Methods for Monitoring Forest and Land Cover Changes and Unchanged Areas from Long Time Series
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1 Methods for Monitoring Forest and Land Cover Changes and Unchanged Areas from Long Time Series Project using historical satellite data from SACCESS (Swedish National Satellite Data Archive) for developing time-series methods in preparation for mapping and monitoring of forest and landcover with Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 Mats Rosengren, Metria Greger Lindeberg, Metria Prof Håkan Olsson, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Anders Persson, Swedish Forest Agency Erik Willén, Metria Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop May 2014 ESA ESRIN Frascati
2 Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop ESRIN Frascati; May 2014 Content Project background National operational use of SPOT/IRS/Landsat 10-30m Saccess, Swedish National Satellite Data Archive Previous development (change detection and time series for forest applications) Project work Time series stack data preparation and calibration Cloud / shadow mask preparation Time series methods for change detection (CUSUM) Integrated statistical measures from image stacks using full history for mapping Results Change mapping / Clear cuts, thinning, burned areas Land Cover mapping / forest, non-forest, agriculture Unchanged areas / unproductive forest impediments (rocks, mires) Method implementation in other projects
3 Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop ESRIN Frascati; May 2014 Current operational use of SPOT/IRS/Landsat in Sweden using yearly national satellite data coverages Yearly national clear cut mapping for legal monitoring (Swedish Forest Agency) [started National Forest Inventory based knn timber volume estimates (NFI -Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences) KNAS - Recurrent mapping updates for all nature reserves, national parks, Natura2000 and other protected areas (appr km 2 ) (Swedish EPA/Metria) Based on SACCESS Swedish national satellite data archive yearly coverages, free, jointly funded and sponsored by: Swedish National Space Board Lantmäteriet (National Land Survey of Sweden) Swedish Environmental Protection Agency Swedish Forest Agency Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Metria AB 4 Forest Companies Holmen AB SCA Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget Sveaskog Bergvik Skog
4 Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop ESRIN Frascati; May 2014 SACCESS Swedish National Satellite Data Archive (saccess.lantmateriet.se) SPOT5/ SPOT4/ IRS / Landsat Yearly national coverages > One best cloud free coverage per year from vegetation season Historical coverages 1970ies (MSS), 1980ies (TM), 1990ies, 2000 Used for Land Cover change mapping and monitoring Free access to residents/companies registered in the Nordic Countries
5 Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop ESRIN Frascati; May 2014 Time Series Project Areas Sjuhärad Långsele Långsele (lat 63deg N) 25x25 km 17 scenes common bands Spot4 Spot5 Landsat5 Landsat7 IRSP6 Sjuhärad (lat 57 deg N) 50x50km 25 scenes common bands Landsat 1 (MSS) [3 bands] Spot4 Spot5 Landsat5 Landsat7 IRSP6 Landsat-8
6 Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop ESRIN Frascati; May 2014 Data preparation and calibration of time stacks Manual cloud mask Resampling to 10m pixels Saccess data used with no additional geometric modelling Landsat data thorugh USGS, reprojected without additional geometric refinement Calibration o o Långsele Reference scene TOA reflectance calibrated (SPOT) All scenes relative calibrated (normalized) using mean/ standarddev under forest mask from map Sjuhärad Reference scene atmospheric corrected into surface reflectance (SPOT5) All scenes relative calibrated (normalized) using mean/ standarddev under forest mask from map This task has been the major (manual) effort within the project. Standardised user products from Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 of Atmospheric corrected surface reflectance Orthocorrected with good DEM Cloud/shadow masks with automatic methods are needed to achieve operational monitoring applications.
7 Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop ESRIN Frascati; May 2014 Långsele Scene list (from Saccess) No Comment Scene id MISSION PATHROW DATE 0 L5_194016_ LANDSAT-5 194/ S4_053220_ SPOT-4 053/ L7_195016_ LANDSAT-7 195/ clouds L7_196016_ LANDSAT-7 196/ S4_053220_ SPOT-4 053/ Same date S5_053220_ SPOT-5 053/ Same date S4_050220_ SPOT-4 050/ P6_024020_ IRS-P6 024/ S5_053220_ SPOT-5 053/ S5_053220_ SPOT-5 053/ S5_050220_ SPOT-5 050/ S4_053220_ SPOT-4 053/ Clouds, haze S5_053220_ SPOT-5 053/ L5_194016_ LANDSAT-5 194/ Same date L5_195016_ LANDSAT-5 195/ Same date, clouds S5_053220_ SPOT-5 053/ S5_053220_ SPOT-5 053/ Dates between 14 May 14 Sept Selected one scene per year for best cloud free time series Seasonal differences, cloudy data are the major problems.
8 Sjuhärad Scene list (from Saccess + USGS) 1972 (Landsat 1 MSS) 2013 (Landsat-8) Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop ESRIN Frascati; May 2014 No Comment Scene id MISSION PATHROW DATE Time Sensor MODE Look angle Sun elevation 1 L1_210020_ LANDSAT :46:00 MSS L5_194020_ LANDSAT :37:49 TM L5_195020_ LANDSAT :41:04 TM L5_195020_ LANDSAT :33:37 TM L5_194020_ LANDSAT TM 46.0 Prod date 6 s4_053232_990519_1i0 SPOT / :15:16 HRV-1 XS Same date s4_053232_990911_1i0 SPOT / :02:30 HRV-1 XS Same date L7_195020_ LANDSAT s5_054232_030603_1j0 SPOT / :05:37 HRG-1 XS s5_050232_030914_2j0 SPOT / :24:40 HRG-2 XS L5_194020_ LANDSAT :02:55 TM MS s4_050232_040908_1i0 SPOT :28:18 HRVIR1 XS s4_053232_040929_1i0 SPOT :24:31 HRVIR1 XS s5_053232_050901_2j0 SPOT :13:25 HRG2 XS s4_053232_050906_1i0 SPOT :47:19 HRVIR1 XS s5_053232_060715_1j0 SPOT :16:36 HRG1 XS p6_025026_ IRS-P / :29:43 LISS-3 MS s5_053232_070913_2j0 SPOT / :39:51 HRG-2 XS p6_025026_ IRS-P / :28:58 LISS-3 MS s5_050232_090530_1j0 SPOT / :19:06 HRG-1 XS SR reference s5_053232_090626_2j0 SPOT / :00:25 HRG-2 XS s5_053232_100604_2j0 SPOT / HRG s5_053232_120727_1j0 SPOT / HRG L8_195020_ LANDSAT L8_195020_ LANDSAT NA For cloud detection test L8_195020_ LANDSAT Dates between 5 May 29 Sept. Sun elevation between 29 deg 55 deg Seasonal differences, cloudy data are the major problems.
9 Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop ESRIN Frascati; May 2014 Långsele - 17 scenes refl_0sub_l5_194016_ img refl_1sub_s4_053220_ img refl_2sub_l7_195016_ img refl_3sub_l7_196016_ img refl_4sub_s4_053220_ img refl_5sub_s5_053220_ img refl_6sub_s4_050220_ img refl_7sub_i6_024020_ img refl_8sub_s5_053220_ img refl_9sub_s5_053220_ img refl_10sub_s5_050220_ img refl_11sub_s4_053220_ img refl_12sub_s5_053220_ img refl_13sub_l5_194016_ img refl_14sub_l5_195016_ img refl_15sub_s5_053220_ img refl_16sub_s5_053220_ img
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19 refl_0sub_l5_194016_ img refl_1sub_s4_053220_ img refl_2sub_l7_195016_ img refl_3sub_l7_196016_ img refl_4sub_s4_053220_ img refl_5sub_s5_053220_ img refl_6sub_s4_050220_ img refl_7sub_i6_024020_ img refl_8sub_s5_053220_ img refl_9sub_s5_053220_ img
20 refl_0sub_l5_194016_ img refl_1sub_s4_053220_ img refl_2sub_l7_195016_ img refl_3sub_l7_196016_ img refl_4sub_s4_053220_ img refl_5sub_s5_053220_ img refl_6sub_s4_050220_ img refl_7sub_i6_024020_ img refl_8sub_s5_053220_ img refl_9sub_s5_053220_ img refl_10sub_s5_050220_ img
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23 refl_0sub_l5_194016_ img refl_1sub_s4_053220_ img refl_2sub_l7_195016_ img refl_3sub_l7_196016_ img refl_4sub_s4_053220_ img refl_5sub_s5_053220_ img refl_6sub_s4_050220_ img refl_7sub_i6_024020_ img refl_8sub_s5_053220_ img refl_9sub_s5_053220_ img refl_10sub_s5_050220_ img refl_11sub_s4_053220_ img refl_12sub_s5_053220_ img refl_13sub_l5_194016_ img
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25 refl_0sub_l5_194016_ img refl_1sub_s4_053220_ img refl_2sub_l7_195016_ img refl_3sub_l7_196016_ img refl_4sub_s4_053220_ img refl_5sub_s5_053220_ img refl_6sub_s4_050220_ img refl_7sub_i6_024020_ img refl_8sub_s5_053220_ img refl_9sub_s5_053220_ img refl_10sub_s5_050220_ img refl_11sub_s4_053220_ img refl_12sub_s5_053220_ img refl_13sub_l5_194016_ img refl_14sub_l5_195016_ img refl_15sub_s5_053220_ img
26 refl_0sub_l5_194016_ img refl_1sub_s4_053220_ img refl_2sub_l7_195016_ img refl_3sub_l7_196016_ img refl_4sub_s4_053220_ img refl_5sub_s5_053220_ img refl_6sub_s4_050220_ img refl_7sub_i6_024020_ img refl_8sub_s5_053220_ img refl_9sub_s5_053220_ img refl_10sub_s5_050220_ img refl_11sub_s4_053220_ img refl_12sub_s5_053220_ img refl_13sub_l5_194016_ img refl_14sub_l5_195016_ img refl_15sub_s5_053220_ img refl_16sub_s5_053220_ img
27 Project requirements Robust method regarding phenological differences between scenes Able to use a combination of available datasets (SPOT, Landsat, IRS) Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop ESRIN Frascati; May 2014 Develop method for automatic mapping of permanent radiometric changes (Clear cuts, thinnings etc.) => CUSUM Extract time stamp date - on changes (dates of images before and after change) Change magnitude (per spectral band) Measure of confidence Test the feasibility of integrated statistical measures for the full historical time series for land cover classification (5-6 major classes) the description of the present state is a function of the history of the pixel Forest Water Agriculture Urban Other open areas Test mapping of unchanged areas within map forest mask = unproductive forest
28 Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop ESRIN Frascati; May 2014 Methods CUSUM (Cumulative sum control chart) used for change mapping cumulative sum of pixel value over time All time-scrambled combinations used for calculation of point in time with maximum confidence of change Change magnitude at mapped time of change Timeseries CUSUM
29 Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop ESRIN Frascati; May 2014 Change types within forest clear cuts / thinnings Examples based on only B4 (MIR) B4_refl_stack_change.img B4_refl_stack_conf_level.img B4_refl_stack_10scener_magn.img B4_refl_stack_10scener_trend.img Time of most significant change (CUSUM) Confidence measure from CUSUM Change Magnitude Trend slope after change Clear cut mapping rule B4_change (not first or last image) B4_magn > +600 ; =reflectance change of +6% in MIR B4_conf_level > 0.9 Last image: No confidence threshold Thinnings mapping rules B4_change (not first or last image) B4_magn > +50 ; =reflectance change of +0.5% in MIR B4_conf_level > 0.9
30 B4 Year of change per pixel from CUSUM Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop ESRIN Frascati; May 2014
31 Mapped Year of change Combination of time of change, change magnitude and confidence Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop ESRIN Frascati; May 2014
32 Changed/ unchanged forest Combination of time of change, change magnitude and confidence Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop ESRIN Frascati; May 2014
33 Integrated statistical measures of historical time series (examples) Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop ESRIN Frascati; May 2014 Single band image stack (each image date = one layer) computed separately for each band Standard function in ERDAS Stack Statistics STACK MAX ( <arg> ) STACK MIN ( <arg> ) STACK MEAN ( <arg> ) STACK MEDIAN ( <arg> ) STACK STANDARD DEVIATION ( <arg> ) RANGE = STACK MAX ( <arg> ) - STACK MIN ( <arg> )
34 Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop ESRIN Frascati; May 2014 Stack mean Gradually changing with year of change
35 Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop ESRIN Frascati; May 2014 Stack median Sensitive to majority before/after change
36 Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop ESRIN Frascati; May 2014 Stack max Brightest sample of each pixel. Dark forest= untouched forest
37 Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop ESRIN Frascati; May 2014 Stack min Darkest sample of each pixel. Light areas within forest = impediments Shows maximum forest area
38 Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop ESRIN Frascati; May 2014 Stack standarddev Spectral variability of each pixel
39 Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop ESRIN Frascati; May 2014 Range = Stack max Stack min range
40 Simple classification 25 clusters from Stack MAX (4 bands) Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop ESRIN Frascati; May 2014
41 Simple classification 25 clusters from Stack MIN (4 bands) Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop ESRIN Frascati; May 2014
42 Characterization of unchanged areas (B4) Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop ESRIN Frascati; May 2014
43 Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop ESRIN Frascati; May 2014 Some field and aerial image results Always difficulties of evaluating historical changes due to lack of reference data from same points in time Unchanged areas (not sensitive to time differences) Class Correct Total % Correct Impediment % Old Broadleaf % Old Conifer %
44 Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop ESRIN Frascati; May 2014 Comparison of Clear Cut mapping result with operational interactive yearly mapping No of objects CUSUM results Reference data Sum Sum %
45 Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop ESRIN Frascati; May 2014 Applications The CUSUM method have been implemented with additional features Handling of varying timeseries between pixels (with no data gaps of no data ) Calculation of trends before and after change Used in two other projects: Landsat change mapping of forest in Mocambique CadasterENV (ESA project)
46 CadasterENV a multi-scale and multi-purpose Land Cover monitoring system Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop ESRIN Frascati; May 2014 Project run by Metria Financed by ESA Two CadasterENV projects (Sweden and Austria) Nov Dec 2014 Users and participating organisations
47 Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop ESRIN Frascati; May 2014 Objective The primary objective of the CadasterENV Sweden project is to implement a multi-scale and multi-purpose Land Cover (LC) monitoring system in Sweden, according to the national user specifications. The system have two components: 1. HR/VHR (Very High Resolution) Land Cover mapping component, with a priority to high dynamic regions and; 2. HR (High Resolution) Land Cover Change (LCC) monitoring component. LC Mapping: Prototyping Phase (12 m) LC Mapping: Demonstration Phase (12 m) Experimental Analysis and Validation Requirement Consolidation Development and Implemen -tation Production and Verification LCC Monitoring: Prototyping Phase (10 m) LCC Monitoring: Demonstration Phase (14 m)
48 -----> to Forest Forest not on wetland/on wetlands Pine forest Spruce forest Mixed coniferous forest Mixed forest Decidous forest Hardwood decidous forest Mixed decidous and hardwood decidous forest Disturbed forest (clear-felled, young forest...) Open wetland Arable land Other open land Non-vegetated Vegetated Artificial non-vegetated surfaces Built-up Non built-up Water Inland water Marine water Changes between major class groups and prioritized changes within major classes Fast changes Slow changes Forest Forest not on wetland/on wetlands Pine forest Spruce forest Mixed coniferous forest Mixed forest Decidous forest Hardwood decidous forest Mixed decidous and hardwood decidous forest Disturbed forest (clear-felled, young forest...) Open wetland Arable land From -----> Other open land Non-vegetated Vegetated Artificial non-vegetated surfaces Built-up Non built-up Water Inland water Marine water 23/05/ Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop ESRIN Frascati; May 2014
49 Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop ESRIN Frascati; May 2014 Prioritized Slow changes LC class or mask Arable land / Other open land Forest Clear cut Change Increased cover of trees/bushes Decreased cover of trees/bushes Increased coniferous percentage (spruce) Increased deciduous percentage Regrowth No regrowth 50 23/05/2014
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