Six-Port Reflectometer: an Alternative Network Analyzer for THz Region. Guoguang Wu
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1 Six-Port Reflectometer: an Alternative Network Analyzer for THz Region Guoguang Wu
2 Outline General Background of Network Analyzer Principles of Six-Port Reflectometer WR-15 Six-port Reflectometer Design, Measurement Setup Results as Network Analyzer Results as an Embedded Sensor into other Systems Other Potential Applications (beyond network analyzer) 3/19/2009 2
3 What is Network Analyzer? not about computer networks referred to electrical networks used to analyze the properties of them especially to measure reflection and transmission operating frequencies range from 9 khz to 500 GHz 3/19/2009 3
4 Why Test Components? Verify specifications of building blocks for more complex radio-frequency (RF) system Ensure distortionless transmission of communications signals Linear behavior: input and output frequency are the same output frequency only undergoes magnitude and phase change Nonlinear behavior: output frequency may undergo frequency shift (e.g. with mixers) additional frequencies created (harmonics) Ensure good match when absorbing power (e.g. an anteanna) 3/19/2009 4
5 How Commercial Network Analyzer Works? (Signal Separation) 3/19/2009 5
6 Outline General Background of Network Analyzer Principles of Six-Port Reflectometer WR-15 Six-port Reflectometer Design, Measurement Setup, and Initial Data Results as Network Analyzer Results as an Embedded Sensor into other Systems: measuring mismatch between two adjacent stages in a frequency multiplier chain. Other Potential Applications (beyond Network Analyzer) 3/19/2009 6
7 Overview of Six-port Technique Engen invented six-port technique in 1977 *. Six-port technique is a method of network analysis. Six-port reflectometer (SPR): measure only reflection coefficient. Six-port network analyzer (SPNA): measure both reflection and transmission. * IEEE MTT-25(12), pp1075, /19/2009 7
8 Network Analysis Methodology Comparison Conventional (commercial, four-port) NA: signal separation method Six-port VNA (reflectometer): signal interference method 3/19/2009 8
9 Calibration Procedure Comparison b Commercial VNA a 2 3, b4 ( Γ) b2 Six-port reflectometer 2 b3 a2 Pi ( bi ) ( w) Γ( ) b b 4 2 = Γ Γ 1 1 K ζ 1 M ρ b 5 b 4 b 2 6 b 4 2 b w 3 wl 2 b 4 K 1 b 3 w b 4 N M w 2 2 3/19/ w = b 3 b 4
10 Six-Port Theory: Determination of w and Γ Intersection of Circles determines ratio b 3 /b 4 true Γ related by bilinear transform: requires four-port calibration First step of six-port calibration is to get the value of five network constants: 1. w 1 (real) 2. w 2 (complex) 3. ρ (scalar) 4. ζ (scalar) 3/19/
11 Determining the Network Constants Sliding Termination Method Γ = c (constant) Γ = f ( x), where x is the sliding position Six-port detection port Reference plane 3/19/
12 First Step of Six-Port Calibration Sliding Termination Method Quadratic Surface in P-space maps out an ellipse: P P A 3 3 P 5 P + 2 B + C + 2 D + 2 E 5 + F = 0 ( ) 2 ( ) ( P 5 ) 2 ( P 3 ) 2 P 4 P 4 P 4 P 4 ( ) P 4 Where, A = a B = ζ (c a b)/2 C = ζ 2 b D = [R 2 (b a c) + a(a b c)]/2 E = ζ [R 2 (a b c) + b(b a c)]/2 F = [R 4 + R 2 (c a b) + ab] a = w 1 R 2 c b = R 2 c c = w 2 1 P5/P4 ζ = 1/ K P3/P4 3/19/
![4 Where, A = a B = ζ (c a b)/2 C = ζ 2 b D = [R 2 (b a c) + a(a b c)]/2 E = ζ [R 2 (a b c) + b(b a c)]/2 F =](/docs-images/41/3389471/images/page_12.jpg "[R 4 + R 2 (c a b) + ab] a = w 1 R 2 c b = R 2 c c = w 2 1 P5/P4 ζ = 1/ K 2 0 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 P3/P4")
13 General Six-Port Calibration Strategy Measure Response of Power Detectors to Sliding Load Plot Power Ratios Against One-Another Ellipse in P-plane Determine Five Coefficients via Least-Squares Fit, A, B, C, D, E F F F F F Algebraically Determine Six-Port Network Constants Calibrated Effective Four-Port Using One of Several Standard Methods 3/19/
14 Comparing Six-port Reflectometer to Conventional Network Analyzer Advantage Simpler structure; fewer components Less expensive Easily embedded to other systems No need for phase-locked signal sources Drawbacks (mainly due to broadband nature of signal detection) Limited dynamic range, typically limited to db Sensitive to spurious signals (e.g. harmonics) 3/19/
15 Outline General Background of Network Analyzer Principles of Six-Port Reflectometer WR-15 (V-Band, GHz) Six-port Reflectometer Design, Measurement Setup and Initial Data Results as Network Analyzer Results as an Embedded Sensor into other Systems: measuring mismatch between two adjacent stages in a frequency multiplier chain. Other Potential Applications (beyond Network Analyzer) 3/19/
16 Block Design Low Pass Filter Probe 3/19/ Diode
17 Basic Measurement Setup Configuration Six-port source Isolator DUT DUT s include fixed load, short, sliding shorts, sliding loads: for calibration; various WR15 components: as network analyzer; frequency multiplier (doubler) D124 B63: as embedded sensor. 3/19/
18 Measurement Setup 3/19/
19 Initial Data (Standing Wave by Sliding Short) 67 GHz as an Example Voltage Response (mv) Position (a.u.) V1 V2 V3 3/19/
20 Outline General Background of Network Analyzer Principles of Six-Port Reflectometer WR-15 Six-port Reflectometer Design, Measurement Setup, and Initial Data Results as Network Analyzer (measured 7 different components) Results as an Embedded Sensor into other Systems: measuring mismatch between two adjacent stages in a frequency multiplier chain. Other Potential Applications (beyond Network Analyzer) 3/19/
21 Six-Port Calibration Results Compared to Commercial Network Analyzer for Four Couplers 0-5 Coupler #1 0 Coupler # Gamma(dB) Gamma(dB) Gamma(dB) from HP Gamma from six-port reflectometer Gamma(dB) from HP8510 Gamma from six-port Frequency(GHz) Frequency(GHz) 0 Coupler #3 0-5 Coupler # Gamma(dB) Gamma(dB) from HP8510 Gamma from six-port reflectometer Frequency(GHz) Gamma(dB) Gamma(dB) from HP Gamma from Six-port reflectometer Frequency(GHz) 3/19/
22 Six-Port Calibration Results Compared to Commercial Network Analyzer for Horn Antenna and Two Low Pass Filters 0 Low Pass Filter #1 Gamma(dB) Horn Antenna Gamma(dB) from HP8510 Gamma from six-port reflectometer Gamma(dB) Gamma(dB) from HP8510 Gamma from six-port reflectometer Frequency(GHz) Low Pass Filter # Frequency(GHz) Gamma(dB) Gamma(dB) from HP Gamma from six-port reflectometer Frequency(GHz) 3/19/
23 Outline General Background of Network Analyzer Principles of Six-Port Reflectometer WR-15 Six-port Reflectometer Design, Measurement Setup, and Initial Data Results as Network Analyzer Results as an Embedded Sensor into other Systems: measuring mismatch between two adjacent stages in a frequency multiplier chain. Other Potential Applications (beyond Network Analyzer) 3/19/
24 Why Study a Frequency Multiplier Chain? (THz Gap) Source: Virginia Diodes, Inc. Source: Virginia Diodes, Inc Power Available (dbm) dbm mw Source: Virginia Diodes, Inc /19/ Frequency(GHz)
25 How Output Power Changed by Introducing Six-Port Reflectometer V1 V1 V2 Output Power(mW) S D60 D Frequency (GHz) v1=10v; v2=24v; without six-port v1=17v;v2=24v;without six-port v1=10v;v2=24v;with six-port v1=17v;v2=24v;with six-port 3/19/
26 Γ Magnitude Results at V1=24V 10 S11 Magnitude, db Frequency, GHz V2=8v V2=10v V2=12v V2=14v V2=17v 3/19/
27 Γ Phase Results at V1=24V Phase(Degree) v24 10v24 12v24 14v24 17v Frequency(GHz) 3/19/
28 Comparison of Γ and Output Power at Input Bias of V 1 =24 V S11 Magnitude, db V2=8v V2=10v -30 V2=12v V2=14v V2=17v Frequency, GHz Power(mV) V2=8v V2=10v V2=12v V2=14v V2=17v Frequency (GHz) 3/19/
29 Outline General Background of Network Analyzer Principles of Six-Port Reflectometer WR-15 Six-port Reflectometer Design, Measurement Setup, and Initial Data Results as Network Analyzer Results as an Embedded Sensor into other Systems: measuring mismatch between two adjacent stages in a frequency multiplier chain. Other Potential Applications (beyond Network Analyzer) 3/19/
30 Potential Application I: Near-Field Imaging 3/19/
31 Potential Application II: Dielectric Measurements on Fluids fluids 3/19/
32 Summary Introduced a general background of network analyzer Explained principles of Six-Port Reflectometer Demonstrated a WR-15 Six-port Reflectometer the results are in great agreement with commercial network analyzer when measuring variant components. used as an embedded sensor into a frequency multiplier chain and measured the mismatch between two adjacent stages Proposed other potential applications THz near-field imaging dielectric measurements on polar liquids 3/19/
33 Thank You!
34 Research Motivation In-situ monitoring of the performance and operation of adjacent stages in a frequency multiplier chain. Directly measure the impedance mismatch between adjacent stages using an embedded sensing circuit (sixport reflectometer). Use it for studying the behavior of multipliers and as a guide for adjusting external operating parameters that impact performance of the entire chain. 3/19/
35 Appendix I: How to Get Ellipse Eqs. 3/19/
36 Appendix I: How to Get Ellipse Eqs. (continued) 3/19/
37 Appendix I: How to Get Ellipse Eqs. (continued 2) 3/19/
38 First Step of Six-Port Calibration (Engen s Sliding Termination Method) Constraining Relation between b 3, b 4, b 5, and b 6 : ( P 3 ) 2 ( P 5 ) 2 a + b ζ + c ρ + (c a b) ζ + (b a c) ρ P P 6 P 4 P 4 ( ) 2 ( P 3 P 5 ) 2 P 4 P 3 P 6 ( ) 2 P 4 + (a b c) ζ ρ ( P 5 P 6 ) P + a(a b c) + b(b a c) ζ 5 2 P 4 P 6 P 4 + c(c a b) ρ + abc = 0 P 4 P 3 P 4 Where, a = w 1 w 2 2 b = w 2 2 c = w 1 2 3/19/
39 First Step of Six-Port Calibration continued Constrain Γ to lie on a circle (i.e., sliding termination) maps into circle in w-plane w R R 2 2 c = and recall Quadratic Surface in P-space maps out an ellipse: P w w2 = ρ P 2 6 P P A 3 3 P 5 P + 2 B + C + 2 D + 2 E 5 + F = 0 ( ) 2 ( ) ( P 5 ) 2 ( P 3 ) 2 P 4 P 4 Where, A = a B = ζ (c a b)/2 C = ζ 2 b D = [R 2 (b a c) + a(a b c)]/2 E = ζ [R 2 (a b c) + b(b a c)]/2 F = [R 4 + R 2 (c a b) + ab] P 4 3/19/ P 4 a = w 1 R c 2 b = R c 2 c = w 1 2 ζ = 1/ K 2 P5/P ( ) P P3/P4
40 Reflection Coefficient(dB) Appendix II: More Examples of log( Γ kl ) 20 log( ΓΓ kkl ) 20 log( Γ ks ) 20 log( ΓΓ kks ) Calibration Standard Results 52 GHz Sliding Loads from SDDOew Sliding Loads from SDDL Sliding Shorts from SDDOew Sliding Shorts from SDDL Reflection Coefficient(dB) log( Γ kl ) 20 log( ΓΓ kkl ) 20 log( Γ ks ) 20 log( ΓΓ kks ) GHz Sliding Loads from SDDOew Sliding Loads from SDDL Sliding Shorts from SDDOew Sliding Shorts from SDDL kl 27, kkl 27, ks, kks Sling positions 0 kl 27, kkl 27, ks, kks Sling positions GHz 60 GHz Sliding Loads from SDDOew Sliding Loads from SDDL Sliding Shorts from SDDOew Sliding Shorts from SDDL Sliding Loads from SDDOew Sliding Loads from SDDL Sliding Shorts from SDDOew Sliding Shorts from SDDL Reflection Coefficient(dB) 20 log( Γ kl ) 20 log( ΓΓ kkl ) 20 log( Γ ks ) 20 log( ΓΓ kks ) Reflection Coefficient(dB) 20 log( Γ kl ) 20 log( ΓΓ kkl ) 20 log( Γ ks ) 20 log( ΓΓ kks ) kl 27, kkl 27, ks, kks Sling positions kl 27, kkl 27, ks, kks Sling positions 23 3/19/
41 Basic Probe Simulation Model Waveguide size: 148*74 (WR15, 50~75GHz) Channel size: 20*13 Channel distance: 40 Microstrip width: 6 MLine characteristic impedance Z 0 : Ohm Substrate width:19 Substrate thickness:3 Unit: mils S Parameters (db) S11 S21 S31 S41 S /19/ Frequency (GHz)
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