The N2PK Vector Network Analyzer (N2PK VNA) Original by Paul Kiciak, N2PK, 2007 * (*Pages edited or added by VE7WRS, 2009)
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1 The N2PK Vector Network Analyzer (N2PK VNA) Original by Paul Kiciak, N2PK, 2007 * (*Pages edited or added by VE7WRS, 2009)
2 What Does Vector Mean?! Vector: magnitude & direction (angle) 01/22/07 N2PK *
3 What Does Vector Mean?! Vector: magnitude & direction (angle)! Scalar: magnitude only 22 MPH, 50 ohms, 6 db, VSWR 01/22/07 N2PK *
4 What Does Vector Mean?! Vector: magnitude & direction (angle)! Scalar: magnitude only 22 MPH, 50 ohms, 6 db, VSWR! Vectors: Wind: 22 MPH from SSE Impedance: degrees Reflection: 155 degrees 01/22/07 N2PK *
5 What Does Vector Mean?! Vector: magnitude & direction (angle)! Scalar: magnitude only 22 MPH, 50 ohms, 6 db! Vectors: Wind: 22 MPH from SSE Impedance: degrees Reflection: 155 degrees! Polar vs. Rectangular Vectors Equivalent representations Polar: deg. Rectangular: j5.20 ohms Rs=24.45 Ω -12 Z=25.00 Ω Xs=-5.20 Ω 01/22/07 N2PK *
6 Some Networks! General: Black box: don t t care what s s inside Ports instead of inputs & outputs Number of Parameters: N*N for N-port N DUT: N-Port N Device Under Test 2-port: 01/22/07 N2PK
7 ! General: Some Networks Black box: don t t care what s s inside Ports instead of inputs & outputs Number of Parameters: N*N for N-port N DUT: N-Port N Device Under Test 2-port:! Examples: 1-ports: antenna, R, L, C 2-ports: filters, pair of antennas 4-port: directional coupler 01/22/07 N2PK
8 What Does A VNA Measure?! Reflection Parameters: Impedance*, Admittance*, SWR, Return Loss, Reflection Coefficient* Equivalent series & parallel R, L, C! Rs, Rp,, Ls, Lp,, Cs, Cp Q Admittance = 1 / Impedance Return Loss (db) = 10log 10 (P T /P R ) inverse of SWR Reflection Coefficient = Γ = (Z L Z s ) / (Z L + Z s ) s: source L: load * Complex (vector) 01/23/07 N2PK
9 What Does A VNA Measure?! Reflection Parameters: Impedance*, Admittance*, SWR, Return Loss, Reflection Coefficient* Equivalent series & parallel R, L, C Q! Transmission Parameters: Gain*, db Group delay in seconds * Complex (vector) 01/23/07 N2PK
10 What Does A VNA Measure?! Reflection Parameters: Impedance*, Admittance*, SWR, Return Loss, Reflection Coefficient* Equivalent series & parallel R, L, C Q! Transmission Parameters: Gain*, db Group delay in seconds! Components: Antennas, coax, Inductors, capacitors, resistors Filters: crystal, LC, Amplifiers & attenuators Duplexers, diplexers, directional couplers, Diodes, transistors, * Complex (vector) 01/23/07 N2PK
11 Transmission? Reflection? Single Detector - Transmission Sweep Frequency RF Out Detector In DUT through signal Crystal Filter, Low Pass Filter, COAX, Crystal Test Jig, etc Single Detector - Reflection Sweep RF Out DUT Bridge Antenna, Components, COAX, etc Frequency Detector In reflection signal
12 HP 8410A late 60 s, 110 MHz-12.4 GHz Some VNA History HP 8753C late 80 s, 300 khz-6 GHz Agilent E5071C current, 9 khz-3 GHz N2PK VNA (by VE3MM) current, 50 khz-60 MHz 01/22/07 N2PK
13 Key Specs of the N2PK VNA! Frequency Range: VNA: 50 khz 60 MHz, Hz steps LO source: <1 Hz with Hi-Z Z load! Detectors options: Single or dual (dual allows simultaneous reflection and transmission) Slow, single rate (original) Fast, variable rate! Fast Detector Rates: 10 rates, software selectable 3.5 slowest rate 900 fastest rate! Dynamic Range (w/o averaging): >110 db dynamic slowest rate 90 db dynamic fastest rate! Effective Detector RF Bandwidth: 7 slowest rate 3.4 fastest rate Virtually immune to external signals (antenna testing)! No adjustments! PC software controlled via Parallel port or USB port! Homebrew: $250 for a single detector version 01/22/07 N2PK
14 How does the N2PK VNA work? F+aO liases RF LO LO Now USB F + aliases O RF LO! RF & LO Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) Sources! Linear Detector: Synchronous Direct Conversion to DC! Sequential Quadrature: 0 deg, then 90 deg, & the difference is VERY accurate! 24 bit Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) 01/22/07 N2PK *
15 Single Detector PCB Hardware VE3IVM Dual Detector PCB Reflection Bridge PCB Power Board Calibration standards 01/22/07 N2PK
16 SM0CFO+SM6PXJ Some N2PK VNAs AG4AY GM4SEK W8WWV OZ1DUG VE7IT - standalone 01/22/07 N2PK
17 Some more N2PK VNAs Added by WRS
18 Software! N2PK DOS based (programs function in DOS or Windows) Reflection! Open/Short/Load (OSL) calibration! Optional Low-Loss Loss Capacitor (LLC) standard for low-loss loss & Hi-Q DUTs Transmission! Through calibration (assumes 50 ohm source and load impedances) Reflection & Transmission! OSL and Through real time simultaneous reflection and transmission! Optional 12-term error correction with S-Parameter S Test Set Special Test Programs:! VNA RF Self-Test (Vs, Zs, Zd)! Crystals (Fs, Fp, Rm,, Lm, Cm, Co, Q)! Coax (Zo( Zo,, attenuation constants)! Component modeling (future)! Windows programs (all do reflection or transmission & good graphics) Exeter (W8WWV) VNA4win (GM4PMK & GM3SEK) WINVNA (OZ1DUG) MyVNA (G8KBB, Dave Roberts) Presently my favorite!!! (WRS) 01/22/07 N2PK *
19 N2PK DOS - Reflection Some Test Results N2PK DOS - Transmission Exeter - Reflection VNA4win - Transmission 01/22/07 N2PK
20 Some Test Results by WRS Through Mode: four 5.000Mhz Crystals Intended for Crystal Lattice Filter Added by WRS
21 Some Test Results by WRS ohm calibration 2. Semi rigid jumper SMA to SMA 3. Short jumper SMA to BNC 4. Japanese coax BNC to BNC 5. Swap meet lab quality jumper BNC to BNC Reflection Mode: testing short jumper cables Added by WRS
22 Some Test Results by WRS Four crystal notch filter built by VA7OJ
23 Web Resources! Paul Kiciak, N2PK documentation, build info, DOS software: Ivan Makarov,, VE3IVM - build info: Agilent - VNA Fundamentals: Windows software: VNA4win, Roger Blackwell, GM4PMK, & Ian White, GM3SEK: WinVNA, Joakim Soya, OZ1DUG: m! N2PK-VNA Yahoo group (more than 500 members served): Google: : N2PK VNA 01/23/07 N2PK *
24 Live Demo
Impedance 50 (75 connectors via adapters)
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