Michael Hiebel. Fundamentals of Vector Network Analysis

Transcription

1 Michael Hiebel Fundamentals of Vector Network Analysis

2 TABIH OF CONTENTS Table of contents 1 Introduction What is a network analyzer? Wave quantities and S-parameters Why vector network analysis? A circuit example 18 2 Design of a heterodyne N-port network analyzer Block diagram Design of the test set Constancy of the a wave Reflection tracking Directivity Test port match and multiple reflections Summary Outlook Implementation of the directional element VSWR bridge Directional coupler Other implementations Other components of the test set Receiver step attenuators Generator attenuators Active and passive test sets Generator Reference and measurement receiver Measurement procedure S-parameter measurement procedure 54

3 FUNDAMENTALS OF VECTOR NETWORK ANALYSIS Measurement data processing chain Trace generation Main setting parameters User interface Channel settings Trace settings 57 5^ Remote control of the instrument Usage of simple digital signals Protocol-based interfaces Automation Simplified implementations N+l receiver analyzer Network analyzer with an N-port switching matrix 78 3 Measurement accuracy and calibration Reduction of random measurement errors Thermal drift Repeatability Noise Correction of systematic measurement errors Nonlinear influences Linear influences Calibration standards Coaxial calibration standards Waveguide calibration standards Microstrip calibration standards Coplanar calibration standards The uniform model of the calibration standards Linear error models and calibration techniques term error model (OSM technique) term error model (TOM, TRM, TRL, TNA, UOSM techniques) term and 12-term error models (TOSM technique) 119

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS term error model (TOM-X technique) Adapters and noninsertable DUTs Incomplete calibration techniques Practical hints for calibration Verification T-check and Beatty standard Measurement of the effective system data A primer to statistics Analysis of the measurement uncertainty Traceability The International System of Units The pseudo units db and dbm Some important non-si units An organization for traceability Traceability of a network analyzer Linear measurements Performing a TOM calibration Performing a TNA calibration Measurement of the reflection coefficient and the SWR Measurement of the transmission coefficient Measurement of the group delay Measurement of the phase delay, auto length Measurement of the stability Measurement with embedding Measurement with deembedding Measurement of balanced lines 188

5 - FUNDAMENTALS OF VECTOR NETWORK ANALYSIS 4.11 Measurement of the far-end and near-end crosstalk Filter with balanced and unbalanced port, imbalance and common-mode rejection Measurement of switching times and drift effects Measurements on amplifiers in pulsed operating mode Measurement of the efficiency Time-domain measurements Time-domain analysis Impulse and step response Time-domain analysis of linear RF networks Time domain reflectometry using an oscilloscope Fourier transform Numerical inverse Fourier transform Inverse discrete Fourier transform Windowing Bandpass mode Transformations optimized for computing time Using the time-domain option Operation in lowpass mode Operation in bandpass mode Benefits of extrapolation Processing sequence Time gate Tables and diagrams Impulse and step responses for important reflection coefficients Comparison of important window functions Comparison of important time gates Diagram for determination of the ambiguity range 267

6 TABLE ot 2 CONVENTS 6 Examples of time-domain measurements Distance-to-fault measurement and gating Measurements on a SAW filter in the time domain RF imaging for nondestructive evaluation Measurement of the complex effective system data and OSML calibration Nonlinear measurements Features used for nonlinear measurements Automatic level control Source power calibration Receiver power calibration Power sweep Multiple source concept Arbitrary mode Direct generator and receiver access Power sensors as receivers External generator control Additional equipment Measurement of the compression point Measuring a detector characteristic Harmonics Model of harmonic distortions Measurement of the harmonics and their intercept point Intermodulation Model of intermodulation distortions Measurement of the intermodulation products and their intercept point Boosted source with an external test set 328

7 FUNDAMENTALS OF VECTOR NETWORK ANALYSIS Measuring hot S-parameters Load-pull measurements True-differential-measurements Mixer measurements Signals and parameters for a mixer Input and output signals of a mixer Higher order mixing products Important mixer parameters Features for mixer measurements Mixer measurement mode Connection of a reference mixer Example 1: Mixer measurement Example 2: Measurements on a down-converting module Frequency extension Antenna and radar cross section measurements Antenna measurements Important antenna measurement quantities Radar cross section measurements Conclusion and acknowledgement 373

8 TABLE OF CONTENTS A Appendix 374 A1 Mathematical principles 374 A1.1 Complex numbers 374 A1.2 Matrix operations 377 A2 Important symbols and quantities 380 A3 Circuit symbols used 385 A4 Acronyms and abbreviations 386 A5 Sources of figures 390 A6 Bibliography 392 A6.1 Selected application notes 392 A6.2 Books, scientific publications and standards 393 A7 Index 398 A8 Current network analyzer product lines from Rohde&Schwarz 415