), particles of matter (like quarks) can transmute into quanta of pure force (like photons) and back again.

Geneva Dreamin Photo courtesy of bbworldservice on Flickr. Large Hadron Collider, CERN Photo courtesy of Image Editor on Flickr. Detector under construction at LHC

MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu STS.003 The Rise of Modern Science Fall 2010 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.

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