Electron Orbits. Binding Energy. centrifugal force: electrostatic force: stability criterion: kinetic energy of the electron on its orbit:
|
|
- Cordelia Cobb
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Electron Orbits In an atom model in which negatively charged electrons move around a small positively charged nucleus stable orbits are possible. Consider the simple example of an atom with a nucleus of charge of +e and one electron with charge e on an orbit around it (like in the hydrogen atom). centrifugal force: electrostatic force: stability criterion: Binding Energy kinetic energy of the electron on its orbit: potential energy: total energy: experimental result for the binding energy of Hydrogen (H): binding energy estimate of the radius of the electron orbit:
2 Radiation of Electron on Orbit electromagnetic power radiated by an charge moving with acceleration : centrifugal acceleration of electron on circular orbit: power radiated by electron in a hydrogen atom (r ~ 0.05 nm): Under classical considerations this electron should loose its energy (-13,6 ev) very rapidly and drop into the nucleus (which would be very bad news). Considering the wave-like properties of the electron however we will be able to explain (using the laws of quantum mechanics) why the electron moves on a stable orbit around the nucleus. Emission and Absorption of Light measuring the spectrum of light
3 Black Body Spectrum fusion (H 2 -> He) power ~ GW temperature T ~ 6000 Kelvin continuous spectrum power on earth 1 kw/m 2 largest intensity in visible part of the spectrum Spectrum of the Sun
4 Spectra visible spectrum of hydrogen Na () Sodium Doublet transition between two electronic states with different orbital angular momenta L evidence for electron spin due to spin-orbit coupling visible in total angular momentum j naming convention of levels: n Lj
5 More Spectra the sun sodium (Na) mercury (Hg) lithium (Li) hydrogen (H) Emission Spectra hot and dense objects (solids) display continuous spectra (e.g. the sun) the properties of a large number of interacting atoms (collisions) is observed in this case frequently the spectrum can be explained using the ideas of black body radiation (to be discussed later) the properties of individual atoms become apparent at low densities, when the interactions are small then individual line spectra are observed the properties of these spectra are characteristic for the different elements both emission and absorption spectra can be observed
6 Spectral Series in the late 19 th century it was found that spectral lines of simple elements can be ordered into simple series one of the first ones was the Balmer (n=2) series of spectral lines in Hydrogen in the visible wave lengths. n=5 n=4 n=3 n=2 Balmer series n=1 Bohr Model If the electron orbit length would not be an integer multiple destructive interference would appear and the orbit would not be stable or even exist.
7 Quantum Numbers in the Bohr Model Energy Levels of the Hydrogen Atom total energy of electron as calculated before with n th Bohr radius: with Rydberg constant The set of different energies are the of the hydrogen atom. is the energy corresponding to the quantum number. are energies with the corresponding quantum numbers.
8 Spectral Lines and Transitions in Hydrogen Excitation, Relaxation and Lifetime atoms are excited into higher energy states by collisions with electrons or other atoms(franck-hertz experiment) by absorption of photons (c.f. absorption spectra) after some time the atoms relax (decay) back to the ground state the life time of an excited state is limited by spontaneous emission (coupling to vacuum fluctuations, Einstein A coefficient to be discussed later) the emission can also be induced by interactions with other photons, collisions with electrons or other atoms a wide range of life times is observed, a few nanoseconds to minutes (if you are very careful)
9 Experiment of Franck and Hertz vacuum tube with mercury (Hg) vapor experimental set up original measurement result The experiment demonstrates that atoms absorb energy from collisions with electrons in quanta that are determined by the atoms energy level structure given by the laws of quantum mechanics. Nobel Prize in Physics (1925): Franck and Hertz "for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom" James Franck 1/2 of the prize Germany Goettingen University Goettingen, Germany b d Gustav Ludwig Hertz 1/2 of the prize Germany Halle University Halle, Germany b d. 1975
10 Experimental Setup Spectrum of Neon excitation by electron collision highly excited electronic states transitions in the visible frequency range lower excited electronic states ground state
11 Comment of Franck on their Experiment "It might interest you to know that when we made the experiments that we did not know Bohr's theory. We had neither read nor heard about it. We had not read it because we were negligent to read the literature well enough -- and you know how that happens. On the other hand, one would think that other people would have told us about it. For instance, we had a colloquium at that time in Berlin at which all the important papers were discussed. Nobody discussed Bohr's theory. Why not? The reasons is that fifty years ago, one was so convinced that nobody would, with the state of knowledge we had at that time, understand spectral line emission, so that if somebody published a paper about it, one assumed, "Probably it is not right." So we did not know it. But we made that experiment (and got the result that confirmed Bohr's theory) because we hoped that if we found out where the borderline between elastic and inelastic impact lies... only one line might appear. But we did not know whether that would be so, and we did not know whether at all an emission of an atom is of such a type that one line alone can be emitted and all the energy can be used for that purpose. The experiment gave it to us, and we were surprised about it. But we were not surprised after we read Bohr's paper later, after our publication." -- Excerpt from one of three recordings of J. Franck, made in connection with a film on the Franck-Hertz experiment at Educational Services, Inc., Watertown, Massachusetts, in January, As transcribed in "On the recent past of physics", by Gerald Holton, American Journal of Physics, vol. 29, p. 805 (1961). Correspondence Principle The prediction of quantum theories, like the (maybe too) simple Bohr model, should correspond to the predictions of classical theories in the limit of large quantum numbers. This fact is called the correspondence principle.
12 Hydrogen-Like Atoms extension of Bohr model to other atoms with a single electron He +, Element (Z-1)+ energy levels in potential scaled with atomic number
Wave Function, ψ. Chapter 28 Atomic Physics. The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. Line Spectrum
Wave Function, ψ Chapter 28 Atomic Physics The Hydrogen Atom The Bohr Model Electron Waves in the Atom The value of Ψ 2 for a particular object at a certain place and time is proportional to the probability
More informationATOMIC SPECTRA. Apparatus: Optical spectrometer, spectral tubes, power supply, incandescent lamp, bottles of dyed water, elevating jack or block.
1 ATOMIC SPECTRA Objective: To measure the wavelengths of visible light emitted by atomic hydrogen and verify the measured wavelengths against those predicted by quantum theory. To identify an unknown
More informationChemistry 102 Summary June 24 th. Properties of Light
Chemistry 102 Summary June 24 th Properties of Light - Energy travels through space in the form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR). - Examples of types of EMR: radio waves, x-rays, microwaves, visible
More informationAtomic Structure: Chapter Problems
Atomic Structure: Chapter Problems Bohr Model Class Work 1. Describe the nuclear model of the atom. 2. Explain the problems with the nuclear model of the atom. 3. According to Niels Bohr, what does n stand
More informationAtoms Absorb & Emit Light
Atoms Absorb & Emit Light Spectra The wavelength of the light that an element emits or absorbs is its fingerprint. Atoms emit and absorb light First Test is Thurs, Feb 1 st About 30 multiple choice questions
More informationPhotons. ConcepTest 27.1. 1) red light 2) yellow light 3) green light 4) blue light 5) all have the same energy. Which has more energy, a photon of:
ConcepTest 27.1 Photons Which has more energy, a photon of: 1) red light 2) yellow light 3) green light 4) blue light 5) all have the same energy 400 nm 500 nm 600 nm 700 nm ConcepTest 27.1 Photons Which
More informationReview of the isotope effect in the hydrogen spectrum
Review of the isotope effect in the hydrogen spectrum 1 Balmer and Rydberg Formulas By the middle of the 19th century it was well established that atoms emitted light at discrete wavelengths. This is in
More informationTIME OF COMPLETION NAME SOLUTION DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL SCIENCES. PHYS 3650, Exam 2 Section 1 Version 1 October 31, 2005 Total Weight: 100 points
TIME OF COMPLETION NAME SOLUTION DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL SCIENCES PHYS 3650, Exam 2 Section 1 Version 1 October 31, 2005 Total Weight: 100 points 1. Check your examination for completeness prior to starting.
More informationChapter 18: The Structure of the Atom
Chapter 18: The Structure of the Atom 1. For most elements, an atom has A. no neutrons in the nucleus. B. more protons than electrons. C. less neutrons than electrons. D. just as many electrons as protons.
More informationThe Phenomenon of Photoelectric Emission:
The Photoelectric Effect. The Wave particle duality of light Light, like any other E.M.R (electromagnetic radiation) has got a dual nature. That is there are experiments that prove that it is made up of
More informationName Date Class ELECTRONS IN ATOMS. Standard Curriculum Core content Extension topics
13 ELECTRONS IN ATOMS Conceptual Curriculum Concrete concepts More abstract concepts or math/problem-solving Standard Curriculum Core content Extension topics Honors Curriculum Core honors content Options
More informationBohr's Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
OpenStax-CNX module: m42596 1 Bohr's Theory of the Hydrogen Atom OpenStax College This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 Abstract Describe
More informationHow To Understand Light And Color
PRACTICE EXAM IV P202 SPRING 2004 1. In two separate double slit experiments, an interference pattern is observed on a screen. In the first experiment, violet light (λ = 754 nm) is used and a second-order
More informationLevel 3 Achievement Scale
Unit 1: Atoms Level 3 Achievement Scale Can state the key results of the experiments associated with Dalton, Rutherford, Thomson, Chadwick, and Bohr and what this lead each to conclude. Can explain that
More informationFrom lowest energy to highest energy, which of the following correctly orders the different categories of electromagnetic radiation?
From lowest energy to highest energy, which of the following correctly orders the different categories of electromagnetic radiation? From lowest energy to highest energy, which of the following correctly
More informationAtomic Structure Ron Robertson
Atomic Structure Ron Robertson r2 n:\files\courses\1110-20\2010 possible slides for web\atomicstructuretrans.doc I. What is Light? Debate in 1600's: Since waves or particles can transfer energy, what is
More informationExperiment #12: The Bohr Atom. Equipment: Spectroscope Hydrogen and Helium Gas Discharge Tubes, Holder, and Variac Flashlight
Experiment #12: The Bohr Atom Purpose: To observe the visible spectrum of hydrogen and helium and verify the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom. Equipment: Spectroscope Hydrogen and Helium Gas Discharge Tubes,
More informationWAVES AND ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
WAVES AND ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION All waves are characterized by their wavelength, frequency and speed. Wavelength (lambda, ): the distance between any 2 successive crests or troughs. Frequency (nu,):
More informationQuantum Mechanics and Atomic Structure 1
Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Structure 1 INTRODUCTION The word atom is derived from the Greek word, atomos, which means uncut or indivisible. It was Dalton (1808) who established that elementary constituents
More informationFlame Tests & Electron Configuration
Flame Tests & Electron Configuration INTRODUCTION Many elements produce colors in the flame when heated. The origin of this phenomenon lies in the arrangement, or configuration of the electrons in the
More information- thus, the total number of atoms per second that absorb a photon is
Stimulated Emission of Radiation - stimulated emission is referring to the emission of radiation (a photon) from one quantum system at its transition frequency induced by the presence of other photons
More informationChapter 7. Electron Structure of the Atom. Chapter 7 Topics
Chapter 7 Electron Structure of the Atom Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Chapter 7 Topics 1. Electromagnetic radiation 2. The Bohr model of
More informationAtomic Calculations. 2.1 Composition of the Atom. number of protons + number of neutrons = mass number
2.1 Composition of the Atom Atomic Calculations number of protons + number of neutrons = mass number number of neutrons = mass number - number of protons number of protons = number of electrons IF positive
More informationLight as a Wave. The Nature of Light. EM Radiation Spectrum. EM Radiation Spectrum. Electromagnetic Radiation
The Nature of Light Light and other forms of radiation carry information to us from distance astronomical objects Visible light is a subset of a huge spectrum of electromagnetic radiation Maxwell pioneered
More informationObjectives. PAM1014 Introduction to Radiation Physics. Constituents of Atoms. Atoms. Atoms. Atoms. Basic Atomic Theory
PAM1014 Introduction to Radiation Physics Basic Atomic Theory Objectives Introduce and Molecules The periodic Table Electronic Energy Levels Atomic excitation & de-excitation Ionisation Molecules Constituents
More informationNuclear Physics. Nuclear Physics comprises the study of:
Nuclear Physics Nuclear Physics comprises the study of: The general properties of nuclei The particles contained in the nucleus The interaction between these particles Radioactivity and nuclear reactions
More information5. The Nature of Light. Does Light Travel Infinitely Fast? EMR Travels At Finite Speed. EMR: Electric & Magnetic Waves
5. The Nature of Light Light travels in vacuum at 3.0. 10 8 m/s Light is one form of electromagnetic radiation Continuous radiation: Based on temperature Wien s Law & the Stefan-Boltzmann Law Light has
More informationBasic Nuclear Concepts
Section 7: In this section, we present a basic description of atomic nuclei, the stored energy contained within them, their occurrence and stability Basic Nuclear Concepts EARLY DISCOVERIES [see also Section
More informationName period AP chemistry Unit 2 worksheet Practice problems
Name period AP chemistry Unit 2 worksheet Practice problems 1. What are the SI units for a. Wavelength of light b. frequency of light c. speed of light Meter hertz (s -1 ) m s -1 (m/s) 2. T/F (correct
More informationChemistry 2 Chapter 13: Electrons in Atoms Please do not write on the test Use an answer sheet! 1 point/problem 45 points total
Chemistry 2 Chapter 13: Electrons in Atoms Please do not write on the test Use an answer sheet! 1 point/problem 45 points total 1. Calculate the energy in joules of a photon of red light that has a frequency
More informationPreview of Period 3: Electromagnetic Waves Radiant Energy II
Preview of Period 3: Electromagnetic Waves Radiant Energy II 3.1 Radiant Energy from the Sun How is light reflected and transmitted? What is polarized light? 3.2 Energy Transfer with Radiant Energy How
More informationBohr model of hydrogen
Chapter 3 Bohr model of hydrogen Figure 3.1: Democritus The atomic theory of matter has a long history, in some ways all the way back to the ancient Greeks (Democritus - ca. 400 BCE - suggested that all
More informationGRID AND PRISM SPECTROMETERS
FYSA230/2 GRID AND PRISM SPECTROMETERS 1. Introduction Electromagnetic radiation (e.g. visible light) experiences reflection, refraction, interference and diffraction phenomena when entering and passing
More informationMasses in Atomic Units
Nuclear Composition - the forces binding protons and neutrons in the nucleus are much stronger (binding energy of MeV) than the forces binding electrons to the atom (binding energy of ev) - the constituents
More informationMain properties of atoms and nucleus
Main properties of atoms and nucleus. Atom Structure.... Structure of Nuclei... 3. Definition of Isotopes... 4. Energy Characteristics of Nuclei... 5. Laws of Radioactive Nuclei Transformation... 3. Atom
More informationChem 1A Exam 2 Review Problems
Chem 1A Exam 2 Review Problems 1. At 0.967 atm, the height of mercury in a barometer is 0.735 m. If the mercury were replaced with water, what height of water (in meters) would be supported at this pressure?
More informationNuclear Magnetic Resonance
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance NMR is probably the most useful and powerful technique for identifying and characterizing organic compounds. Felix Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell were awarded the 1952 Nobel
More informationCHEM 1411 Chapter 5 Homework Answers
1 CHEM 1411 Chapter 5 Homework Answers 1. Which statement regarding the gold foil experiment is false? (a) It was performed by Rutherford and his research group early in the 20 th century. (b) Most of
More informationElectrons In Atoms Mr. O Brien (SFHS) Chapter 5 Standard 1D
Electrons In Atoms Mr. O Brien (SFHS) Chapter 5 Standard 1D Electrons in Atoms (std.1d) What are Bohr Models? planetary model in which the negatively-charged electrons orbit a small, positively-charged
More informationChapter 28 Atomic Physics
614 Chapter 28 Atomic Physics GOALS After you have mastered the contents of this chapter, you will be able to achieve the following goals: Definitions Define each of the following terms and use it in an
More informationAP* Atomic Structure & Periodicity Free Response Questions KEY page 1
AP* Atomic Structure & Periodicity ree Response Questions KEY page 1 1980 a) points 1s s p 6 3s 3p 6 4s 3d 10 4p 3 b) points for the two electrons in the 4s: 4, 0, 0, +1/ and 4, 0, 0, - 1/ for the three
More informationMulti-electron atoms
Multi-electron atoms Today: Using hydrogen as a model. The Periodic Table HWK 13 available online. Please fill out the online participation survey. Worth 10points on HWK 13. Final Exam is Monday, Dec.
More informationTHE BOHR QUANTUM MODEL
THE BOHR QUANTUM MODEL INTRODUCTION When light from a low-pressure gas is subject to an electric discharge, a discrete line spectrum is emitted. When light from such a low-pressure gas is examined with
More information- particle with kinetic energy E strikes a barrier with height U 0 > E and width L. - classically the particle cannot overcome the barrier
Tunnel Effect: - particle with kinetic energy E strikes a barrier with height U 0 > E and width L - classically the particle cannot overcome the barrier - quantum mechanically the particle can penetrated
More informationCHEMSITRY NOTES Chapter 13. Electrons in Atoms
CHEMSITRY NOTES Chapter 13 Electrons in Atoms Goals : To gain an understanding of : 1. Atoms and their structure. 2. The development of the atomic theory. 3. The quantum mechanical model of the atom. 4.
More informationArrangement of Electrons in Atoms
CHAPTER 4 PRE-TEST Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms In the space provided, write the letter of the term that best completes each sentence or best answers each question. 1. Which of the following orbital
More informationDO PHYSICS ONLINE FROM QUANTA TO QUARKS QUANTUM (WAVE) MECHANICS
DO PHYSICS ONLINE FROM QUANTA TO QUARKS QUANTUM (WAVE) MECHANICS Quantum Mechanics or wave mechanics is the best mathematical theory used today to describe and predict the behaviour of particles and waves.
More informationCurriculum for Excellence. Higher Physics. Success Guide
Curriculum for Excellence Higher Physics Success Guide Electricity Our Dynamic Universe Particles and Waves Electricity Key Area Monitoring and Measuring A.C. Monitoring alternating current signals with
More informationRadiation Transfer in Environmental Science
Radiation Transfer in Environmental Science with emphasis on aquatic and vegetation canopy media Autumn 2008 Prof. Emmanuel Boss, Dr. Eyal Rotenberg Introduction Radiation in Environmental sciences Most
More informationMODERN ATOMIC THEORY AND THE PERIODIC TABLE
CHAPTER 10 MODERN ATOMIC THEORY AND THE PERIODIC TABLE SOLUTIONS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Wavelength is defined as the distance between consecutive peaks in a wave. It is generally symbolized by the Greek
More informationElectron Configuration Worksheet (and Lots More!!)
Electron Configuration Worksheet (and Lots More!!) Brief Instructions An electron configuration is a method of indicating the arrangement of electrons about a nucleus. A typical electron configuration
More informationAstronomy 110 Homework #04 Assigned: 02/06/2007 Due: 02/13/2007. Name:
Astronomy 110 Homework #04 Assigned: 02/06/2007 Due: 02/13/2007 Name: Directions: Listed below are twenty (20) multiple-choice questions based on the material covered by the lectures this past week. Choose
More informationThe quantum understanding of pre-university physics students
The quantum understanding of pre-university physics students Gren Ireson Department of Education, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK Students in England and Wales wishing
More information13C NMR Spectroscopy
13 C NMR Spectroscopy Introduction Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) is the most powerful tool available for structural determination. A nucleus with an odd number of protons, an odd number
More informationILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE: Given: A = 3 and B = 4 if we now want the value of C=? C = 3 + 4 = 9 + 16 = 25 or 2
Forensic Spectral Anaylysis: Warm up! The study of triangles has been done since ancient times. Many of the early discoveries about triangles are still used today. We will only be concerned with the "right
More informationSolar Energy Production
Solar Energy Production We re now ready to address the very important question: What makes the Sun shine? Why is this such an important topic in astronomy? As humans, we see in the visible part of the
More informationErnest Rutherford Atomic Model 1911. Plum Pudding Model J.J. Thomson 1897
1 The arrangement of electrons in an atom determine most of the chemical properties of that atom. Electrons are what actually do the reacting. Plum Pudding Model J.J. Thomson 1897 Ernest Rutherford Atomic
More informationPhysical Principle of Formation and Essence of Radio Waves
Physical Principle of Formation and Essence of Radio Waves Anatoli Bedritsky Abstract. This article opens physical phenomena which occur at the formation of the radio waves, and opens the essence of the
More informationObjectives 404 CHAPTER 9 RADIATION
Objectives Explain the difference between isotopes of the same element. Describe the force that holds nucleons together. Explain the relationship between mass and energy according to Einstein s theory
More informationThe rate of change of velocity with respect to time. The average rate of change of distance/displacement with respect to time.
H2 PHYSICS DEFINITIONS LIST Scalar Vector Term Displacement, s Speed Velocity, v Acceleration, a Average speed/velocity Instantaneous Velocity Newton s First Law Newton s Second Law Newton s Third Law
More informationTHE CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN LED AND A MEASUREMENT OF PLANCK S CONSTANT Physics 258/259
DSH 2004 THE CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN LED AND A MEASUREMENT OF PLANCK S CONSTANT Physics 258/259 I. INTRODUCTION Max Planck (1858-1947) was an early pioneer in the field of quantum physics.
More information13- What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the subshell 3d? a) 1 b) 3 c) 5 d) 2
Assignment 06 A 1- What is the energy in joules of an electron undergoing a transition from n = 3 to n = 5 in a Bohr hydrogen atom? a) -3.48 x 10-17 J b) 2.18 x 10-19 J c) 1.55 x 10-19 J d) -2.56 x 10-19
More informationSolar Energy. Outline. Solar radiation. What is light?-- Electromagnetic Radiation. Light - Electromagnetic wave spectrum. Electromagnetic Radiation
Outline MAE 493R/593V- Renewable Energy Devices Solar Energy Electromagnetic wave Solar spectrum Solar global radiation Solar thermal energy Solar thermal collectors Solar thermal power plants Photovoltaics
More informationExperiment IV: Atomic Spectra and the Bohr model
P19: INTRODUCTORY PHYSICS III Experiment IV: Atomic Spectra and the Bohr model Department of Physics and Astronomy Dartmouth College 6127 Wilder Laboratory Hanover, NH 03755 USA Overview In this lab, we
More informationThe Models of the Atom
The Models of the Atom All life, whether in the form of trees, whales, mushrooms, bacteria or amoebas, consists of cells. Similarly, all matter, whether in the form of aspirin, gold, vitamins, air or minerals,
More informationChapter 2. Quantum Theory
Chapter 2 Quantum Theory 2.0 Introduction 2.6 Orbital Shapes, Signs, and Sizes 2.1 The Nature of Light 2.7 Electron Configurations 2.2 Quantization 2.8 Quantum Theory and the Periodic Table 2.3 Bohr Model
More informationBoardworks AS Physics
Boardworks AS Physics Vectors 24 slides 11 Flash activities Prefixes, scalars and vectors Guide to the SI unit prefixes of orders of magnitude Matching powers of ten to their SI unit prefixes Guide to
More informationThe Advanced Placement Examination in Chemistry. Part I Multiple Choice Questions Part II Free Response Questions Selected Questions from1970 to 2010
The Advanced Placement Examination in Chemistry Part I Multiple Choice Questions Part II Free Response Questions Selected Questions from1970 to 2010 Atomic Theory and Periodicity Part I 1984 1. Which of
More informationNOTES ON The Structure of the Atom
NOTES ON The Structure of the Atom Chemistry is the study of matter and its properties. Those properties can be explained by examining the atoms that compose the matter. An atom is the smallest particle
More informationProf.M.Perucca CORSO DI APPROFONDIMENTO DI FISICA ATOMICA: (III-INCONTRO) RISONANZA MAGNETICA NUCLEARE
Prof.M.Perucca CORSO DI APPROFONDIMENTO DI FISICA ATOMICA: (III-INCONTRO) RISONANZA MAGNETICA NUCLEARE SUMMARY (I/II) Angular momentum and the spinning gyroscope stationary state equation Magnetic dipole
More informationElectrons in Atoms & Periodic Table Chapter 13 & 14 Assignment & Problem Set
Electrons in Atoms & Periodic Table Name Warm-Ups (Show your work for credit) Date 1. Date 2. Date 3. Date 4. Date 5. Date 6. Date 7. Date 8. Electrons in Atoms & Periodic Table 2 Study Guide: Things You
More information9/13/2013. However, Dalton thought that an atom was just a tiny sphere with no internal parts. This is sometimes referred to as the cannonball model.
John Dalton was an English scientist who lived in the early 1800s. Dalton s atomic theory served as a model for how matter worked. The principles of Dalton s atomic theory are: 1. Elements are made of
More informationOnline Courses for High School Students 1-888-972-6237
Online Courses for High School Students 1-888-972-6237 PHYSICS Course Description: This course provides a comprehensive survey of all key areas: physical systems, measurement, kinematics, dynamics, momentum,
More information3 - Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
3 - Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Introduction Atomic-absorption (AA) spectroscopy uses the absorption of light to measure the concentration of gas-phase atoms. Since samples are usually liquids or solids,
More informationBasics of Nuclear Physics and Fission
Basics of Nuclear Physics and Fission A basic background in nuclear physics for those who want to start at the beginning. Some of the terms used in this factsheet can be found in IEER s on-line glossary.
More information2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126.
Chapter 5 Nuclear Shell Model 5.1 Magic Numbers The binding energies predicted by the Liquid Drop Model underestimate the actual binding energies of magic nuclei for which either the number of neutrons
More informationOn the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules. N. Bohr, Dr. phil. Copenhagen (Received July 1913)
N. Bohr, Philos. Mag. 26, 1 1913 Introduction On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules N. Bohr, Dr. phil. Copenhagen (Received July 1913) In order to explain the results of experiments on scattering
More informationSample Exercise 6.1 Concepts of Wavelength and Frequency
Sample Exercise 6.1 Concepts of Wavelength and Frequency Two electromagnetic waves are represented in the margin. (a) Which wave has the higher frequency? (b) If one wave represents visible light and the
More informationVacuum Evaporation Recap
Sputtering Vacuum Evaporation Recap Use high temperatures at high vacuum to evaporate (eject) atoms or molecules off a material surface. Use ballistic flow to transport them to a substrate and deposit.
More informationTake away concepts. What is Energy? Solar Energy. EM Radiation. Properties of waves. Solar Radiation Emission and Absorption
Take away concepts Solar Radiation Emission and Absorption 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Conservation of energy. Black body radiation principle Emission wavelength and temperature (Wein s Law). Radiation vs. distance
More informationBlackbody radiation derivation of Planck s radiation low
Blackbody radiation derivation of Planck s radiation low 1 Classical theories of Lorentz and Debye: Lorentz (oscillator model): Electrons and ions of matter were treated as a simple harmonic oscillators
More informationPHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT AND DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATIONS
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT AND DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATIONS 1. Photons 2. Photoelectric Effect 3. Experimental Set-up to study Photoelectric Effect 4. Effect of Intensity, Frequency, Potential on P.E.
More informationUV-Vis Vis spectroscopy. Electronic absorption spectroscopy
UV-Vis Vis spectroscopy Electronic absorption spectroscopy Absortpion spectroscopy Provide information about presence and absence of unsaturated functional groups Useful adjunct to IR Determination of
More informationHow To Understand The Physics Of Electromagnetic Radiation
Ay 122 - Fall 2004 Electromagnetic Radiation And Its Interactions With Matter (This version has many of the figures missing, in order to keep the pdf file reasonably small) Radiation Processes: An Overview
More informationWidths of spectral lines
Widths of spectral lines Real spectral lines are broadened because: Energy levels are not infinitely sharp. Atoms are moving relative to observer. 3 mechanisms determine profile φ(ν) Quantum mechanical
More informationElectromagnetic Radiation and Polarization
Satellite Remote Sensing SIO 135/SIO 236 Electromagnetic Radiation and Polarization Helen Amanda Fricker 1 This is a refresher only! If you want a comprehensive lecture on EM theory, try this link: http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-03-
More informationA. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) = the idea that particles of matter are always in motion and that this motion has consequences.
I. MOLECULES IN MOTION: A. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) = the idea that particles of matter are always in motion and that this motion has consequences. 1) theory developed in the late 19 th century to
More informationQuantum Phenomena and the Theory of Quantum Mechanics
Quantum Phenomena and the Theory of The Mechanics of the Very Small Waseda University, SILS, Introduction to History and Philosophy of Science . Two Dark Clouds In 1900 at a Friday Evening lecture at the
More informationBritish Physics Olympiad
1 British Physics Olympiad Paper 3. 2005 Monday 28 February 2005. Time allowed 3hrs plus 15 minutes reading time. All questions should be attempted. Question 1 carries 40 marks, the other questions 20
More informationElectromagnetic Radiation (EMR) and Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) and Remote Sensing 1 Atmosphere Anything missing in between? Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) is radiated by atomic particles at the source (the Sun), propagates through
More informationFranck-Hertz Experiment
Advanced Laboratory Course, Part I Summer Term 2005 Report on Franck-Hertz Experiment Handed in by Benjamin Joachimi, Benedikt Klobes Group β 10 Assistant: Svetlana Zinoveva 18th February 2005 1 Contents
More informationRaman Scattering Theory David W. Hahn Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University of Florida (dwhahn@ufl.edu)
Introduction Raman Scattering Theory David W. Hahn Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University of Florida (dwhahn@ufl.edu) The scattering of light may be thought of as the redirection
More informationPractice final for Basic Physics spring 2005 answers on the last page Name: Date:
Practice final for Basic Physics spring 2005 answers on the last page Name: Date: 1. A 12 ohm resistor and a 24 ohm resistor are connected in series in a circuit with a 6.0 volt battery. Assuming negligible
More informationHistory of the Atom & Atomic Theory
Chapter 5 History of the Atom & Atomic Theory You re invited to a Thinking Inside the Box Conference Each group should nominate a: o Leader o Writer o Presenter You have 5 minutes to come up with observations
More informationNuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy cont... Recommended Reading:
Applied Spectroscopy Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy cont... Recommended Reading: Banwell and McCash Chapter 7 Skoog, Holler Nieman Chapter 19 Atkins, Chapter 18 Relaxation processes We need
More information2. John Dalton did his research work in which of the following countries? a. France b. Greece c. Russia d. England
CHAPTER 3 1. Which combination of individual and contribution is not correct? a. Antoine Lavoisier - clarified confusion over cause of burning b. John Dalton - proposed atomic theory c. Marie Curie - discovered
More informationAtomic and Nuclear Physics Laboratory (Physics 4780)
Gamma Ray Spectroscopy Week of September 27, 2010 Atomic and Nuclear Physics Laboratory (Physics 4780) The University of Toledo Instructor: Randy Ellingson Gamma Ray Production: Co 60 60 60 27Co28Ni *
More informationCHAPTER 8 PRACTICE TEST QUESTIONS (END OF CHAPTER 7 TOO)
CHAPTER 8 PRACTICE TEST QUESTIONS (END OF CHAPTER 7 TOO) Information that most likely will be on the front cover of your exam: h i Z 2 ΔE = @ 2.18 x 10 @ 18 f Z 2 f J j @ k n f 2 n i 2 1. Which of the
More informationMagnetism and Magnetic Materials K. Inomata
Magnetism and Magnetic Materials K. Inomata 1. Origin of magnetism 1.1 Magnetism of free atoms and ions 1.2 Magnetism for localized electrons 1.3 Itinerant electron magnetism 2. Magnetic properties of
More informationBe Stars. By Carla Morton
Be Stars By Carla Morton Index 1. Stars 2. Spectral types 3. B Stars 4. Be stars 5. Bibliography How stars are formed Stars are composed of gas Hydrogen is the main component of stars. Stars are formed
More information