Satellites for Terrain Motion Mapping Terrafirma User Workshop Mining. Nico Adam
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1 Satellites for Terrain Motion Mapping Terrafirma User Workshop Mining Nico Adam
2 Outline SAR / InSAR observation characteristic Sensors TSX, TDX ERS-1, ERS-2 Processing techniques D-InSAR PSI SBAS Acquisition modes Stripmap/Spotlight/TOPS Coverage Resolution Processing examples Folie 2 Methodik der Fernerkundung Deutsches Fernerkundungsdatenzentrum Institut 2011fürNico Adam Remote bzw. Sensing Technology Institute
3 SAR Observation z Sensors: ERS-1/2 ENVISAT/ASAR RadarSAT TerraSAR-X (TS-X) Typical resolutions: 8m x 4m slant range 20m x 4m ground range 1m - 3m (TS-X) slant range slant height y ground range x LOS Folie 3
4 InSAR Observation z Observation cycle of sensors: TerraSAR-X (11 days) ERS-1/2 (1, 3, 35 days) ENVISAT/ASAR (35 days) X-SAR-SRTM (single pass) slant range slant height y ground range x LOS Folie 4
5 SAR Satellites and SAR Sensors ERS-1 Envisat/ASAR incompatible to InSAR ERS-2 no gyroscopes Sentinel-1(A,B) RadarSAT-1 RadarSAT-2 TSX + TDX Cosmo-SkyMED Folie 5
6 SAR Satellites and SAR Sensors ESA ERS-1 ERS-2 C-Band Launch: 17 th July 1991 Repeat cycle: 3/35 days Operation end: 10 th March 2000 Launch: 21 st April 1995 Repeat cycle: 35 days/1 day ERS-1 Operated without gyroscopes since February 2001 Operation end: mid 2011 (de-orbit) Wavelength: 5.6 cm Polarisation VV Folie 6
7 SAR Satellites and SAR Sensors ESA Envisat/ASAR C-Band Launch: 1 st March 2002 Repeat cycle: 35 days Nominal lifetime: 5 years Since 22 nd October 2010 Envisat Extension Orbit extends lifetime Operational until end of 2013 Wavelength: 5.6 cm Polarisation HH, VV HH/VV, HH/HV, VV/VH alternating polarisation Incompatible to InSAR Altitude change: km Repeat cycle: 30 days Folie 7
8 SAR Satellites and SAR Sensors Canada RadarSAT-1 Launch: 4 th November 1995 Repeat cycle: 24 days Nominal lifetime: 5 years Polarisation: HH RadarSAT-2 C-Band Launch: 14 th December 2007 Repeat cycle: 24 days Polarisation: HH, HV, VV, VH Wavelength: 5.6 cm Folie 8
9 SAR Satellites and SAR Sensors Italy COSMO-SkyMed X-Band Four satellites (constellation) Launch: Jun, Dec 2007, Oct 2008, Nov 2010 Repeat cycle: 16 days Nominal lifetime: 5 years each Wavelength: 3.1 cm Polarisation HH, VV, HV, VH Folie 9
10 SAR Satellites and SAR Sensors Germany TSX (TerraSAR-X) Launch: 15 th June 2007 Nominal lifetime: 5 years each TDX (TanDEM-X) Launch: 21 st June 2010 Repeat cycle: 11 days and single pass InSAR Bistatic cooperation i.e. TanDEM mission X-Band Wavelength: 3.2 cm Polarisation HH, VV, HV, VH Folie 10
11 SAR Satellites and SAR Sensors ESA Sentinel-1 C-Band Two satellites Launch of Sentinel-1A envisaged in 2013 Launch of Sentinel-1B in (few years later) Repeat cycle 12 days and 6 days for the constellation Nominal lifetime: 7 years each Wavelength: 5,55 cm Polarisation VV, HH, VV+VH, HH+HV Folie 11
12 SAR Interferometry Techniques for Displacements D-InSAR SBAS PSI Differential SAR Tomography P 1 P 2 P 1 P 2 Folie 12
13 Differential Interferometry Typical displacement: cm/day.. cm/month High spatial resolution: ERS/Envisat: ca. 30m x 4m TerraSAR-X: ca. 0.5m x 1m, 3m x 3m Vatnajökull (Iceland) Acquisitions: / Simple technique Small number of scenes (2,3 or 4) Error effects from: Uncompensated topography Atmosphere Applications: Glaciers Landslides Earthquakes Mining cm/day ice motion Processed by DLR Folie 13
14 Differential Interferometry Near Barcelonnette (France) Acquisitions: / Typical displacement: cm/day.. cm/month High spatial resolution: ERS/Envisat: ca. 30m x 4m TerraSAR-X: ca. 0.5m x 1m, 3m x 3m Simple technique Small number of scenes (2,3 or 4) Error effects from: Uncompensated topography Atmosphere Applications: Glaciers Landslides Earthquakes Mining Processing: J. Vietmeier, DLR-DFD Folie 14
15 Differential Interferometry Typical displacement: cm/day.. cm/month High spatial resolution: ERS/Envisat: ca. 30m x 4m TerraSAR-X: ca. 0.5m x 1m, 3m x 3m Simple technique North Anatolian Fault moved >2.5 m Izmit (Turkey) 17 August 1999 Acquisitions: / magnitude 7.6 earthquake Small number of scenes (2,3 or 4) Error effects from: Uncompensated topography Atmosphere Applications: Glaciers Landslides Earthquakes Mining Folie 15 Methodik der Fernerkundung Deutsches Fernerkundungsdatenzentrum Institut 2011fürNico Adam Remote bzw. Sensing Technology Institute
16 Differential Interferometry Typical displacement: cm/day.. cm/month High spatial resolution: ERS/Envisat: ca. 30m x 4m TerraSAR-X: ca. 0.5m x 1m, 3m x 3m Ruhr (Germany) Time span: 35 days in 1993 Simple technique Small number of scenes (2,3 or 4) Error effects from: Uncompensated topography Atmosphere Applications: Glaciers Landslides Earthquakes Mining Processed by DLR Folie 16
17 Small Baseline Subset Approach (SBAS) Typical displacement: mm/year (also non-linear) Good spatial resolution in urban areas: ERS/Envisat: ca. 100m x 100m TerraSAR-X: ca. 30m x 30m Gardanne (France) Time span: Advanced technique Large number of scenes (20-100) Compensates effects from: Uncompensated topography Atmosphere Applications: Mining Tectonics / Volcanoes Gas storages Groundwater extraction and refill Processed by DLR SBAS developed by P. Berardino, G. Fornaro, R. Lanari, and E. Sansosti mm/year Folie 17
18 Small Baseline Subset Approach (SBAS) Typical displacement: mm/year (also non-linear) Good spatial resolution in urban areas: ERS/Envisat: ca. 100m x 100m TerraSAR-X: ca. 30m x 30m Advanced technique Large number of scenes (20-100) Compensates effects from: Applications: Uncompensated topography Atmosphere Mining Tectonics / Volcanoes Gas storages Groundwater extraction and refill Mt. Etna Time span: SBAS developed by P. Berardino, G. Fornaro, R. Lanari, and E. Sansosti Folie 18
19 Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) Typical displacement: mm/year High spatial resolution in urban areas: ERS/Envisat: ca. 100 PS per 1Km x 1Km TerraSAR-X: many points per building Berlin (Germany) Time span: Most advanced technique Large number of scenes (20-100) Compensates effects from: Uncompensated topography Atmosphere Applications: Urban displacements Gas storages Groundwater extraction and refill Processed by DLR mm/year Permanent Scatterer InSAR invented by A. Ferretti, C. Prati, F. Rocca Folie 19
20 Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) Typical displacement: mm/year High spatial resolution in urban areas: ERS/Envisat: ca. 100 PS per 1Km x 1Km TerraSAR-X: many points per building Las Vegas (US) Time span: Most advanced technique Large number of scenes (20-100) Compensates effects from: Uncompensated topography Atmosphere Applications: Urban displacements Gas storages Groundwater extraction and refill Processed by DLR mm/year Permanent Scatterer InSAR invented by A. Ferretti, C. Prati, F. Rocca Folie 20
21 Differential SAR Tomography Typical displacement: mm/year High spatial resolution in urban areas: ERS/Envisat: ca. 100 PS per 1Km x 1Km TerraSAR-X: many points per building 0 m 27 Courtesy of Xiao Xiang Zhu TU München / DLR Las Vegas (US) Time span: Most advanced technique Large number of scenes (10-30) Compensates effects from: Applications: Multiple scatterers in resolution cell Uncompensated topography Atmosphere Urban displacements Structural stress of buildings Processed by DLR Folie 21
22 Actual Developments High Resolution Mapping of building s stress Wide area Continent wide mapping Folie 22
23 Folie 23 Sentinel-1 TOPOS 250km ERS 100km Stripmap 100MHz 30 km HS-Spotlight 300MHz 10 x 10km TerraSAR-X Spotlight 150MHz 10 x 5km
24 TerraSAR-X High Resolution Products Spotlight (150 MHz) Dimensions: 10 km x 10 km Resolutions: 1.7 m x 1.2 m High Resolution Spotlight (300 MHz) Dimensions: 5 km x 10 km Resolutions: 1.1 m x 0.6 m 10 km rg 1.1 m 5 km 10 km rg 10 km 1.7 m az 0.6 m az 1.2 m Folie 24
25 Comparison Resolution ERS-1/2 TerraSAR-X Folie 25
26 High Resolution: What's New High resolution and short wavelength: High PS density Improved SCR High sensitivity (1.5 cm/cycle) Coherent rough surfaces (roads, buildings) Short repeat cycle of 11 days Fast stack build-up Mitigation of PU problems θ ERS / Envisat 8 m range resolution Folie 26
27 High Resolution: What's New High resolution and short wavelength: High PS density Improved SCR High sensitivity (1.5 cm/cycle) Coherent rough surfaces (roads, buildings) Short repeat cycle of 11 days Fast stack build-up Mitigation of PU problems θ TerraSAR-X m range resolution Folie 27
28 High Resolution: What's New High resolution and short wavelength: High PS density Improved SCR High sensitivity (1.5 cm/cycle) Coherent rough surfaces (roads, buildings) Short repeat cycle of 11 days Fast stack build-up Mitigation of PU problems θ ERS / Envisat 8 m range resolution Folie 28
29 High Resolution: What's New High resolution and short wavelength: High PS density Improved SCR High sensitivity (1.5 cm/cycle) Coherent rough surfaces (roads, buildings) Short repeat cycle of 11 days Fast stack build-up Mitigation of PU problems θ TerraSAR-X m range resolution Folie 29
30 TerraSAR-X: What's New High resolution and short wavelength: High PS density Improved SCR High sensitivity (1.5 cm/cycle) Coherent rough surfaces (roads, buildings) Short repeat cycle of 11 days Fast stack build-up Mitigation of PU problems φ diff 4π = ΔR λ ΔR Twice as sensitive compared to ERS / Envisat Folie 30
31 TerraSAR-X: What's New High resolution and short wavelength: High PS density Improved SCR High sensitivity (1.5 cm/cycle) Coherent rough surfaces (roads, buildings) Short repeat cycle of 11 days Fast stack build-up Mitigation of PU problems Rough surface Time series based on: point scatterers and distributed scatterers Folie 31
32 TerraSAR-X: What's New High resolution and short wavelength: High PS density Improved SCR High sensitivity (1.5 cm/cycle) Coherent rough surfaces (roads, buildings) Short repeat cycle of 11 days Fast stack build-up Mitigation of PU problems Rough surface Time series based on: point scatterers and distributed scatterers Folie 32
33 TerraSAR-X: What's New High resolution and short wavelength: High PS density Improved SCR High sensitivity (1.5 cm/cycle) Coherent rough surfaces (roads, buildings) Short repeat cycle of 11 days Fast stack build-up Mitigation of PU problems Rough surface h=150 m Time series based on: point scatterers and distributed scatterers Folie 33
34 TerraSAR-X: What's New High resolution and short wavelength: High PS density Improved SCR High sensitivity (1.5 cm/cycle) Coherent rough surfaces (roads, buildings) Short repeat cycle of 11 days Fast stack build-up Mitigation of PU problems Rough surface h=150 m Time series based on: point scatterers and distributed scatterers Folie 34
35 St. Luke's Tower 05 Oct MHz Resolution 1m x 0.55m 221 meters 51 floors Folie 35
36 St. Luke's Tower 16 Oct MHz Resolution 1m x 0.55m 221 meters 51 floors Folie 36
37 St. Luke's Tower 27 Oct MHz Resolution 1m x 0.55m 221 meters 51 floors Folie 37
38 St. Luke's Tower 02 Sep MHz Resolution 1m x 0.55m 221 meters 51 floors Folie 38
39 Test Site: Las Vegas Convention Center Spotlight 150 MHz Folie 39
40 Test Site: Las Vegas Convention Center Spotlight 150 MHz and HiRes Spotlight 300 MHz Folie 40
41 Test Site Las Vegas: ERS Deformation PS/km 2 : TSX: ERS: mm/year ERS data -15 mm/year Folie 41
42 Test Site Las Vegas: PSI Potential 28km (ERS) PS/km 2 : TSX: ERS: km (TSX) 5.2km (TSX) total number of PS TSX: ERS: km (ERS) ERS data Folie 42
43 Test Site Las Vegas: SCR of ERS 5 1 Folie 43
44 Test Site Las Vegas: SCR of TSX 5 1 Folie 44 Methodik der Fernerkundung Deutsches Fernerkundungsdatenzentrum Institut 2011fürNico Adam Remote bzw. Sensing Technology Institute
45 Test Case: Venice Folie 45
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