Why Go Underground? ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 1
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1 Why Go Underground? ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 1
2 For hundred of thousands of years, our natural domain has been mainly a two-dimensional space ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 2
3 Nature, and not mankind, is at the origin of the first underground works ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 3
4 Cave dwellings were an important landmark in the use of underground space by mankind (France) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 4
5 Since the dawn of human endeavor, numerous reasons have encouraged mankind to use and develop underground space ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 5
6 The Malpas Tunnel on the Canal du Midi (France - late 17th Century) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 6
7 The Saint Gothard Tunnel (Switzerland - Late 19th Century) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 7
8 Powerhouse of the Serra da Mesa hydroelectric power plant (Brazil) Intake Canal Pressure Tunnels Intake Tunnels Powerhouse Cavern Surge Chamber Tailrace Tunnel Tailrace Canal ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 8
9 Fundamental characteristics of underground space Underground medium is a space that can provide the setting for activities or infrastructures that are difficult, impossible, environmentally undesirable or less profitable to install above ground. Underground space offers a natural protection to whatever is placed underground The containment created by undergound structures protects the surface environment from the risks / disturbances inherents in certain types of activities Underground space is opaque : an underground structure is only visible at the point(s) where it connects to the surface. ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 9
10 Reasons for going underground Land use and location reasons Isolation considerations Environmental protection Topographic reasons Social benefits ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 10
11 Reasons for going underground (1) Land use and location reasons ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 11
12 Blaak Station (Rotterdam The Netherlands) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 12
13 Underground expansion of the Swedish Royal Library (Stockholm - Sweden) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 13
14 Le Grand Louvre (Paris - France) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 14
15 Tokyo Subway - Iidabashi Station (Tokyo - Japan) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 15
16 La Defense Urban Hub (Paris - France) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 16
17 Reasons for going underground (2) Isolation considerations ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 17
18 The Santa Claus Village Unique Christmas theme park on the Arctic Circle in Finnish Lapland ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 18
19 Underground hospital in a potash salt mine for allergy treatment (Ural - Russia) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 19
20 Underground swimming pool (Finland) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 20
21 Gjovik Olympic Mountain Hall (Norway) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 21
22 Above-ground structures are more sensitive to earthquake than underground ones Kobe Earthquake (Japan ) Severe damage to the Kobe City Hall No damage to the underground shopping mall located below ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 22
23 Underground crude oil storage facility Kuji Plant (Japan) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 23
24 Underground storage facilities Kansas City (USA) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 24
25 Underground Church in Rock (Helsinki, Finland) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 25
26 University of Minnesota (USA) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 26
27 Yucca Mountain Site characterization project (Nevada - USA) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 27
28 Reasons for going underground (3) Environmental protection ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 28
29 Car park at the square Estienne d Orves in Marseilles (France) Situation «before» and «after» the construction of the underground car park ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 29
30 Thanks to the use of subsurface, a car park could be located in the very proximity of the Sydney Opera House (Australia) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 30
31 Variety of the underground infrastructure in a city ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 31
32 A motorway tunnel forming a green bridge, providing a free range for people, animals, and even vegetation (Finland) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 32
33 The Green Heart Tunnel (The Netherlands) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 33
34 Reasons for going underground (4) Topographic reasons ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 34
35 The Gothard Base Tunnel (Switzerland) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 35
36 Mont Russelin Tunnel on National Highway A16 (Switzerland) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 36
37 High speed railway tunnel (Germany) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 37
38 Trans Tokyo Bay Highway (Japan) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 38
39 The Noord Tunnel Amsterdam (The Netherlands) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 39
40 Expanded use of underground space ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 40
41 The new Antwerp Central Station on the Paris-Amsterdam high speed rail link (Antwerpen - Belgium) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 41
42 Reasons for going underground (5) Social benefits ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 42
43 «Tunnels play a vital environmental role by conveying clean water to and by conveying wastewater out from urban areas» ****** The Lesotho Highlands Water Project ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 43
44 Waste water treatment plant in Helsinki (Finland) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 44
45 «Tunnels provide safe, environmentally sound, fast, and unobtrusive urban mass transit systems» ****** Paris Metro Line 14 - «Meteor» (France) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 45
46 «City traffic tunnels clear vehicles from surface streets, traffic noise is reduced, air becomes less polluted and the surface street areas may partially be used for other purposes» ****** The Central Artery in Boston (USA) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 46
47 The A86 West Underground Link-up (Paris Region - France) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 47
48 «Underground car parks in city centres leave room for recreation areas and playground above ground» ****** Underground car park below a schoolyard (Stockholm - Sweden) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 48
49 The Paris Town Hall underground car park (France) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 49
50 «Multipurpose utility tunnels are less vulnerable to external conditions than surface installations and will cause only insignificant disturbance above ground when installed equipments are repaired or maintained» ****** Utilidor (Paris - France) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 50
51 Assessment of the underground structures (1) Taking into account life-cycle costs ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 51
52 Tunnel Cost per Lineal Foot (Converted to 1995 dollars) Washington Metro Tunnel Costs Prices for mining & lining ~20' Dia. Tunnels Year Earth Rock Mixed or varying Linear Regression ( ) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 52
53 Cost comparison between hydrocarbon storage in rock caverns and in steel tanks ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 53
54 Assessment of the underground structures (2) Taking into the indirect benefits of the underground structures ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 54
55 Risk analysis in underground works ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 55
56 Three-Centered Station Shield Metro of Tokyo ( Japan) ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 56
57 ITA-AITES Working Groups WG 2 WG 3 WG 5 WG 6 WG 11 WG 12 Research Contractual practicesin underground construction Health and safety Maintenance and repair of underground structures Immersed and floating tunnels Shotcrete use in tunnelling WG 14 Mechanized tunnelling WG 15 Environment WG 16 Quality WG 17 Long tunnels at great depth WG 18 Training WG 19 Conventional tunnelling WG 20 Urban problems - Underground solutions ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 57
58 ITA - AITES Why Go Underground? 58
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