Significant incidents in nuclear fuel cycle
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1 IAEA-TECDOC-867 Significant incidents in nuclear fuel cycle INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY
2 The IAEA does not normally maintain stocks of reports in this series. However, microfiche copies
3 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials Section International Atomic Energy
4 FOREWORD
5 EDITORIAL NOTE
6 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW DETAILED DESCRIPTION...
7 1. INTRODUCTION Since the inception of the nuclear industry, the importance of nuclear safety has been clearly recognized
8 Table
9 TABLE II. INCIDENTS AND FACILITIES Criticality Potential criticality Explosion Potential explosion Fire Fire danger Release
10 TABLE
11 2. OVERVIEW Reprocessing plants Date Facilities Incident 1) Savannah River Plant South Carolina,
12 Reprocessing plants Date Facilities Incident 7) Thorex Pilot Plant Oak Ridge, Tennessee,
13 Reprocessing plants Date Facilities Incident 14) Windscale, United Kingdom Release
14 Reprocessing plants Date Facilities Incident 23) Tokai reprocessing plant, Japan Leakage of waste liquid. A very small of radioactivity was detected in the water in the underground seepage receiving tank. Causes: Al 24) Sellafield, United Kingdom Radioactive liquor filled 25) La Hague, France 26) La Hague, France 27) Tokai reprocessing plant, Japan 28) Sellafield, United Kingdom 29) Sellafield, United Kingdom 30) Sellafield, United Kingdom 31) Hanford, USA
15 Reprocessing plants 32) Date Facilities Sellafield, United Kingdom Incident 33) 1990 Hanford, USA 34) 35) Sellafield, United Kingdom Tomsk-7, Russia 36) 37) Tokai Reprocessing plant, Japan RT-1 Reprocessing plant, Russia
16 Conversion plants Date Facilities Incident 42) Pierrelatte, France Accidental release 43) Sequoyah Fuels Corporation, Gore, Oklahoma, USA 44) Pierrelatte, France 45) Sequoyah Fuels, USA 46) Sequoyah Fuels, USA
17 Fuel fabrication plants 7) Date Facilities Nukem, Hanau, Germany 48) Asea Atom, Vasteras, Sweden 49) 50) Siemens uranium fuel element fabrication, Hanau, Germany Siemens 51) ) ) )
18 Others (waste storage facility, spent fuel storage, isotope production plant) Date Facilities Incident 55) Hanford Nuclear Reservation Washington,
19 3. DETAILED DESCRIPTION REPROCESSING PLANTS 1. Chemical explosion
20 - Concentrating equipment should be designed with an accumulator least necessary to survive a sharp pressure rise. Recommendations bearing on the radiation hazards were as follows: 1. Health Physics should be called immediately if radioactive contamination is spread outside a regulated area.
21 2. Soil contamination Type of facility Reprocessing (for military use) Name
22
23 3. Metallic plutonium fire Type
24
25
26 5.6. Sources (1)
27
28 6.6. Sources (1) "A review of criticality accidents", Stratton, W.E., revised by Smith, D.R., DOE/NCT-04, (2) "Nuclear Criticality Safety", Knief, R.A., (3) "Idaho Chemical Processing Plant Criticality Incident", Nuclear Safety, Vol.1, No.3, 1960.
29
30 This series
31
32 9. Criticality Type of facility Reprocessing Name
33
34
35 11.6. Sources (1) "A review of criticality accidents", Stratton, W.E., revised by Smith, D.R., DOE/NCT-04, 1989.
36
37 13. Underground release of waste liquid Type
38 13.5. Action taken
39 14. Release of airborne radioactivity Type of facility Reprocessing Name
40
41 New process instrumentation has been installed to determine whether or not the new limitations on denitration conditions are being met. The new instrumentation also provides for a more rapid response
42 16. Explosion Type
43 17. Onshore detection of tritium Type
44
45
46
47 21. Leakage Type
48 22. Criticality Type of facility Name of facility Location Reprocessing Idaho Chemical Processing Plant Idaho Falls, Idaho,
49 23. Leakage of waste liquid Type of facility Reprocessing Name
50
51 25. Loss of power supply Type
52
53 27. Inadvertent transfer of plutonium Type
54 28. Release of radioactive liquor Type of facility Reprocessing Name
55 29. Release of 440 kg uranium into the Irish Sea Type of facility Name of facility Location Incident date Reprocessing Sellafield Sellafield, United Kingdom 1986 January
56 30. Plutonium
57
58
59 33. Possible explosion Type
60
61
62 35.4. Lessons learned Limiting the concentration of nitric acid that is used for solution adjustment. Implementation
63 36. Radiation exposure of workers Type of facility Name of facility Location Reprocessing PNC Tokai Reprocessing Plant Tokai, Japan Incident date 1993 December Description
64
65 ENRICHMENT PLANTS 38. Accumulation of solid uranium Type
66 39. Release of uranium hexafluoride Type
67 40. Release of uranium hexafluoride Type of facility Name of facility Location Enrichment Portsmouth Gaseous diffusion plant Ohio, USA Incident date 1978 March Description of the incident While a 14-ton cylinder containing liquid UF
68 41. Release of solid uranium compound Type
69 CONVERSION PLANTS 42. Accidental release of UF 6 Type
70 43. Accidental release of UF 6 Type of facility Conversion Name
71 1. In summary, the factors can be aggregated into the following causes of the accident:
72 44. Accidental release of UF 6 Type
73 45. Seepage of uranium-contaminated water Type of facility Name of facility Location Conversion Sequoyah Fuels Corporation (SFC) Gore, Oklahoma,
74
75 FUEL FABRICATION
76 48. Release
77 49. Explosion Type
78 50. Inhalation of plutonium Type
79 51. Potential criticality Type of facility Name of facility Location Fuel fabrication GE fuel & component manufacturing facility Wilmington, North Carolina, USA Incident date 1991 May Description of the incident Higher than expected amounts
80
81 53. Potential criticality Type
82
83
84
85 56.3. Causes Deficiency of temperature control in the waste storage tank and possibility for interruption of
86 57. Fire danger Type
87 58. Thermal-chemical explosion Type of facility Isotope production plant Name
88 GLOSSARY Magnox MOX powder Purex process raffinate solvent extraction
89 CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW Kanamori, M. Safety Division, Power Reactor & Nuclear Fuel Development Corporation, 9-13, Akasaka 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107, Japan Kudryavtsev,
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