TRANSFERS, NODES, HUBS AND PLACES: Different Forms of Intermodal Exchange

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1 TRANSFERS, NODES, HUBS AND PLACES: Different Forms of Intermodal Exchange Marcel Smets, Flemish State Architect and Professor of Urbanism at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven

2 TRANSFERS, NODES, HUBS and PLACES, Different forms of intermodal exchange Marcel SMETS Professor of Urban Design Huburbs Seminar University of Toronto John Daniels School of Architecture April 15 th, 2011

Urban Design Huburbs Seminar University of Toronto

3 SYNOPSIS 1. Networks terminology: original significance Transfers Nodes Hubs 2. Conditions of place making: transport efficiency vs. urban significance Clarity of flows vs. exchange between different publics Well-tempered environment vs. diversity of activities Monumentality vs. identity of the place

4 Network terminology: TRANSFER Less-defined terminology: applicable to all (inter)modal exchange Habitual use: simple transfer between one transportation mode to another 1. Car to train/tram 2. Train to tram/bus 3. Train to ship 4. Etc Transfers by foot/cycle passengers to public transport: usual terminology stations

mode to another 1. Car to train/tram 2. Train to tram/bus 3. Train to ship 4.

5 Network terminology: TRANSFER The higher the hierarchy of transport modes, the more complex the transfers BRT Architekten ICE Train Station Frankfurt Airport, Germany

6 Network terminology: TRANSFER Airports or HST-stations rather nodes than transfers: served by carpark+bus+tram+metro Cuno Brullman Jean-Luc Crochon + Partners Nice Airport Terminal 2 Parking Garage, France

7 Network terminology: TRANSFER Most often simple transfer from car to tram/train Groupe Loisier P&R Quatre Chemins, Bordeaux France De Giacinto & Escande P&R La Buttinière, Bordeaux France

8 Network terminology: TRANSFER Transfer: combination between car park and tram platform Atelier de Midi Parc de la Gare d Issy-Val de Seine, France

9 Network terminology: TRANSFER Like in all other places of exchange (nod, hub) identity determined both by: standard profile of network assimilation of specific context Norman Foster Bilbao Metro System Fosteritos, Spain E. Souto de Moura Porto Metro, Portugal

10 Network terminology: TRANSFER In case of commuter transfer, significance of homecoming, linked to end-ofline station Station Patras, Athens Greece Station Leysin Village, Switzerland

11 Network terminology: NODE Node = point of connection between (at least) two lines in a network

12 Network terminology: NODE Node = point of better accessibility because served by (at least) two lines REPUBLIQUE Paris Métro, République Station

13 Network terminology: NODE Node = natural point of crossing and internal movement Von Gerkan, Marg und Partner Lehrter Hauptbahnhof, Berlin Germany

14 Network terminology: NODE Node = highest accessibility where overlaps occur with networks of higher hierarchy

15 Network terminology: NODE Node = attractiveness as intermodal point of converging networks Benthem Crouwel Schiphol Plaza, Amsterdam Netherlands

16 Network terminology: HUB Specific meaning in origin from transportation theory Hubs and spokes: means of reducing number of direct transport lines while continuing to provide all connections

17 Network terminology: HUB Hub: dividing trips into two portions: local distribution and long haul carrier Union Pacific Railroad Global III Intermodal Facility, Rochelle Illonois Transfer from: large body to small airplanes HST-train to local stop train container ships/trains to trucks

Intermodal Facility, Rochelle Illonois Transfer from: large body to

18 Network terminology: HUB Hub: radical hub versus end-of-line as local connector Advantage of more efficient transport organization against passenger comfort of remaining in same carriage

19 Network terminology: HUB Hub rationale: linkage within same network Singapore Airlines Flight Plan Position TGV Station Marne-la-Vallée / Chessy

20 Network terminology: HUB Hub rationale: linkage with other networks not evident Malpensa Linate Position Malpensa Airport Position Toronto Airport

21 Network terminology: HUB Hub rationale: linkage with other networks not evident TGV Station Santa Justa, Sevilla Spain Estacion Delicias, Zaragoza Spain

22 Considering Place Making: HUB Hub: more often isolated location, little mix with activities other than travel Shanghai South Railway Station, China Von Gerkan, Marg und Partner Lehrter Hauptbahnhof, Berlin

23 Considering Place Making: NODE Hub: isolated position because of singular network hierarchy TGV Station Marne-la-Vallée/Chessy, France

24 Considering Place Making: HUB Node: evident exchange because of linkage between network hierarchies Gare du Nord, Paris France

25 Considering Place Making: HUB Hub: often internalized space with flow chart optimizing transfer Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects Transbay Transit Center, San Fransisco Lehrter Hauptbahnhof, Berlin

26 Considering Place Making: HUB Hub: internalizing shopping malls that draw on (long-distance) travel, security, tax exemption, exclusiveness Paul Andreu Dubai Inetrnational Airport, United Arab Emirates

27 Considering Place Making: HUB Hub: internalizing shopping malls that benefit from accessibility in order to compensate for urban isolation Centre Commercial Gare Part Dieu, Lyon Paris Von Gerkan, Marg und Partner Lehrter Hauptbahnhof, Berlin

28 Considering Place Making: HUB Hub: often monumental space in order to create a sign to fill the void AREP- Shanghai South Railway Station, China Santiago Calatrava Liège Guillemins Station, Belgium

29 Conditions of Place Making: Main Dilemma: weighing off transport efficiency against urban significance Main design questions: 1. Clarity without exclusion Directing the flows, while realizing an exchange between different publics 2. Comfort without encapsulation Realizing a well-tempered environment, while breaking out into the city 3. Identity through meaning Creating a place that sticks on the mind of people because of what they experience there, not only because of its iconic appearance

30 Conditions of Place Making 1 Clarity without exclusion: opening up to other publics than travelers OMA Souterrain Tunnel Complex, The Hague Netherlands KHR Architekten Copenhagen Metro, Denmark

31 Conditions of Place Making 1 Clarity without exclusion: not only highlighting the flows UN Studio Arnhem Central Station, Netherlands F.O.A. Yokohama Ferry Terminal, Japan

32 Conditions of Place Making 1 Clarity without exclusion: also mixing the flows Grumbach & Schall Bibliotheque Mitterand Station, Paris France Intermodal Change, Santo André, Brasil

33 Conditions of Place Making 2 Comfort through encapsulation: the Kyoto station model of enclosed forum Hiroshi Hara + Atelier Phi Kyoto Station, Japan

34 Conditions of Place Making 2 Comfort through encapsulation: the shopping street interiorized Antwerp Central Station, Belgium Pancras Station, London, UK

35 Conditions of Place Making 2 Comfort without encapsulation: breaking out into the street Rafael Moneo Atocha Station, Madrid Spain

36 Conditions of Place Making 2 Comfort without encapsulation: breaking out into the street OMA & XDGA Competition Project, Les Halles, Paris, France

37 Conditions of Place Making 2 Comfort without encapsulation: breaking out into the street Manuel de Sola-Morales / Projectteam Stadsontwerp Leuven Railway Station, Belgium

38 Conditions of Place Making 2 Comfort without encapsulation: breaking out into the street EM2N Hardbrücke Station, Zürich Switzerland

39 Conditions of Place Making 3 Identity through meaning: the memory of an environment Paul Delvaux The astonishing discovery

40 Conditions of Place Making 3 Identity through meaning: not a reduction to the idea of historical setting HPP Leipzig Central Station, Germany

41 Conditions of Place Making 3 Identity through meaning: but entrusting civic character to a place Smith-Miller + Hawkinson Wall Street Ferry Terminal, NYC Agence Tetrarc Place Pirmil Bus Station, Nantes, France

42 Conditions of Place Making 3 Identity through meaning: entrusting civic character to a place Manuel de Sola-Morales / Projectteam Stadsontwerp Leuven Railway Station, Belgium

43 Conditions of Place Making 3 Identity through meaning: entrusting civic character to a place Manuel de Sola-Morales / Projectteam Stadsontwerp Leuven Railway Station, Belgium

44 TRANSFERS, NODES, HUBS and PLACES, Different forms of intermodal exchange Marcel SMETS Professor of Urban Design Huburbs Seminar University of Toronto John Daniels School of Architecture April 15 th, 2011

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