INFRA SA Technical Response

Transcription

1 Client : SKA Organisation Project : SKA Phase 1 (Pre-Construction Phase) Type : Technical Response INFRA SA Technical Response Document number... SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.SE-TD-001 Revision... 1 Classification... Commercial in Confidence Author... SKA SA Date /06/01

2 Document approval Name Designation Affiliation Date Signature Approved by C. van der Merwe Senior System Engineer SKA SA 6 June 2013 Approved by T. Cheetham General Manager: Infrastructure and Site Operations SKA SA 7 June of 98

3 Document history Revision Date Of Issue ECP /Number Comments A 13 May 2013 NA Initial Issue 1 06 June 2013 NA Final issue for release Document software Package Version Filename Word processor MS Word 2007 SKA TEL INFRA-SA SE-TD-001 Rev1.docx Spreadsheet Diagrams MS Visio 2007 Imbedded in word file Company details Name SKA SA Project Office Physical/Postal Address 17 Baker Street Rosebank Johannesburg South Africa Tel Fax Website 3 of 98

4 Table of contents Applicable and reference documents... ix Executive summary Scope appreciation SKA1 Baseline Requirements Identification Data Processing on site versus Cape Town Technical response SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.SMON Site Monitoring SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.POWER Infrastructure Power SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.ACC Infrastructure Access SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.WAS Infrastructure Water and Sanitation SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.BLDS Infrastructure Buildings SKA.TEL.INFR-SA.FOUND Infrastructure Antenna Foundations SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.COMMS Infrastructure Communication Systems SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.VEH VEHICLES SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.SEC Site Security Annexure A Annexure B of 98

5 List of tables Table 1: Overview of SKA1 Baseline Requirements Identification and Options Table 2: Summary of SKA1 Power Load Requirement Table 3: Quality of Power and Redundancy Requirement Table 4: Sub-elements of the MeerKAT Power System Table 5: Capacity of current MeerKAT Power System Table 6: MeerKAT Power System - Quality of Power and Redundancy Table 7: Power System Design Implication of the Load growing from MeerKAT to SKA Table 8: Summary of upgrades for Option Table 9: Opportunities for optimisation of Power Load Requirements Table 10: South African industry standard design lifecycles Table 11: Drawing Register for Farm Roads Table 12: Daily Water Demand Table 13: Maintenance requirements Table 14: Operations and maintenance good practice procedures Table 15: Electromagnetic shielding Table 16: Business Network and Non-telescope CAM requirements Table 17: Frequency allocations of the current radio system Table 18: Antenna foundation solutions Table 19: Relevant layers and their geotechnical parameters Table 20: Summary of piled and pad foundations of 98

6 List of figures Figure 1: ESKOM bulk power infrastructure in relationship to the SKA site Figure 2: Proposed Layout of new Astronomy Substation for Option Figure 3: Typical Schematic Distribution Network Figure 4: Connection of the antennas to the existing Eskom 22kV overhead power lines Figure 5: Klerefontein support base workshop plan Figure 6: KAPB Basement Plan Figure 7: Proposed container layout Figure 8: Proposed location of Data Containers to the North West of the KAPB Figure 9: Showing plan of cable tunnel and staircase housing Figure 10: Showing section through containers, steel canopy, staircase & cable tunnel Figure 11: Conceptual SKA SA LAN and associated network Figure 12: BMS interfaces with the ILS and the telescope CAM Figure 13: Radio network showing links between Base Stations and Repeater stations Figure 14: Locality map of the SKA Observatory Figure 15: Security details required at the Site Complex, Meys Dam and Losberg Figure 16: Details of Deproclamation of Provincial Road Figure 17: Small strain stiffness profiles used in the design of 98

7 List of images Image 1: KAT-7 Wind Sensors Image 2: MeerKAT Pole Mast Image 3: Wind Sensor Image 4: STI Sensor Unit as deployed to Site Image 5: STI Electronics that is fitted inside the CMC container Image 6: RFI Monitoring Trailer Image 7: RFI Monitoring Equipment Image 8: ESKOM bulk power infrastructure in relationship to the SKA site Aerial view Image 9: Connection of the antennas in the Spiral arms to the existing Eskom 22kV overhead power lines Aerial view Image 10: Typical Farm Road (existing MeerKAT road) Image 11: Typical platform around the Antenna Foundation for MeerKAT Image 12: Airstrip after priming Image 13: Meys Dam sewer package treatment plant Image 14: Losberg Construction Camp sewer package treatment plant Image 15: Klerefontein Workshops, office and stores constructed for MeerKAT Image 16: Klerefontein Workshops, office and stores Image 17: The Losberg Site Complex with Dish Assembly Shed and Pedestal Integration Shed on the left Image 18: Karoo array processor building and power building Image 19: Meys Dam Construction Camp Image 20: Losberg Construction Camp Image 21: A typical hand held radio transceiver Image 22: A typical mobile radio transceiver Image 23: Radio Base Station at security office Image 24: Radio Repeater antennas at the SENTECH High Site (100km from core site) of 98

8 List of abbreviations ABBL AR ATP ATR BMS CAM CBL CCTV CDR COAR CoDR DBL FAT ICD ILS IOBL JPL KAPB KAR KAT KAT-7 LAN LSP MeerKAT NRF OAR OBL PBL PC PCA PDR POP QBL QTP QTR RBL RFI RFI RR SA SAAO SEMP SKAO STI UPS UTP VLAN VoIP VSAT As-Built Baseline Acceptance Review Acceptance Test Procedure Acceptance Test Report Building Management Systems Control and Monitoring Contract Baseline Closed Circuit Television Critical Design Review Consolidated OAR Concept Design Review Design Baseline Factory Acceptance Test Interface Control Document Integrated Logistics Support Initial Operational and Support Baseline Jet Propulsion Lab Karoo Array Processor Building Karoo Astronomy Reserve Karoo Array Telescope 7-Dish KAT system Local Area Network Local Survivable Processors 64 dish array National Research Foundation Observation Action Register Operational and Support Baseline Product Baseline Personal Computer Physical Configuration Audit Preliminary Design Review Point of Presence Qualification Baseline Qualification Test Procedure Qualification Test Report Requirements Baseline Radio Frequency Interference Radio Frequency Interference Requirements Review South Africa South African Astronomical Observatory System Engineering Management Plan Square Kilometre Array Organisation SXXX Uninterruptible Power Supply Unshielded Twisted Pair Virtual Local Area Network Voice over IP Very Small Aperture Transceiver 8 of 98

9 Applicable and reference documents Applicable Documents [AD 1] PE Dewdney, SKA1 System Baseline Design, SKA-TEL-SKO-DD-001-1_BaselineDesign1 Rev 1. Reference Documents [RD 1] T Cheetham and C van der Merwe, INFRA SA Cost Breakdown Structure (CBS), SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.MGT-MD-006 Rev 1; [RD 2] T Cheetham and C van der Merwe, INFRA SA Risk Register, SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.MGT-MP- 003 Rev 1; [RD 3] C van der Merwe and C Taljaard, INFRA SA ILS Proposal, SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.SE-ILS-001 Rev 1; [RD 4] T Cheetham and C van der Merwe, INFRA SA High-Level Schedule, SKA.TEL.INFRA- SA.MGT-MD-004 Rev 1; [RD 5] Z Stegmann, Eskom Report: SKA Project: Maximum Power Available at the SKA Core Site feedback, 13 May 2013; [RD 6] A Tiplady, T. Monama, INFRA SA Array Layout Report, SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.SE.RPT.001 Rev 1. [RD 7] T Cheetham and C van der Merwe, INFRA SA Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.MGT-WBS-001 Rev 1. 9 of 98

10 Executive summary This document has been structured according to the INFRA SA Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), which can be found in Reference Document [RD 7] INFRA SA Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). The INFRA SA Technical Response responds to the SKA1 Baseline Design (as detailed in Applicable Document [AD 1] SKA1 System Baseline Design). SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.SMON Site Monitoring No requirements were defined in [AD 1] SKA1 Baseline Design in terms of the provision of additional site monitoring equipment on site for SKA1. An assumption has been made that additional wind sensors, STI Monitoring equipment and RFI equipment will be added to the existing equipment currently deployed on site in South Africa. Provision has been made for additional infrastructure required for this equipment which includes the following: Foundations; Trenching, power cabling and optic fibre ducting; Connection boxes, fibre splice domes and optic fibre cabling (to be provided by SaDT); Pole masts; Earthing and lightning protection. SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.POWER Infrastructure Power POWER.GRID Upgrade to Grid Power Based on modelling and optimisation and still considering the SKA1 baseline design requirements, two options are presented to address the grid power supply to site for SKA1, namely: Option 1: Upgrade of the grid power network (Total of 8.7MVA) required as per SKA1 baseline; Option 2: Optimising the existing bulk power supply to the site to cater for the required load (Total of 4.9MVA) as per amended requirements. In both options, the outer skirt Antenna s (21 Antennas) will be supplied by existing Eskom rural over-head power lines. POWER.RETC Upgrade to Electrical Reticulation (MV and LV) Losberg Site Complex As per the SKA1 Baseline Design, it is estimated that the total power requirement at the Losberg Site Complex is 4.3MVA. Calculations of the total number of processor racks required for both MeerKAT and SKA1 amount to 316 racks. In order to respond to the SKA1 Baseline Design, Option 1 is considered: Option 1: Utilisation of the existing Karoo Array Processor building at the Losberg Site Complex and the provision of a new SKA1 Container Shed housing RFI-shielded containers to accommodate the additional processor racks. An assumption has been made that the RFIshielded containers will be supplied by the pulsar timing group. In addition to the above, the INFRA SA Consortium has deviated from the SKA1 Baseline Design by assuming that the data processing will take place on site as opposed to Cape Town. The reasoning for this deviation is explained in Section Should the proposed container option not be considered feasible by the SKAO, the alternative option will be to construct a new building at the 10 of 98

11 proposed Astronomy Complex where the 132kV/33KV substation will be constructed (should this be required). This option has not been costed in response to the RfP. Option 2: The INFRA SA Consortium has done further modelling on the SKA1 Baseline Design where the proposed updated SKA1 requirement was identified to be 106 processor racks in total. Based on this modelling, the total number of processor racks for MeerKAT and SKA1 can be accommodated in the existing Karoo Array Processor building. For both options, the 21 Spiral Arm Antennas are supplied from existing Eskom rural overhead power lines in the area. Antenna Core Array Reticulation As per the SKA1 Baseline Design, the baseline array configuration received from the SKAO was optimised by considering the local topography and EMC characteristics. Reference can be made to [RD 6] - INFRA SA Array Layout Report in the Reference Documents file which forms part of this submission. No additional MV feeder cables will be required from the existing Power Building on site to the SKA1 antennas. The total power requirement for the SKA1 antennas is 2.8MVA. The existing three-leg MV cable ring network provided for MeerKAT will accommodate the required SKA1 loading requirements. The existing on-site reticulation network will be expanded to supply the new core and outer skirt antennas with power where the MV cables will cut into the existing ring network. Most of the existing 315kVA miniature substations provided for MeerKAT can be re-used for SKA1 with some units having to be upgraded to 500kVA. 21 Antennas on the spiral arms with be supplied by existing Eskom rural overhead power lines. It should be noted that the optic fibre design will need to be aligned with the existing MeerKAT and proposed SKA1 electrical reticulation design. Existing Construction Camps Power Supply The existing power and back-up supply to the Meys Dam and Losberg construction camps will be reused for SKA1. POWER.KAPB Upgrade to KAPB Power (including DRUPS) Option 1: In terms of the SKA1 Baseline Design, the total on-site power requirement is 8.7MVA, which includes the existing KAT-7, MeerKAT and SKA1 power requirements. In order to meet the total site requirement of 8.7MVA, the following changes will be required: Install two new 5MVA 33/22kV oil-type transformers outside the existing Power building and remove existing 2x2,5MVA 33/22kV transformers; Reserve the DRUPS inside the KAPB for 400V KAPB and site complex loads and install new DRUPS auxiliary transformer to supply its ancillaries; Install four containerised Rotary UPSs to supply the 3,4MVA to the antennas (1,25MVA units in a 3 + N configuration, supplying at 22kV); Install two containers containing necessary medium voltage switchgear, complete with HVAC, fire detection, etc; Install an additional 1,25MVA Rotary UPS inside the Power Building, to supply the 3,8MVA to the local Losberg site loads including data centre components (thus the 400V loads). 11 of 98

12 The INFRA SA Consortium has undertaken further modelling and has presented the following alterative option: Option 2: Re-use the existing Power Building based on the proposed amended power requirements derived from the KAT-7 and MeerKAT experience for SKA1 (5MVA) with the following addition: Install an additional two 1,25MVA DRUPS inside the provided space inside the existing Power Building. Maintenance considerations, reliability and availability have been discussed in terms of both options provided. SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.ACC Infrastructure Access The following will be provided for in response to the SKA1 Baseline Design: Sealing of the Provincial road to site; The provision of basic farm roads to the SKA1 core antennas; Re-use of existing farm roads which will be upgraded where required for the SKA1 outer antennas; The existing all-weather landing strip will be utilised for SKA1. The SKA1 road layout is based on Reference Document [RD 6] - INFRA SA Array Layout Report in the Reference Documents file which forms part of this submission. Maintenance and material requirements for the above are furthermore described in Section 0. SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.WAS Infrastructure Water and Sanitation It is estimated that the SKA1 peak water demand will be 634kl/day. Existing boreholes on the MeerKAT site are able to supply approximately 570kl/day. Additional geo-hydrological studies on water availability will be executed as part of the site characterisation studies. Additional boreholes will have to be provided for SKA1. Additional water treatment and waste management plants will be provided at both Construction Camps for SKA1 and at the Losberg Site Complex. SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.BLDS Infrastructure Buildings BLDS.SBASE Klerefontein Support Base (all buildings) As per the SKA1 Baseline Design, an assumption has been made that the existing buildings at the Klerefontein Support Base will be re-used for SKA1. As indicated in the technical response, the draft CON OPS document (under development by SKAO) is still under development and the Logistic Support Analysis (LSA) needs to be undertaken during Stage 1 to confirm that the existing buildings, resources, spares etc. are sufficient for SKA1. BLDS.SPLEX Site Complex Dish Assembly Shed and Pedestal Integration Shed As per the SKA1 Baseline Design, an assumption has been made that the existing Dish Assembly Shed and Pedestal Integration Shed will be re-used for SKA1. It should however be noted that there is a maximum width clearance of m in the Dish Assembly Shed and the width will need to be re-assessed for the SKA1 dish design. Similarly, there is a maximum height and width restriction on the Pedestal Integration Shed which must be reassessed during Stage 1 to confirm that the SKA1 dish/pedestal can fit into both sheds. 12 of 98

13 Karoo Array Processor Building Reference can be made to Section which describes the two options considered for the KAPB. Additional HVAC units will be installed in the KAPB and a new HVAC unit will supply the RFI-shielded containers for Option 1 (SKA1 Baseline). The use of the existing KAPB as presented in Option 2 (optimised option) will require additional HVAC units provided in the KAPB. Power Building Reference can be made to Section which describes the expansion of equipment within the existing Power Building for the SKA1 Baseline Design (Option 1) and the alternative option considered (Option 2). SKA1 Container Shed The INFRA SA Consortium has proposed the construction of a Container Shed for SKA1 to house a number of RFI-shielded containers which will accommodate additional racks required in terms of the SKA1 Baseline Design. The actual number of containers will be determined during Stage 1 if this option is considered. Construction Camps As per the SKA1 Baseline Design, the Losberg and Meys Dam construction camps will be re-used for SKA1. The existing camps will be able to accommodate the anticipated number of contractors required for SKA1. BLDS.HQ Cape Town Headquarters As per the SKA1 Baseline Design, floor space will be leased in Cape Town for SKA1. The SKA SA is currently in discussion with their property agent to expand the office floor space at The Park, Pinelands. It is anticipated that SKA1 can also be accommodated within The Park building (however this must be communicated urgently to the SKA SA). As a second option, the SKA SA is in discussions with the Western Cape Government to secure land with the intention of constructing a new building for SKA SA from 2017 onwards. Should the SKAO wish to pursue this option further for SKA2, the SKAO would be required to enter into a separate Memorandum of Agreement with the SKA SA/NRF and the Western Cape Government in the near future. SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.FOUND Infrastructure Antenna Foundations The SKA1 configuration is based on Reference Document [RD 6] - INFRA SA Array Layout Report in the Reference Documents file which forms part of this submission. The Antenna Foundation loading requirements for a 15m diameter dish have been based on the loading requirements indicated in the SSG Request for Information, Based on the local geotechnical conditions, it is anticipated that there will be a combination of concrete piled foundations and concrete pad foundations. The design and fabrication of the anchor cage assembly (interface between the Antenna Positioner and the Antenna Foundation will be the responsibility of the DISH Consortium). The design of the Antenna Foundations makes provision for fibre ducting (to be provided by the SaDT Consortium), sleeves housing the LV electrical cable and earthing and lightning protection. SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.COMMS Infrastructure Communication Systems No requirements were defined in [AD 1] SKA1 Baseline Design relating to Communication Systems. The INFRA SA Consortium has made assumptions on requirements based on what has been implemented for MeerKAT and what needs to be expanded to accommodate SKA1. 13 of 98

14 COMMS.LAN Upgrade to LAN System SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.SE-TD-001 The SKA SA is deploying LAN infrastructure for MeerKAT which interfaces with the long-haul optic fibre backbone from site to Cape Town. This infrastructure provides access to a variety of information services on site, Cape Town and in Johannesburg which include: Scientific data (unidirectional to Cape Town); Control and Monitoring of telescopes; Webcam data for telescopes; BMS Access Control; Voice (IP telephony); BMS CCTV and BMS Data; Video Conferencing; Internet Access and general data, mail etc; Network authorisation. It is anticipated that the MeerKAT LAN infrastructure will be expanded for SKA1 to provide the following: Extension of the LAN to the SKA1 Container Shed housing RFI shielded containers; Expansion of the IP telephony platform; General expansion of the LAN capacity. COMMS.BMS Upgrade to Building Management System The existing Building Management System deployed for MeerKAT monitors the key performance factors of the infrastructure, which include the grid power supply; Rotary UPS power; Data Centre cooling systems; fire systems; access control; lights, water systems, emergency power systems and Antenna power distribution. The BMS is an Ethernet based system and interfaces with the Integrated Logistic Support (ILS) management system and the Telescope Control and Monitoring sub-system. It is envisaged that additional BMS monitoring points will be required for SKA1 equipment deployed on the site. COMMS.RADIO Upgrade to Emergency Communication Radio System An emergency communication network has been deployed on site for KAT-7 and MeerKAT to provide a means for communication on site for contractors, SKA SA Staff and Security staff. The network operates on 4 repeater frequency pairs, 2 simplex frequencies and 6 CTCSS. It is anticipated that the existing radio network will be re-used for SKA1 with the following additions: Allocation of additional channels (additional tone frequency tone panels); Depending on the coverage of the spiral arms, additional repeater stations may be required. SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.VEH Vehicles The SKAO has established a CON OPS Working Group to define the Concept of Operations for SKA1. Further work is required during Stage 1 on the Concept of Operations and the Logistic Support Analysis to determine the logistical support, spares, vehicles and stores requirements for SKA1. An assumption has been made that the existing maintenance vehicles on site will be re-used for SKA1. Additional utility vehicles, people transporters, skyjack and trailers will need to be provided for SKA1. SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.SEC Site Security The SKA SA has a Service Level Agreement in place with a registered Security Service Provider who provides security/access control at Klerefontein; at the access controlled boom gates entering the site and on site. It is anticipated that additional security guards will be deployed for SKA1 when the Provincial road to site has been de-proclaimed. This will further limit access control to the site in future. 14 of 98

15 Scope appreciation In responding to the RfP, the INFRA SA Consortium has followed the principle of making full-use of the Precursor (MeerKAT) infrastructure with a natural build-out to SKA1, while considering possible options for the various Infrastructure and Power sub-elements in an effort minimise capital costs for the design and delivery of SKA1. The options presented in the Technical Response below have taken Applicable Document [AD 1] - SKA1 Baseline Design into consideration with the requirements on the Infrastructure and Power sub-elements identified in Table 1. The INFRA SA Consortium has undertaken further modelling and analysis on the SKA1 baseline requirements and proposed alternative options which should be considered further during Stage 1. Interface meetings and Interface Control Documents will be convened with all Consortia to define and confirm requirements for the respective sub-elements related to infrastructure and the telescope following the response to the RfP and during Stage 1. As can be seen from the options presented in the Technical Response below, assumptions have been made on certain requirements in an effort to provide options for consideration and associated costs at this early stage. SKA1 Baseline Requirements Identification As per Applicable Document [AD 1] SKA1 Baseline Design, the INFRA SA Consortium has extracted the following Infrastructure and Power Requirements applicable to South Africa. Reference can be made to Table 1. Table 1: Overview of SKA1 Baseline Requirements Identification and Options WBS Element Baseline Doc Reference Requirement Comment SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.SMON SMON.WIND Table 5 Wind speed conditions for operating of Dish INFRA to provide masts for wind sensors; actual sensors are TBD (to be included in ICDs in Stage 1) SMON.WIND Weather stations Utilise MeerKAT weather stations and add additional weather stations for SKA1 (INFRA only responsible for infrastructure related to weather stations) SMON.STI Not stated STI System Assume current system on site will be expanded with 3 rd antenna added SMON.RFI Not stated RFI Monitoring systems Assume current on site systems will be used and expanded. INFRA to provide power, infrastructure, but actual systems are to be defined in Stage 1 (to be included in ICDs) SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.POWER POWER Tables 22,23,24,25 CSP Power requirement The driver is the 250 racks for non-imaging (i.e. pulsar search). The SKA1 Baseline option as well as the optimised option has been considered. To be agreed via ICDs POWER Not stated MGR,SDP,SADT Power requirement Assumptions that have been made in response to the RfP to be agreed via ICDs in Stage 1 POWER Not stated DSH Power requirement Assumptions made in response to the RfP to be agreed via ICDs in Stage 1 POWER.GRID Para (RSA) Provision of Power Re-use MeerKAT grid power supply; expand as required OR build new 132kV Line depending on Load (See above) POWER.RETC Para (RSA) Power Reticulation Re-use MeerKAT power reticulation and expand as required 15 of 98

16 WBS Element Baseline Doc Reference Requirement Comment POWER.RETC Not stated Site Complex Power Re-use MeerKAT power provision to Site Complex and expand as required POWER.RETC Para Power Facility Re-use MeerKAT facility and expand as required using spare capacity already planned POWER.RETC Not stated Antenna Core Array Reticulation POWER.RETC Not stated Antenna Spiral Array Reticulation POWER.RETC Not stated Construction Camps Power supply Re-use MeerKAT existing infrastructure and expand as required for additional 190 antennas Power to be provided by existing Eskom rural overhead power lines Re-use MeerKAT infrastructure (power supply sufficient for SKA1) POWER.RETC Not stated Power back-up requirements SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.ACC Access (Roads) Re-use MeerKAT back-up supply and required using spare capacity expand as ACC Access (Roads) Re-use MeerKAT, expand as required ACC.PROV Not stated Provincial Road from Carnarvon to Site ACC.AP Not stated Basic Farm roads to SKA1 Antennas It is intended to upgrade the gravel road to a surfaced standard. Re-use MeerKAT basic farm network and expand as required. ACC.AP Not stated Platforms Add additional platforms for SKA1 antennas ACC.AS All weather landing Strip Re-use MeerKAT landing strip for SKA1 SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.WAS Water and Sanitation WAS Water and Sanitation (Construction camps) WAS Water and Sanitation (Site Complex) Re-use MeerKAT water and sanitation infrastructure and expand for SKA1 Re-use MeerKAT existing infrastructure Not stated Water (Road and Construction) Utilise existing boreholes for MeerKAT additional boreholes for SKA1 and add SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.BLDS Buildings BLDS.SBASE Klerefontein Support Base Re-use MeerKAT buildings. Expand as required, depending on requirements from Concept of Operations and Logistic Support Analysis BLDS.SPLEX Site Complex Re-use MeerKAT, expand as required BLDS.KAPB and Appendix B Central Signal processing facility Option 1: Expand KAPB with RFI shielded containers to house additional racks Option 2: Optimise the use of the existing facility within the growth margin (work required in Stage 1 to confirm power requirement to racks; number of racks and cooling requirement) BLDS.CSHED Not stated SKA1 Container Shed Option 1: this option is required to meet the requirements as per Appendix B of SKA1 Baseline document BLDS.CAMP Construction Camps Re-use MeerKAT construction camps BLDS.HQ 16.2 Cape Town HQ Building Option 1: Lease additional space for SKA1 in current building or closely located building Option 2: New Land and Building 16 of 98

17 WBS Element Baseline Doc Reference Requirement Comment SKA.TEL.INFR-SA.FOUND - Antenna Foundations FOUND 8.2 Array Configuration (Position of Antenna Foundations) Positions based on SKA1 baseline document. Firstround optimisation done taking topography and EMC aspects into account. Further discussion and work is required on the configuration during Stage 1 by the Configuration Working Group FOUND Table 6 Dish Size The SKA1-mid telescope antennas will be a mixed array of m diameter antennas for the MeerKAT array and 190 new 15m SKA1 antennas FOUND Not stated Antenna Foundation loading and other requirements Assumptions made based on SSG and MeerKAT. To be confirmed in ICDs during Stage 1. SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.COMMS - Communication Systems COMMS.LAN Not stated LAN System Re-use MeerKAT Local Area Network and expand as required. Interfaces with SADT to be agreed in ICDs as part of Stage 1 COMMS.BMS Not stated BMS System Re-use MeerKAT Building Management System and expand as required for additional power and ancillary equipment COMMS.BMS Not stated Emergency Communications System SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.VEH VEHICLES Radio Re-use MeerKAT emergency communication network and expand as required for coverage at spiral arms VEH.BAK Not stated Additional Bakkies Additional bakkies (utility vehicles) will be required for SKA1. VEH.TRANS Not stated Additional People Transporters VEH.MAIN Not stated Additional Maintenance Vehicles Additional People Transporters will be required for SKA1. Existing MeerKAT maintenance vehicles will be utilized for SKA1. Additional maintenance vehicles/equipment will be required for SKA1. SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.SEC - Site Security SEC Not stated Site Security Existing provision of security will be utilized for SKA1 and expanded Data Processing on site versus Cape Town As per Section 2 of Applicable Document [AD 1] SKA1 Baseline Design, it lists the requirement for the Science Data Processor Centre or SKA1-mid Computer Centre to be in Cape Town. It is stated that signals from the dishes will be transported to a central signal processing building (i.e. Karoo Array Processor Building) where they will be divided into narrow frequency channels and crosscorrelated with each other. Output data from the correlator will be transported to the Science Data Processor Centre in Cape Town. SKA SA undertook trade-off studies as part of the Concept Design for MeerKAT on the proposed location of the Array Processor for MeerKAT. Three options were considered, namely 1) On site at the Losberg Site Complex; 2) at the Klerefontein Support Base and 3) Split between the Site Complex and Klerefontein. At that point in time (2009), 5 Tbit/s raw data needed to be transported between site and Klerefontein. Based on the number of transponders (160) required between the Site and Klerefontein, the capital cost of either splitting the Array Processor between Site and Klerefontein or locating the Array Processor at Klerefontein was found to be unfeasible from a cost point of view. It would be completely unfeasible from a capital cost based on this modeling to consider locating the Array Processor for MeerKAT in Cape Town. A similar trade-off study was undertaken by SKA SA in response to the SSG as part of the Site Bid (Reference can be made to Annexure G.15- SKA SA Data Transport Costs SSG Report). This study confirmed that it would cost 435,459,127 more to transport 400 Tbit/s of data to the Super 17 of 98

18 Computer in Cape Town as opposed to processing data on the SKA site. The recommendation for onsite data processing was further supported by the Site Options Working Group (SOWG). The SKA SA is still of the view that transporting 27 Tbit/s of data between Site and Cape Town will be too costly for SKA1. Further work will be required between the INFRA SA Consortium and the SaDT Consortium during Stage 1 to align and confirm requirements and associated costs to reconfirm this recommendation. The relevant technical skills have and will be employed by the SKA SA to maintain the Karoo Array Processor Building on-site. The same skills will be required to maintain SKA1 facilities. These skills include the Site Manager; Data Centre Manager (based in Cape Town and travelling to the Karoo); Electrical and Mechanical Technicians; IT technicians and configuration engineers; Specialist Contracted Engineers as and when required (Government licensed specialist engineers in terms of the Occupational Health and Safety Act); general maintenance and cleaning staff. The support staff will stay in Carnarvon. Based on the above considerations, two options have been considered for the data processing on site, namely: Option 1: Utilisation of the existing Karoo Array Processor Building and provision of a new SKA1 Container Shed housing RFI-shielded container to accommodate additional racks. The RFI-shielded containers will be supplied by the pulsar timing group (to be confirmed in Satge 1 as part of the ICD). This is seen as an interim solution until the Science Data Processor Centre is built for SKA2; Option 2: Utilisation of the existing Karoo Array Processor Building. 18 of 98

19 6. Technical response 6.1. SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.SMON Site Monitoring SMON.WIND - Site Monitoring Wind Sensors It is anticipated that the Site Monitoring Equipment will consist of the following: Wind Sensors, WBS: SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.APF.SMON.WIND; The Site Test Interferometer (STI), WBS SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.APF.SMON.STI; RFI Monitoring systems, WBS SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.APF.SMON.RFI. There is a wind sensor installed on a 10m pole mast at the KAT-7 radio telescope. Reference can be made to Image 1. For the MeerKAT phase, three additional wind sensors will be installed in the core area on 10m high pole masts, with optic fibre connections from the closest antenna. Image 2 shows one of the pole masts and the optic fibre sleeves. Image 1: KAT-7 Wind Sensors The Wind sensor fitted to the mast is shown in Image 3: Image 2: MeerKAT Pole Mast Image 3: Wind Sensor 19 of 98

20 For SKA1, it is assumed that there will be additional wind sensors in the spiral arms (2 per arm) as well as 2 additional sensors in the SKA1 core area. The interface between the Infrastructure sub-element and the telescope sub-element will be documented in the relevant ICD. a. This sub-element will consist of the following: i. 2 x Wind sensors per spiral arm: i.e. 6; ii. 2 x Core sensors (additional to MeerKAT); iii. Total number required = 8. b. 1 x Foundation (same design as MeerKAT); iv. 1 x 10m high sectional pole mast (same design as MeerKAT); v. 1x Earthing and lightning protection (same design as MeerKAT); vi. The 100m of 40mm Fibre ducting from the closest antenna to the wind sensor must be planned for by the SaDT Consortium; vii. 200m of 3 phase 400V power cable (10mm) from closest mini-substation to the wind sensor; viii. The optic fibre sleeve and Power cable should be co-located in a 1000mm deep common trench. The responsibility of supplying the 8 wind sensors (actual equipment) will be agreed upon with the SKAO and defined in the relevant ICD SMON.STI Site Monitoring STI System The STI system was developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology and deployed to the site as part of the SKA Site Bid site measurement campaign. The system consists of two sensor units, underground fibre cables and an electronic rack. Image 4 shows one of the STI sensors deployed on the MeerKAT/SKA site. Image 5 shows the STI electronics rack that is fitted inside the RFI screened CMC container. Image 4: STI Sensor Unit as deployed to Site Image 5: STI Electronics that is fitted inside the CMC container 20 of 98

21 It is assumed that the SKA1 requirement will be to provide a third sensor unit. The Infrastructure element will provide the following: Foundations for the sensors (1m x 1m x 500mm); Connection box and fibre splice dome; Optic fibre duct (estimate 300m) which will be provided by the SaDT Consortium; 200m Optic fibre cable to be provided by the SaDT Consortium; 200m Common trench which houses the power cable and optic fibre cable; Electrical Power (3 phase, 4 wire, 400v, 300m). The upgrade of the STI system will be done by the SKAO. The site monitoring system will be provided by JPL SMON.RFI Site Monitoring RFI System RFI Monitoring equipment includes the following: RFI monitoring trailers; Portable RFI monitoring equipment; Fixed RFI monitoring equipment. Image 6 shows the RFI monitoring trailer being deployed on site. Image 6: RFI Monitoring Trailer Image 7 shows some of the portable RFI monitoring equipment currently being used on site. Image 7: RFI Monitoring Equipment 21 of 98

22 For SKA1 it is assumed that a permanent RFI monitoring station will be established on the Losberg Hill, which is closely located to the current MeerKAT webcam installation. The Infrastructure element will provide the following: Foundation (same design as the MeerKAT webcam); Lattice mast (same design as MeerKAT) but 10m in height; Earthing and lightning protection (same as MeerKAT); 100m 40mm Optic fibre sleeve from current webcam position to RFI monitor position which will be provided for by the SaDT Consortium; 100m 3 phase 400V power cable (10mm) from the current MeerKAT webcam position to the RFI monitor position. The RFI monitoring equipment including antennas will be provided by another Consortium / telescope sub-element. The interface between the infrastructure and telescope elements will be documented in the relevant ICD. Technical Risks and proposed mitigation measures Reference can be made to Reference Document [RD 2] INFRA SA Risk Register which describes the technical risks and proposed mitigation measures for this sub-element. Capital, Operational and Maintenance Costs Reference can be made to Reference Document [RD 1] INFRA SA Cost Breakdown Structure for the capital costs applicable to this sub-element. 22 of 98

23 6.2. SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.POWER Infrastructure Power Introduction The aim of the INFRA SA Consortium is to provide the most reliable power network that meets SKA1 requirements at the most economical life-cycle cost. Various options will be considered, amongst which are the utilisation of the existing power infrastructure implemented for the MeerKAT telescope and the provision of a new 132kV grid power connection as developed for the Site Bid submission. Optimisation requirements to enable the implementation of these proposals will be identified. In order to meet the MeerKAT power requirements, SKA SA have constructed a 33kV extension to the existing Eskom Karoo 66kV/22kV substation, and constructed a 33kV powerline from Karoo Substation to the SKA Core site, with a length of approximately 110 kilometres. The capacity of this point of supply is limited, with this initial proposal identifying some of the possible SKA1 estimated power requirements that could be considered for optimisation in order to reduce the overall SKA1 power capacity requirement to the capacity which could be supplied off the existing infrastructure. One alternative identified here for consideration is the implementation of the previously developed option of a new 132kV grid connection. Stage 1 will consider these plus other options, followed by a down-select process to be taken forward and developed in Stage 2. This section describes the Power sub-element and includes: a. The Power requirement, including reference and assumptions; b. The MeerKAT power system (to be re-used / expanded for SKA1); c. The implications of growth in load from MeerKAT to SKA1; d. The SKA1 power system design options, identified as basis for costing: i. Option 1 As per the SKA1 Baseline Design Document [AD 1]; ii. Option 2 Optimised for use of MeerKAT power system. e. Verification of SKA1 Power system. Power Requirement - Function of the Power sub-element The main function (i.e. critical function) of the Infrastructure Power sub-element is to supply electrical power to the following: a. The Telescope Antennas (DSH element) both in the core area and the spiral arms; b. The Telescope processing and control elements (CSP, SDP, MGR) in the Processing facility; c. The Signal and Data Transport element (SADT); d. The provision of power to the cooling of CSP, SDP, MGR and SADT racks in the processing facility; e. Other telescopes (KAT-7, PAPER and C-BASS). A secondary function of the Infrastructure Power sub-element is to supply power to the following: f. Site Monitoring systems (wind sensors, STI, RFI monitoring); g. The various Buildings and Construction Camps (lights, power sockets, etc.); h. The pumps etc. of the water and waste treatment systems; i. The on-site communications systems (LAN, BMS and Radio systems). 23 of 98

24 Other Processing Facility Dish SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.SE-TD-001 Power Requirement Load Requirement Table 2 provides a summary of the power load requirement for SKA1: Table 2: Summary of SKA1 Power Load Requirement Element / Sub-element Power requirement [kva] Reference / Assumption 64 MeerKAT SKA1 Dishes Estimated load of 14.75kVA per dish Source is initial estimates from Dish Consortium, to be confirmed during Stage 1 Sub. Dish CSP element [AD 1] - SKA1 Baseline Design document, tables 22,23,24 and 25 MGR element 40 Source is initial estimates from MGR Consortium, to be confirmed during Stage 1 SDP element 300 Source is initial estimates from SDP Consortium, to be confirmed during Stage 1 SADT element 31.3 Source is initial estimates from SADT Consortium, to be confirmed during Stage 1 INFRA-SA.COMMS LAN and BMS sub-elements INFRA-SA.BLDS.KAPB Cooling for processing facility 12.5 Re-use MeerKAT systems Based on design of MeerKAT HVAC system Sub. Processing facility KAT-7 and PAPER 67.5 Based on MeerKAT estimates Buildings and Construction Camps Re-use MeerKAT systems Sub. Other Total Power Requirement Power Requirement Quality of Power and Redundancy Table 3 provides a summary of the Quality of Power and Redundancy requirements for SKA1: Table 3: Quality of Power and Redundancy Requirement Power Parameter Requirement Reference / Assumption Nominal Voltage (for Dish and other elements) 400V (3 phase) South African Standard used on MeerKAT To be confirmed during Stage 1 Voltage tolerance (drop or rise) Nominal Power factor (for Dish and other elements) ± 5% ESKOM Standard used on MeerKAT To be confirmed during Stage Assumption based on MeerKAT To be confirmed during Stage 1 Redundant power for dishes Redundant power for CSP, SDP, MGR and SADT Full redundant power source (i.e. Primary and standby) Full redundant power source (i.e. Primary and Standby) Assumption based on MeerKAT To be confirmed during Stage 1 Assumption based on MeerKAT To be confirmed during Stage 1 Uninterruptable (UPS) power for Dish Not required MeerKAT dishes require UPS power SKA1 requirement to be confirmed during Stage 1 24 of 98

25 Power Parameter Requirement Reference / Assumption Uninterruptable (UPS) power for CSP, SDP, MGR and SADT UPS power required Assumption based on MeerKAT To be confirmed during Stage 1 MeerKAT Power System Description of Current System The current MeerKAT power system consists of the following sub-elements: a. The Prime power source from ESKOM (INFRA-SA.POWER.GRID), including: iii. The ESKOM 66kV supply to the Karoo substation; iv. The Karoo substation upgraded for MeerKAT; v. The 33kV grid power line. b. The backup and UPS power source at the KAPB facility (INFRA-SA.POWER.KAPB): vi. 33kV Transformers and switchgear; vii. The Diesel Rotary UPS systems (N+1 redundancy); viii. The 22kV Transformers and switchgear; ix. 400V feeds to the processing facility (dual redundant). c. The reticulation to the Dishes (INFRA-SA.POWER.RETIC): x. 22kV network to the Dishes (dual redundant feeds); xi. The 22kV/400V minisubs (maximum 5 dishes per mini-substation). Table 4 shows some of the sub-elements of the MeerKAT Power system: Table 4: Sub-elements of the MeerKAT Power System Karoo 66kV/33kV Substation (vicinity Carnarvon) 33kV grid line with Voltage Boosters 22kV/400V Mini-substation (part of on-site electrical reticulation) 25 of 98

26 POWER.RETIC POWER.KAPB POWER.GRID SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.SE-TD-001 MeerKAT Power System - Capacity Table 5 provides an overview of the capacity of the current MeerKAT power system: Table 5: Capacity of current MeerKAT Power System Power Sub-element Capacity Growth available for SKA1 ESKOM 66kV supply to Karoo sub station Karoo substation 33kV Grid Line Power facility Standby Power (Diesel) The current ESKOM 66kV supply can provide 10MVA to the Karoo substation The Karoo substation was upgraded for MeerKAT with 2 x 5MVA 66kV/33kV transformers, i.e. total capacity of 10MVA The new 33kV grid power line constructed for MeerKAT can provide 4.9MVA (limited by voltage booster required for the length of the line) The power facility has 2 x 2.5MVA transformers i.e. total capacity of 5MVA For MeerKAT, 3 x 1.25 MVA standby generators are installed with a N+1 configuration (i.e. 2.5MVA) The facility design (space, busbars, switchgear, etc) has a total capacity of 5MVA The 10MVA capacity is allocated a follows: 2.5MVA capacity for local towns and farms 7.5MVA capacity available for SKA1 (upgrades are possible but need to be investigated) 5MVA capacity available for SKA1/MeerKAT This can be increased to 10MVA (to be confirmed during Stage 1) capacity by running two transformers in parallel, but the provision of a possible spare transformer for redundancy / repair time needs to be investigated during Stage 1 4.9MVA available for SKA1/MeerKAT The voltage booster design can be upgraded to provide 6 MVA capacity Full 5MVA capacity is available for SKA1/MeerKAT Upgrades might be required, due to technical considerations such a fault levels Full 5MVA capacity is available for SKA1/MeerKAT Uninterruptable (UPS) Power 22kV reticulation to Dishes 22kV to 400V Minisubstations For MeerKAT, 3 x 1.25MVA Rotary UPS system are fitted in a N+1 configuration (i.e. 2.5MVA) The facility design (space, busbars, switchgear, etc) has a total capacity of 5MVA The MeerKAT 22kV reticulation has a capacity of 7.6MVA For MeerKAT 21 x 315kVA minisubstations are provided with a limitation of 5 Dishes per minisubstation (i.e. less than 10% of total array) Full 5MVA capacity is available for SKA1/MeerKAT Full 5MVA capacity is available for SKA1 It is assumed that for SKA1 up to 26 dishes (10% of array) can be added per mini-substation. Additional minisubstations can be added to the 22kV reticulation network to provide the full 5MVA capacity The 21 dishes on the spiral arms will be supplied by existing ESKOM rural overhead power lines (new minisubstations to be added). 26 of 98

27 MeerKAT system - Quality of Power and Redundancy Table 6 provides a summary of the Quality of Power and Redundancy requirements for the current MeerKAT power system: Table 6: MeerKAT Power System - Quality of Power and Redundancy Power Parameter MeerKAT Value Comments Nominal Voltage (for Dish and other elements) 400V (3 phase) South African Standard Voltage tolerance (drop or rise) Nominal Power factor (for Dish and other elements) ± 5% ESKOM Standard 0.8 Power factor correction is done by the DRUPS systems as well as reactors fitted to the minisubstations and at the power facility Reliability of ESKOM Power NRS 048 limits Power supply was monitored by the SKA SA and meets the standard Redundant power for dishes Redundant power for processing facility (including cooling) Full redundant power source (i.e. Primary and standby) Full redundant power source (i.e. Primary and Standby) Primary source is ESKOM Standby is Diesel Generators Diesel Generators have N+1 redundancy Primary source is ESKOM Standby is Diesel Generators Diesel Generators have N+1 redundancy Processing facility has dual redundant feeds (A bus and B bus) Uninterruptable (UPS) power for Dish Full UPS to all dishes Rotary UPS systems integrated with Diesel Generators N+1 redundancy Uninterruptable (UPS) power for processing facility (including cooling) Full UPS Rotary UPS systems integrated with Diesel Generators N+1 redundancy Growth from MeerKAT to SKA1 - Overview of Implications Table 7 provides a high level summary of the system design implication of the load growing from MeerKAT to SKA1: Table 7: Power System Design Implication of the Load growing from MeerKAT to SKA1 Project Phase Load Growth System design Implications POWER.GRID POWER.KAPB POWER.RETIC MeerKAT Up to 2.5MVA Nil Nil Nil 2.5MVA to 5MVA Upgrade Voltage Boosters Add Rotary UPS systems Add Mini-substations 5MVA to 6MVA Upgrade Voltage Boosters Add Rotary UPS systems Add Mini-substations Spare 5MVA transformer at Replace 33kV/22kV SKA1 substation Transformers 6MVA to 8.7MVA Build new 132kV power Add Rotary UPS systems Add Mini-substations line from KRONOS Replace 33kV/22kV Transformers 27 of 98

28 SKA1 Power System - Overview of Defined Options Two options have been identified for the SKA1 power system: a. Option 1 (SKA1 Baseline Design option) Upgrade to the MeerKAT power system in order to meet the 8.7MVA maximum power demand; b. Option 2 (Optimised Option) Utilise the 5MVA available by optimisation of the power load requirement. In addition to these two options, a possible design solution for the supply of power to the Dishes in the spirals is also described. SKA1 Power System - Description of Option 1 (SKA1 Baseline Design Option) In order to provide the maximum demand of 8.7MVA (refer Table 2), the following option has been identified based on the recommendations in the SSG report: a. Additions to the KRONOS substation; b. New 132kV line from KRONOS substation; c. New Astronomy substation; d. Changes to existing 33kV grid power line. Figure 1 shows the ESKOM bulk power infrastructure in relationship to the SKA site, including the CUPRUM, KRONOS and KAROO substations: 28 of 98

29 Figure 1: ESKOM bulk power infrastructure in relationship to the SKA site 29 of 98

30 Image 8: ESKOM bulk power infrastructure in relationship to the SKA site Aerial view 30 of 98

31 Table 8 provides a summary of upgrades to the Power system for this option: Table 8: Summary of upgrades for Option 1 Power System Sub-element Upgrade for Option 1 Reference Upgrades to KRONOS 400kV/132kV transmission station New 132kV power line for 110km from KRONOS to ASTRONOMY New ASTRONOMY Substation Modification to 33kV grid power line 400kV/132kV (2 x 250MVA) transformer bay expansion with transformers New monopole structure, overhead power line 110km from KRONOS to ASTRONOMY The proposed new 132kV/33kV Eskom substation Astronomy is located adjacent to the proposed new Site complex and Processor building (part of SKA2) Modifications to feed existing MeerKAT 33kV line from the new ASTRONOMY substation Drawing SSG ELE Drawing SSG ELE of 98

32 Figure 2 shows the proposed layout of the new ASTRONOMY substation: Figure 2: Proposed Layout of new Astronomy Substation for Option 1 32 of 98

33 SKA1 Power System - Description of Option 2 (Optimised) Table 9 provides an overview of the opportunities for optimisation of the power load requirements. These are initial estimates from the INFRA SA Consortium and need to be confirmed with the various elements such as the DISH, CSP, etc. during Stage 1 of the Pre-Construction design phase and documented in the ICD documents. Table 9: Opportunities for optimisation of Power Load Requirements Power Load Sub-element DISH element Total Power DISH element Power to Spirals CSP element Non-Imaging (Pulsar search) Processing facility Cooling Construction facilities and security Current Estimated Value 14.75kVA per dish 254 dishes 3 747kVA total 14.75kVA per dish 250 racks 20kW per rack (max) 8kW per rack (avg) 2 500kVA total Power for cooling 315 racks 1 269kVA total 196kVA Opportunity for Optimisation For each kva of power optimisation per dish, the total load will reduce by 254kVA. Initial discussion with the DISH consortium indicates that a load of 12kVA per dish is achievable, i.e. total reduction of 424kVA can be investigated. If 21 dishes in the spiral arms are supplied from the rural ESKOM supply rather than the KAPB facility, a saving of 310kVA can be investigated. The backup power to stow the dish during high wind conditions needs to be investigated during Stage 1. Initial discussions with the CSP Consortium indicate that a reduction to 40 racks with 6kW each can be investigated. This reduces the power for this element from 2.5 MVA to 300kVA, i.e. a saving of kva. If the CSP non-imaging is reduced as indicated above, the power for cooling can be reduced to 344kVA, i.e. a saving of 926 kva Remove this from the Rotary UPS supply (but keep on ESKOM supply) Rotary UPS Load (optimised) Grid Power Line Load (optimised) 5 000kVA available The total opportunity for Rotary UPS load optimisation is 4 056kVA i.e. reduce the Rotary UPS load from 8 717kVA to 4 661kVA 6 000kVA available The total opportunity for grid line load optimisation is 3 860kVA i.e. reduce the Rotary UPS load from 8717kVA to 4 857kVA Discussion of Option 2 Table 9 shows that with the proposed optimisation of the SKA1 load, power can be supplied from the current MeerKAT power system. During the Stage 1 design, the following needs to be investigated in further detail: a. The opportunities for load optimisation from other SKA1 elements (DISH,CSP etc); b. The opportunities for load optimisation from the INFRA SA elements (Buildings etc); c. Technical design aspects such as voltage drop, power factor corrections, fault currents etc. SKA1 Power - Supply of Power to Antennas in the SKA1 Core As part of the existing KAT-7 and MeerKAT radio telescope, a Random Electrical Reticulation design approach was followed to provide power from the Power building at the Site Complex to the antennas. This design allows for an optimised cable route path for both MV and LV voltage cables which are clearly marked by cable markers every 200m and GPS coordinates. The electrical reticulation design also included the provision of optic fibre ducting installed in a common power/optic fibre trench to reduce capital costs. 33 of 98

34 22 Mini-substations have been provided on site for the MeerKAT antennas. The typical schematic presentation of the MeerKAT Distribution Network is indicated in Figure 3. The same design philosophy will be followed for the SKA1 design. Figure 3: Typical Schematic Distribution Network No additional MV feeder cables from the Power building to the SKA1 core antennas will be required as the existing MeerKAT MV ring network can accommodate the SKA1 loading requirements. The current MeerKAT electrical reticulation network will be expanded to supply the SKA1 antennas through the provision of additional MV cables to the antennas. Due to the density in the MeerKAT/SKA1 core, it is foreseen that existing MeerKAT 315kVA mini-substations will be utilised to accommodate the SKA1 loading requirements. Some of the mini-substations will need to be upgraded to 500kVA units. Reliability, Availability and Maintainability (RAM) modelling of the SKA1 electrical network will be executed as part of Stage 1. This needs to be done to confirm the maximum number of SKA1 antennas which could be out of order due to fault conditions on a specific mini-substation. For SKA1 costing purposes, it has been assumed that there will be 1 mini-substation/26 antennas. Reference can be made to the following Drawings in Annexure A of this document: Power.Retc.EP-0103 Proposed New SKA Phase 1 Dish Positions Sheet 1 of 2 Power.Retc.EP-0104 Proposed New SKA Phase 1 Dish Positions Sheet 2 of 2 Power.Retc.EP-0108 Electrical Reticulation Random Layout SKA1 Power Supply of Power to Antennas in the Spiral Arms The Spiral Arms antenna array reticulation design was divided into two sections: a. The first section s design allowed for some antennas on the spiral arms to be reticulated by extending the existing KAT-7/MeerKAT electrical reticulation network; b. The second section s design allowed for the 21 antennas on the Spiral Arms to be supplied from existing Eskom rural over-head power lines. This will be part of the 22kV section of the KAROO substation. c. A 2km separation distance was allowed for between any antennas and overhead line networks, based on SPDO methodology used by the Configuration Task Force (CTF) for optimisation of the SKA configuration in response to the SSG / site group Request for Information, Figure 4 shows the proposed connection of the antennas in the Spiral Arms to the existing Eskom 22kV rural overhead power lines: 34 of 98

35 Figure 4: Connection of the antennas to the existing Eskom 22kV overhead power lines 35 of 98

36 Image 9: Connection of the antennas in the Spiral arms to the existing Eskom 22kV overhead power lines Aerial view 36 of 98

37 SKA 1 Electrical Reticulation and Rotary UPS Maintenance considerations The Power Building was designed to serve the role of a central substation / hub - a single point to which the utility (Eskom) supply can connect and from which KAT-7, PAPER and MeerKAT antennas and ancillary loads are subsequently fed from. In addition to offering this central distribution and control feature, an arrangement of diesel Rotary uninterruptible power supplies (DRUPSs) within the building offer continuity of supply to the MeerKAT and existing loads. The building is currently supplied via the Karoo substation at 33kV through an overhead line feeder (Hare conductor) and underground cable (50 mm² three cored XLPE) for the last few hundred meters. Inside the Power Building the 33kV is stepped down to 22kV and 400V, with voltage stepping being implemented via two sets of distribution transformers, located inside the Transformer Room: Two 2,5 MVA 33kV/22kV transformers (designed to operate in parallel) - 5 MVA Installed Capacity; Two 1,6 MVA 22kV/0,4 kv transformers (designed to operate un-paralleled) - KAPB and local site load. For MeerKAT, three Rotary UPS units are installed. Each of these three Rotary UPSs are rated at 1 MW / 1,25 MVA (totalling 3 MW / 3,75 MVA); but their configuration while powering the MeerKAT installation will be N+1, meaning only 2 MW / 2,5 MVA will be available for use as one unit will be in hot standby at all times (to allow for maintenance or single unit failure without shutting down or load shedding). The MeerKAT Rotary UPS system is modular of nature, meaning that additional Rotary UPSs can be installed in parallel with these three in order to increase the total UPS output rating (provided they are of the same size and manufacture). For this purpose physical space has already been allocated inside the Power Room for the placement of an additional two units, making physical allowance thus for an increase in the total power output of the Rotary UPS system from the current (MeerKAT) output of 3 MW / 3,75 MVA (or 2 MW / 2,5 MVA in N+1 mode) up to a total of 5 MW / 6,25 MVA (or 4 MW / 5 MVA in N+1 mode) - such outputs available in conditioning i.e. non-emergency mode as well as standby i.e. diesel-powered mode. The Rotary UPS installation can with minimal design and installation effort be expanded to five of 1,25MVA units, offering thus Installed Capacity of 6,25 MVA and Firm Capacity of 5 MVA. Each 1,6 MVA transformer is currently being installed for the MeerKAT feed into a bus section of the main low voltage distribution board. Each bus section of the board, being rated at A, will be able to supply the full anticipated Losberg Site Complex load (MeerKAT data racks and cooling). This redundancy is to be implemented via dual feeds from this main board to the sub-distribution boards, each feeding in turn the racks and rack air conditioning systems. In terms of building structures, for MeerKAT, the Power Building section of the KAPB is currently being constructed to consist of three switch/control rooms, a power (generator) room and a transformer room (plus two passages serving as intake and exhaust ducts). Power Room: this room will house the Rotary UPSs, generator transformers, Rotary UPS chokes, and the diesel day tanks for up to 5 Rotary UPS units; MV Room (Domestic): this room will house Domestic MV switchgear (33kV and 22kV panels not associated with the Rotary UPS system). The switch panels in this room are all of the fixed pattern gas (SF6) insulated busbar type (with vacuum circuit breakers); Transformer Room: this room will house the distribution transformers (two 1,6 MVA and two 2,5 MVA transformers), as well as a Rotary UPS auxiliary transformer (500 kva), and zigzagtype earthing transformer with 140 Amp neutral earthing resistor (space is available for the installation of an additional resistor should the need arise); Control Room: this room will house the main 400 V distribution panel to the KAPB building (from whence the KAPB data centre loads as well as all 400 V site loads are fed), as well as the UPS system s control panels; 37 of 98

38 UPS MV Room: this room will house the 22kV switchgear of the Rotary UPS system. The switch panels in this room are all of the withdrawable air insulated busbar type (with SF6 circuit breakers). Although the Rotary UPS system is inherently modular, some physical, functional and safety constraints precludes the extension of the MeerKAT DRUPS system to more than 5 units. The constraints being amongst others the dimensions of the UPS MV, Control and Transformer rooms inside the building, the dimensions of the trenches, electromagnetic compatibility, and current ratings of installed equipment. Option 1 (SKA1 Baseline Design) In order to increase the current Power building s capacity to accommodate this maximum site loading for the SKA1 Baseline Design requirement, the following changes are proposed: Increase the size of the main 33kv/22kV transformers; Reserve the Rotary UPS units inside the KAPB for 400 V KAPB and site complex loads; Provide new additional containerized backup power to the 22kV underground cable networks supplying the antennas. This is proposed to be implemented as follows: Install two new 5 MVA 33kV/22kV oil type transformers outside the building; Install four containerised Rotary UPSs to supply the 3,4 MVA to the antennas (1,25 MVA units in a 3 + N configuration, supplying at 22kV); Install two containers containing necessary medium voltage switchgear, complete with HVAC, fire detection, etc.; Install new DRUPS auxiliary transformer to supply its ancillaries; Install an additional 1,25 MVA Rotary UPS inside the Power Building, to supply the 3,8 MVA to the local Losberg site loads including data centre components (thus the 400 V loads); Remove the existing 2 x 2,5 MVA 33kV/22kV transformers from the building; In their positions install two new 2 MVA 22kV/0,4 kv transformers - these to supply the RFIshielded containers containing the additional racks which cannot fit inside the KAPB via a new A dual bus LV panel outside the building; If needed (in order to distribute loads between the two installations) some of the site complex loads (e.g. construction sheds) can be moved over from the KAPB LV supply to the antenna supply, using old transformers. Option 2 (Optimised solution) In order to increase the current Power building s capacity to accommodate a maximum site loading indicated in the alternative solution, the following network changes are proposed: Install an additional two 1,25 MVA Rotary UPS units inside the provided space inside the Power Building. By implementing either option, all loads listed will be supplied with conditioned power and all of the site reticulated antennas would have the function of stowing when needed. All connected loads will be independent of external grid faults and would operate normally. Availability and reliability of the Rotary UPS units The Rotary UPS system will offer an automatic and break-free changeover from the mains (Eskom) power supply to diesel generator power when the former fails. Furthermore: The Rotary UPS system can be programmed to offer a redundancy of N + 1 for the maximum power required by the SKA1 installation; The reliability of the complete facility is estimated to have a Mean Time Before Failure (MTBF) of more than 10,000 hours; 38 of 98

39 The N + 1 redundancy configuration will allow for maintenance to be done on any one of the Rotary UPS units without interruption of power supply to the loads; Major functions of the medium voltage equipment and the Rotary UPS units will be relayed to and thus monitored by the building management system (BMS) which is currently in the process of being installed; The existing bulk diesel storage tanks (three tanks containing 23 kilolitre each, located next to the KAPB building), plus the new day tanks which are proposed to be installed or in the process of being installed (one 1000 litre day tank per Rotary UPS), offering a total capacity of just over 70 kilolitres, will allow the site to run at full load for over 48 hours for Option 2 (5MVA) - the fuel consumption of 5 machines at full load in N+1 mode being litres / hour. However, for Option 1 (7,8 MVA), in order to provide 48 hours backup another bulk tank should be installed in order to increase the total capacity to 106 kilolitre (consumption of 8 machines being litre / hour in N+1 mode). SKA 1 Electrical Reticulation and Rotary UPS Maintenance considerations Electrical Reticulation components Table 10 illustrates the South African industry standard design lifecycle of the different major electrical components as well as the typical maintenance periods: Table 10: South African industry standard design lifecycles Item Description Industry Design Lifecycle Period MTTR (Mean Time To Repair) Typical Maintenance Period 3.3kV 25kVA Transformer 25 Years 6 months Visual inspection 315kVA Transformer 25 Years 6 months Oil test SF6 Ring Main Unit Tank SF6 Ring Main Unit Switch Mechanism 30 Years 2000 Switching cycles Dependent on SKA Staff and Maintenance Program 6 months Visual inspection 6 months Visual inspection 22kV XLPE Cables 25 Years - LV PVC Cables 20 Years - Rotary UPS units Regular service intervals need to be scheduled for the Rotary UPS units. Minor services of the Rotary UPS units will be done at the Site Complex. Once larger services, such as the replacement of bearings are required, the Rotary UPS unit will be replaced with a refurbished unit. The unit which requires maintenance will be serviced at the Supplier s workshop as part of a Service Level Agreement. Bypass switches allow for maintenance to be done on any one of the Rotary UPS units with no interruption to the power supply. Maintenance on other electrical ancillary equipment includes the following: The distribution transformers used inside the Power Building will be of the oil-free (dry) type, thus requiring minimal servicing; Visual inspections of all diesel pipelines, cable connections and switchgear will be required every six months and servicing will be required every two years or less as per the suppliers recommendations; Regular service intervals need to be scheduled for the air filters belonging to the Rotary UPS ventilation system. 39 of 98

40 POWER.GRID Upgrade to Grid Power The INFRA SA Consortium has analysed the power and data rack requirements as defined in [AD 1] SKA1 Baseline Design. Further modelling has been undertaken by the Consortium in consultation with other Consortia and two options have been considered for the provision of bulk power to the SKA site, namely: Option 1: Upgrade of the Eskom grid power network (Total load of kVA excluding the antennas in the spiral arms) by: Introducing 400kV/132kV transformation at the existing Eskom Kronos substation; Providing new 400kV / 132kV (2 x 250MVA) transformer bays to the existing Kronos substation; Power will be transmitted by a newly constructed 132kV power line from the Kronos substation to the newly proposed 132/33kV Astronomy substation located approximately 35km from the site. Option 2: Utilisation of the existing bulk grid power supply to site (Total load of 4 857kVA with a power factor of 0.98) and: Replacing the existing 100A voltage boosters with new 200A units and repositioning the new units; Upgrading the 33kV/22kV Transformers from 2.5MVA to 5MVA. It should be noted that the definition of requirements (power, cooling and number of racks) from other Consortia will be a key activity during Stage 1 as the biggest cost-driver for SKA1 is related to the provision of grid power to the site. POWER.GRID Installation standards Additions to the Substations and Grid line will be designed and installed to fully comply with the latest editions of all relevant South African National and selected international standards, as well as regulations, codes of practise and guidelines, which will also form the basis of testing and acceptance. Of these, the most relevant documentation will be: SANS :2007 The selection, handling and installation of electric Power cables of rating not exceeding 33kV (Part 8: Cable Laying and Installation) SANS Circuit Breakers (1kV 52kV) SANS 1063 Earth Rods SANS Earth Wire (Conductors) SANS South African Occupational Health and Safety Act, Act No 1993 and regulations POWER.RETC Upgrade to Electrical Reticulation (MV and LV) Losberg Site Complex As per the SKA1 Baseline Design, it is estimated that the total power requirement at the Losberg Site Complex is 4.3MVA. Calculations of the total number of processor racks required for both MeerKAT and SKA1 amount to 316 racks. In order to respond to the SKA1 Baseline Design, Option 1 is considered: Option 1: Utilisation of the existing Karoo Array Processor building at the Losberg Site Complex and the provision of new SKA1 Container Shed housing RFI-shielded containers to accommodate the additional processor racks. This solution is proposed in an effort to minimise capital costs for SKA1 as an interim solution until the Science Data Processor Centre is constructed for SKA2. A further 40 of 98

41 assumption has been made that the RFI-shielded containers will be supplied by the pulsar timing group. In addition to the above, the INFRA SA Consortium has deviated from the SKA1 Baseline Design by assuming that the data processing will take place on site as opposed to Cape Town. The reasoning for this deviation is explained in Section Should the proposed container option not be considered feasible by the SKAO, the alternative option will be to construct a new building at the proposed Astronomy Complex where the 132kV/33KV substation will be constructed (should this be required). This option has not been costed in response to the RfP. Option 2: The INFRA SA Consortium has done further modelling on the SKA1 Baseline Design where the proposed updated SKA1 requirement was identified to be 106 processor racks in total. Based on this modelling, the total number of processor racks for MeerKAT and SKA1 can be accommodated in the existing Karoo Array Processor building. For both options, the 21 Spiral Arm Antennas are supplied from existing Eskom rural overhead power lines in the area. Antenna Core Array Reticulation As per the SKA1 Baseline Design, the baseline array configuration received from the SKAO was optimised by considering the local topography and EMC characteristics. Reference can be made to [RD 6] - INFRA SA Array Layout Report in the Reference Documents file which forms part of this submission. No additional MV feeder cables will be required from the existing Power Building on site to the SKA1 antennas. The total power requirement for the SKA1 antennas is 2.8MVA. The existing three-leg MV cable ring network provided for MeerKAT will accommodate the required SKA1 loading requirements. The existing on-site reticulation network will be expanded to supply the new core and outer skirt antennas with power where the MV cables will cut into the existing ring network. Most of the existing 315kVA miniature substations provided for MeerKAT can be re-used for SKA1 with some units having to be upgraded to 500kVA. 21 Antennas on the spiral arms with be supplied by existing Eskom rural overhead power lines. It should be noted that the optic fibre design will need to be aligned with the existing MeerKAT and proposed SKA1 electrical reticulation design. Existing Construction Camps Power Supply The existing power and back-up supply to the Meys Dam and Losberg construction camps will be reused for SKA1. POWER.RETIC Installation standards The MV cables and mini-substations of the reticulation network will be designed and installed to fully comply with the latest editions of all relevant South African National and selected international standards, as well as regulations, codes of practise and guidelines, which will also form the basis of testing and acceptance. Of these, the most relevant documentation will be: SANS 1507: Electric cables with extruded solid dielectric insulation for fixed installations (300/500V to 1 900V/3 300V) SANS 10292: Earthing of Low Voltage (LV) Distribution Systems SANS :2007 The selection, handling and installation of electric Power cables of rating not exceeding 33kV (Part 8: Cable Laying and Installation) SANS 1213: Cable Glands SANS Enclosure IP Ratings SANS Circuit Breakers (1kV 52kV) SANS 1063 Earth Rods 41 of 98

42 SANS Earth Wire (Conductors) SANS 60439: Low voltage switchgear and control gear assemblies SANS 10400: South African Occupational Health and Safety Act, Act No 1993 and regulations SANS 780 Distribution Transformers SANS and SANS 1029 Miniature Substations SANS 1874 Metal Enclosed Ring Main Units IEC 60354:1991 Loading Guide for Oil-Immersed Transformers SABS 156 Moulded-case circuit-breakers SANS 1339 XLPE MV Cable SANS :2007 Test Method for XLPE Cables POWER.KAPB Upgrade to KAPB Power (including DRUPS) The Power Building was designed to serve the role of a central substation / hub - a single point to which the utility (Eskom) supply can connect and from which KAT-7, PAPER and MeerKAT antennas and ancillary loads are subsequently fed from. In addition to offering this central distribution and control feature, an arrangement of diesel Rotary uninterruptible power supplies (DRUPSs) within the building offer continuity of supply to the MeerKAT and existing loads. Option 1: In terms of the SKA1 Baseline Design, the total on-site power requirement is 8.7MVA, which includes the existing KAT-7, MeerKAT and SKA1 power requirements. In order to meet the total site requirement of 8.7MVA, the following changes will be required: Install two new 5MVA 33/22kV oil-type transformers outside the existing Power building and remove existing 2x2,5MVA 33/22kV transformers; Reserve the DRUPS inside the KAPB for 400V KAPB and site complex loads and install new DRUPS auxiliary transformer to supply its ancillaries; Install four containerized Rotary UPSs to supply the 3,4MVA to the antennas (1,25MVA units in a 3 + N configuration, supplying at 22kV); Install two containers containing necessary medium voltage switchgear, complete with HVAC, fire detection, etc; Install an additional 1,25MVA Rotary UPS inside the Power Building, to supply the 3,8MVA to the local Losberg site loads including data centre components (thus the 400V loads). The INFRA SA Consortium has undertaken further modelling and has presented the following alterative option: Option 2: Re-use the existing Power Building based on the proposed amended power requirements derived from the KAT-7 and MeerKAT experience for SKA1 (5MVA) with the following addition: Install an additional two 1,25MVA Rotary UPS inside the provided space inside the existing Power Building. Maintenance considerations, reliability and availability have been discussed in terms of both options provided. POWER.KAPB Installation standards The equipment in and around the Power Building will be designed and installed to fully comply with the latest editions of all relevant South African National and selected international standards, as well as regulations, codes of practise and guidelines, which will also form the basis of testing and acceptance. Of these, the most relevant documentation will be: Occupational Health and Safety Act 85 of of 98

43 SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.SE-TD-001 SANS (The wiring of premises) IEC (Rotary uninterruptible systems). Specific tests that will be performed include: Check and confirm the integrity of control, signal and power wiring and terminations (visual inspection, insulation tests, etc.); Perform cold commissioning (functional checks, secondary relay injection, pressure testing, phasing and insulation tests of incomer and feeder cables etc.); Perform hot commissioning (functional testing of all breakers and interlocks after mains energizing), simulating all possible modes of operation; Airflow test report on the UPS ventilation system; Sound pressure level measurements to ensure regulatory compliance. 43 of 98

44 6.3. SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.ACC Infrastructure Access ACC.PROV Provincial Road from Carnarvon to Site Functional Description of Element The provincial access road to the core is currently a gravel road which has a high standard vertical and horizontal alignment as well as a 1 in 10 year return drainage design standard. It is intended to upgrade the gravel road to a surfaced standard. The length of the road is 80km. It should be noted that several of the outer stations will be accessed to a certain extent by the existing provincial and district low order gravel roads. These existing roads, (approximate length of 133km) may need to be repaired in places to provide better access, however this will be assessed during Stage 1. Design Specification and Design Standards The anticipated pavement design for the upgrade of the provincial access road is as follows: The following was used for a preliminary pavement design: 2013 traffic 105 vehicles per day; Directional split 50%; Heavy vehicles 30%; Allowance for construction vehicles with kg load each ( tons of material transported over the road); Design life 20 years. Using a sensitivity analysis with traffic growth between 1 and 4.5 % and E80 per heavy vehicle factor of 2 to 3.75, an ES1 (0.3 1 million E80 s) pavement will be required. Assuming the use of locally available granular material the following design is proposed: 13.2/6.7 Double seal with modified binder (SE-1, SBR); 125 C3 base using imported material from borrow pits (modified with 1.5% lime and 3% cement); 150 in situ C4 using existing wearing course (modified with 1.5% lime and stabilized with 2% cement). Design Assumptions As-built information will be used for the design of the upgrade to the provincial road. Traffic loading on the provincial road is assumed to be million E80 s with allowance for heavy construction vehicles; Maintenance Requirements The provincial road to site needs to be maintained on a regular basis. Best practice maintenance could possibly comprise the following actions: Year 5 Reseal Year 10 Asphalt surfacing Year 15 Reseal Ad Hoc drainage clearing when required. Ad Hoc pothole repairs. 44 of 98

45 Material Required A minimum of 6 borrow pits will be required (at approximately m 3 per borrow pit) for the upgrade of the provincial road. These will need to be investigated and sourced as part of the site characterisation studies which is outside the scope of the Infrastructure and Power element design. All new borrow pits will require the necessary mineral permits. Identification of Technical Risks and Mitigation Strategy Reference can be made to Reference Document [RD 2] INFRA SA Risk Register which defines the technical risks and proposed mitigation measures. Capital, Operational and Maintenance Costs Reference can be made to Reference Document [RD 1] INFRA SA Cost Breakdown Structure for the detailed capital, operational and maintenance costs for this sub-element ACC.AP Basic Farm Roads to SKA1 Antennas Functional Description of Element Reference can be made to [AD 1] - SKA1 Baseline Design which indicates that the SKA1 roads must be the same as the MeerKAT roads (basic farm roads). As per the SKA1 Baseline Design, the baseline array configuration received from the SKAO was optimised by considering the local topography and EMC characteristics. Reference can be made to [RD 6] - INFRA SA Array Layout Report. It is expected that the SKAO Configuration Working Group will be refining the array configuration during Stage 1 which will be fixed (frozen) at the end of Stage 1. The outer roads and core roads will be designed as basic farm roads with concrete drifts at critical drainage crossings. The basic farm road standard comprises clearing and grubbing of the route with a grader and placing a 200mm compacted gravel layer on top of natural ground level. Earth cut off drains and channels cut by a grader will be used to channel storm water flow to the concrete drifts to minimise erosion of the gravel layer. The drainage is relatively informal and basic and the level of service is lower than that of the Provincial access road. There will be approximately 107 km of farm roads. Please refer to the road network layout drawings included as in Annexure A (Table 11). Image 10: Typical Farm Road (existing MeerKAT road) 45 of 98

46 All platforms at the antennas will be raised by a minimum of 300 mm. The platforms are 100mm higher than the farm roads in order to provide a suitable platform for vehicle turning movements and to enable better stormwater management. Platform sizes have been designed to accommodate the turning circles of the existing SKA SA dish transporter and a maximum dish dimension of 15.5m. (Note that this is an assumption). Image 11: Typical platform around the Antenna Foundation for MeerKAT The SKA SA has a Section 21 (c) and (i) Water Use License in terms of the National Water Act, This license is applicable to the MeerKAT road network and any upgrades that may come about in the future on the farms Meys Dam and Losberg. Design Specification and Design Standards Geometry Horizontal Design Design speed : 40km/h Absolute minimum design speed : Crawling speed Min Radius : 80 m Absolute minimum Radius : 24 m Curve length : Not applicable. Max Super-elevation : 4% Vertical Design No vertical design standard was used on the farm roads. Platforms Platform radius : 24 m Bell mouth Radius (Truck route) : 24 m Bell mouth Radius (Maintenance route) : 5 m Cross section Roadway width : 5 m Minimum Cross-fall : 4% Fill Slopes : 1:2 (With a min slope length of 3m) Cut Slopes : 1:2 46 of 98

47 Drainage SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.SE-TD-001 Earth drains and stone pitching are considered where possible erosion and flooding of platforms may occur. Necessary erosion protection methods were also taken into consideration to minimise erosion of toe lines, inlet and outlet structures and drains along the farm roads. Concrete drifts were used to prevent the washing away of farm roads at critical points. Pavement The pavement design for the farm road network comprises a 200mm wearing course placed on a compacted in-situ roadbed. The platform pavement consists of a 300mm wearing course. Design Assumptions Centre line testing is not required for the basic farm roads. Lidar survey information will be used for the detailed design of the roads. The existing levels will be verified by the successful contractor on site before construction commences. The following general assumptions were made: The farm roads will not be upgraded to surfaced roads in the future; The platform sizes are kept the same as the MeerKAT project; The maximum dish dimension is 15.5m; Borehole licensing for additional boreholes will be granted by the Department of Water Affairs; Each borehole with a yield of more than 8m 3 /day will be regarded as a sustainable construction water source; Maintenance operations were based on proposed best practice cycles which should provide the user with an acceptable level of service over 30 years. The SKAO can however downscale maintenance to an acceptable level of service; Some maintenance equipment has been procured by the SKA SA. Additional maintenance vehicles required for SKA1 are described in Section Maintenance Requirements Grader blading of the farm roads will be required at least once every two months during the rainy season and re-graveling of the farm roads will be required once every 5 years. The maintenance of the drainage will be minimal. Material Required There are currently four licensed borrow pits near the core site which have been used to supply gravel material to the existing MeerKAT site. The existing borrow pits do not have sufficient material to supply SKA1 with material thus additional borrow pit investigations will be required to source the material required. It is envisaged that at least 11 additional borrow pits (at approximately m 3 per borrow pit) will be required for the platforms and farm roads. These will need to be investigated and sourced as part of the site characterisation studies which is outside the scope of the infrastructure and power element design. There is an existing quarry near Carnarvon which could be made use of for the supply of stone aggregate. This would however imply the haulage of aggregate over an 80km distance. It is proposed to investigate and source a new stone quarry closer to the proximity of the core site. All new borrow pits and quarries will require the necessary mineral permits. This will be applied for by SKA SA. 47 of 98

48 Identification of Technical Risks and Mitigation Strategy Reference can be made to Reference Document [RD 2] INFRA SA Risk Register which defines the technical risks and proposed mitigation measures. Capital, Operational and Maintenance Costs Reference can be made to Reference Document [RD 1] INFRA SA Cost Breakdown Structure for the detailed capital, operational and maintenance costs for this sub-element. Drawing Register Table 11: Drawing Register for Farm Roads Drawing Number Drawing Title - Description Roads Typical Drawings ACC.AP-CP-0001 Typical tear drop shape platform Roads Layout Drawings ACC.AP-CP-0002 Farm roads locality plan ACC.AP-CP-0003 Farm road Sheet 1 of 4 ACC.AP-CP-0004 Farm road Sheet 2 of ACC.AS All-Weather Landing Strip Functional Description of Element A landing strip is currently under construction near the MeerKAT core and is almost completed. It is assumed that the all-weather landing strip will be utilised for SKA1. Image 12: Airstrip after priming The position of the landing strip was determined in consultation with the SKA SA, its contracted air charter service and based on the requirements specific to the type of airfield. The landing strip is located in a position where it does not interfere with construction vehicle traffic. The position of the 48 of 98

49 landing strip took the original SKA Site Bid configuration (3 cores) into account with specific regard to obstacle limitation surfaces and approach and take-off paths over antennas. The landing strip is designed to accommodate a Pilatus PC-12 (design aircraft) and similar. Based on the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) classification, it is a reference code 1B aircraft. The Pilatus PC-12 is a single engine aircraft seating 8 passengers. Its primary dimensions are: Wing span : 16,23m Length : 14,4m Height : 4,27m Maximum take-off weight : 4 500kg The reference field length of this aircraft is 640m. This is the length of runway required for the aircraft to take off at maximum take-off weight (MTOW) at sea level, standard atmospheric conditions, still air and zero slope. The length of the runway is 1300m which is surfaced to allow for all-weather operations. A small apron with connecting taxiway is also provided. The landing strip has been registered with the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) and the SKA SA has insurance cover. This is acceptable due to the fact that the Maximum Take-off Weight (MTOW) of the PC-12 is less than 5 700kg which is the weight at which licensing becomes compulsory. This weight restriction has to be respected by all pilots flying into the airfield since any incident at the airfield involving an aircraft with a MTOW of more than 5700kg will in all likelihood have insurance repercussions. For the PC-12 aircraft, the Rescue and Fire fighting category is 3, although with minimal air traffic movements (less than 700 movements in the busiest consecutive three months) this could be reduced to category 2. The preferred extinguishing agent for this category is a foam meeting the minimum performance level B, as described in ICAO Airport Services Manual. As the airfield will not be licensed, this is an operational and safety issue which is currently the responsibility of the SKA SA. Design Specification and Design Standards Geometry The properties of the landing strip site are: Position : Threshold North-west (15): 'S ; 'E Threshold South-east (33): 'S ; 'E Elevation : 1 048m above mean sea level (MSL) Reference temperature : 35 C An apron of 35m x 60m is located at the south-eastern threshold of the runway. This position allows for the shortest access road to the main road. The apron is of sufficient size to accommodate at least two PC-12 aircraft to be parked simultaneously and to manoeuvre in and out of the parking positions under own power. Design Assumptions No Airfield Ground Lighting (AGL) is required. The landing strip will conform to the requirements for operations in visual meteorological conditions (VMC). No fuel storage is required at the airfield. Should this be required in the future for SKA purposes, provision can be made. 49 of 98

50 Maintenance Requirements The following maintenance program is proposed: Year 7: Year 14: Fog spray Repairs over 5% of the runway area (Top layer and Cape seal) Repaint Repairs over 5% of the runway area (Top layer) Re-seal (Cape seal) Repaint Year 21: Year 28: Fog spray Repairs over 10% of the runway area (Top layer and Cape seal) Repaint Repairs over 10% of the runway area (Top layer) Re-seal (Cape seal) Repaint 50 of 98

51 6.4. SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.WAS Infrastructure Water and Sanitation WAS.WATER Upgrades to Water Treatment System Available Water There are currently 24 boreholes on the site. All 24 boreholes have been tested for MeerKAT use. The assumption was made that only the boreholes with a yield of 8m 3 /day and more would be regarded as a sustainable source of construction water. The 18 selected boreholes have a maximum yield of kl per day. The chemical tests indicate high fluoride and coliform levels which are a concern. Due to the high fluoride content of the samples from the boreholes in the area, reverse osmosis systems have been installed for drinking water at the construction camps and at the Site Complex. Due to the high coliform content of the samples from the boreholes in the area, all water at the construction camps is chlorinated by means of an in-line chlorinator. Water Requirements The water requirement will vary on a daily basis depending on what activities are taking place on site. The different phases of construction will also require different amounts of water i.e. the construction of roads will require less water than the construction of the concrete antenna foundations. It is recommended to programme the works in such a way that the roads and foundations are not constructed simultaneously to reduce daily water demand. A high level daily peak estimate has been made based on calculations done for the MeerKAT project. This is indicated in Table 12. Table 12: Daily Water Demand Daily Daily Location/Activity Demand Peak Comment (kl) (kl) Site Complex l for air conditioning plus 1800l for site complex Meys Dam Camp Allow for 50% more that MeerKAT demand Losberg Camp Allow for 50% more that MeerKAT demand Road Construction 120 Concrete Works Assume maximum production of 1000m³ per day, 10% moisture per m3 plus 20% losses and contingency Assume maximum production of 800m³ per day, 550l per m³ plus 10% losses Construction Dust Control Based on 20km haul route per day Road Maintenance 120 Allow for 100% more that MeerKAT demand TOTAL 634 The current maximum delivery of boreholes is estimated at 570kl/day. The minimum daily demand is roughly estimated at 630kl/day. There is thus a shortfall of water supply. Water supply is further dependent on the rain season and can vary from year to year. Additional boreholes will be required to ensure sufficient water supply. 51 of 98

52 Functional Description of Element (Water at Construction Camps) There are currently two existing construction camps at Meys Dam and Losberg. As per the SKA1 Baseline Design, both construction camps will be utilised for SKA1. Water supply is provided from a borehole, pumped to a storage tank and boosted by an in-line booster pump to supply points at both camps. Drinking water is treated before use to conform to standards for continued potable use. Water used for washing/bathing purposes is chlorinated to reduce the risk of bacteria in the water due to the uncertainty of water quality. The water supply system will be upgraded for SKA1 by means of additional boreholes, storage tanks and additional reverse osmosis capacity. Meys Dam and Losberg Water Supply The water for the Meys Dam site is supplied from two boreholes in the vicinity of the site. Additional boreholes will be provided for SKA1 which will be metered. The existing design capacity for this camp is 80 persons. The total average annual daily demand (AADD) is l/day. Two storage tanks with a capacity of l each are provided with additional capacity planned for SKA1. The standard water demand per person per day for drinking and cooking purposes is 20 l/person/day. With allowance for 80 persons on the site a total of l/day is required to be treated by the reverse osmosis system installed on site. The reverse osmosis system serves as a watering point for the site with regards to potable water. Additional reverse osmosis capacity is however planned for SKA1. The water for the Losberg site is supplied from a borehole in the vicinity of the site. This is however not considered sufficient thus additional boreholes will be provided for SKA1 which will be metered. The existing design capacity of this Construction Camp is 150 persons. Considering a water demand of 100l/person/day and an emergency storage for 48 hours, a total demand of l/day for domestic use is obtained. A washing bay for concrete trucks requires about 300 l/truck/day which equates to l/day for the washing of the concrete trucks (a total of about 15 trucks.) Total storage is therefore for l/day. The total average annual daily demand (AADD) is l/day. Provision is made for three storage tanks of l each and one tank of l. Additional capacity is planned for SKA1. With allowance for 150 persons on the site a total of l/day is required to be treated by the reverse osmosis system installed on site. Bacterial tests done on the water indicate high coliform counts, therefore borehole water is chlorinated with an in-line chlorinator to reduce the possible effects of bacteria in the water. For both sites a booster pump and pressure vessel (bladder tank) is incorporated after the storage tanks in order to provide sufficient pressure to the site. The booster pump unit is situated in the chlorination building. As per the Department of Water Affairs requirements, water meters are installed at each borehole to measure the daily total usage of all boreholes on site. This will be monitored by the Department to ensure that the daily water usage as approved in the Water Use License for the site will not be exceeded. Design Assumptions Meys Dam The boreholes must sustain at least 8 kl/day for the time span of the camp. Additional capacity will be provided for SKA1. Losberg The boreholes must sustain at least 20 kl/day for the time span of the camp. Additional capacity will be provided for SKA1. 52 of 98

53 Maintenance Requirements The following maintenance requirements are envisaged: Boreholes Periodic maintenance should take place at boreholes with regard to operation, cleaning of screens, water level of the borehole, general observations, electrical components etc. Proper maintenance and checking should prevent unnecessary standing time or dis-functionality due to components malfunctioning. Reverse osmosis plant Replace filters on an annual basis. Chlorination plant Daily checking of liquid chlorine mix quantity. Daily checking of electrical components functionality and general observations with regard to all components. Identification of Technical Risks and Mitigation Strategy Reference can be made to Reference Document [RD 2] INFRA SA Risk Register which defines the technical risks and proposed mitigation measures. Capital, Operational and Maintenance Costs Reference can be made to Reference Document [RD 1] INFRA SA Cost Breakdown Structure for the detailed capital, operational and maintenance costs for this sub-element. Functional Description of element (Water Treatment Plant at the Site Complex) Water supply at the Losberg Site Complex is provided from two boreholes, pumped to a storage tank and boosted by an in-line booster pump, chlorinated by in-line chlorination and then distributed to supply points and to the reverse osmosis system. Drinking water is treated by reverse osmosis before use to conform to standards for continued potable use. Water used for washing/bathing purposes is also chlorinated. Design Specification and Design Standards Water supply at the Site Complex is provided from two boreholes, pumped to a storage tank and boosted by an in-line booster pump to supply points. Water used for washing/bathing purposes is chlorinated to reduce the possible effects of bacteria in the water. Allowance was made for 15 persons. The total average annual daily demand (AADD) is l/day. Two existing storage tanks of 10 kl each will serve as storage for the site. Keeping in mind that the air-conditioning units will not be filled on a daily basis, the two 10 kl tanks will be sufficient. A booster pump and pressure vessel (bladder tank) are incorporated after the storage tanks in order to provide sufficient pressure to the site. Water for showers or sanitation purposes is chlorinated. The system supplies water to required positions as determined on site. The standard water demand per person per day for drinking and cooking purposes is 20 l/person/day. With 15 persons on the site, a total of 300 l/day is required to be treated by a reverse osmosis system installed on site. 53 of 98

54 Design Assumptions The borehole must supply at least 6.5 kl/day or 271 l/h for a 24 hour cycle. Maintenance Requirements The following maintenance requirements are envisaged (see Table 13): Table 13: Maintenance requirements Reverse osmosis plant Replace filters on an annual basis. Chlorination plant Daily checking of liquid chlorine mix quantity. Daily checking of electrical components functionality and general observations with regard to all components. Identification of Technical Risks and Mitigation Strategy Reference can be made to Reference Document [RD 2] INFRA SA Risk Register for detailed technical risks and proposed mitigation measures for this sub-element. Capital, Operational and Maintenance Costs Reference can be made to Reference Document [RD 1] INFRA SA Cost Breakdown Structure for a breakdown of the capital, operational and maintenance costs for this sub-element WAS.WASTE Upgrades to Waste Water Systems Sanitation comprises of a package treatment plant. The package treatment plant capacity will be increased to allow for additional loading. Meys Dam and Losberg Construction Camp Sanitation Considering the maximum water demand for domestic use as calculated above, the assumption can be made that the maximum sewage inflow per day will not exceed the water demand. The maximum effluent which can be generated on the Meys Dam site is l/day and on the Losberg site is l/day. It is however envisaged to increase the capacity of the existing package treatment plants for SKA1. A central main sewer line is positioned on the sites. Connection points are constructed at regular intervals to enable sanitation services to be supplied to park home units. Due to the flat gradients present, a sewer pump sump is provided before the package treatment plant. An on-site package treatment plant is installed on the sites. The treated effluent from the package treatment plant is discharged into an evaporation bed, formed by a berm on the downstream side of the package treatment plant. The SKA SA has waste management licenses for these treatment package plants. 54 of 98

55 Image 13: Meys Dam sewer package treatment plant Image 14: Losberg Construction Camp sewer package treatment plant Maintenance Requirements The following maintenance requirements are envisaged: Sewer package treatment plant The operations and maintenance procedures will vary depending on the make (brand) of treatment plant provided by the contractor. In general the following are deemed good practice procedures (see Table 14): Table 14: Operations and maintenance good practice procedures Weekly Replace chlorine tablets in chlorine contactor AWW SPA Tabs Stabilised, containing Trichloroisocyanuric acid Monthly Take samples of incoming and final effluent (from chlorine contact tank) and dispatch to a Laboratory for analysis and report. Yearly Check level of contamination and solidification in pre-digestion and purge if necessary. Every Hours (3.5 Years) Replace diaphragms in air blowers Identification of Technical Risks and Mitigation Strategy Reference can be made to Reference Document [RD 2] INFRA SA Risk Register which defines the technical risks and proposed mitigation measures. Capital, Operational and Maintenance Costs Reference can be made to Reference Document [RD 1] INFRA SA Cost Breakdown Structure for the detailed capital, operational and maintenance costs for this sub-element. 55 of 98

56 6.5. SKA.TEL.INFRA-SA.BLDS Infrastructure Buildings BLDS.SBASE Klerefontein Support Base (all buildings) Design description of the new MeerKAT offices, workshops and stores constructed for MeerKAT As per the SKA1 Baseline Design, an assumption was made that the buildings located at the Klerefontein Support Base will be utilised for SKA1. A draft CON OPS document is still under development and the Logistic Support Analysis as defined in Reference Document [RD 3] INFRA SA Integrated Logistic Support Proposal (ILS) still needs to be developed as part of Stage 1. This will define the logistical support, resources, spares and equipment that will be required for SKA1 which might have an impact on the decision to utilise the existing facilities at the Klerefontein Support Base. It might become evident during Stage 1 that there are insufficient support facilities at Klerefontein (e.g. office space for support staff) and provision for additional facilities might have to be reconsidered. The Klerefontein Support Base workshops and offices are located north-east of the existing Klerefontein Farm house. Entry to the buildings could either be from the west (parking area) or the south (delivery yard). The storage area (200m²) is located to the east of the building complex with access (roller shutter doors) to the south and west. The workshops are to the north of the building complex with access from the south. The design of this facility aims to utilize passive cooling as much as possible, firstly, in the storage and workshop areas (with a higher volume) by means of a ventilated roof and secondly, by using thermal mass on the western façade (dry pack stone walls) to prevent the harsh western sun from heating the building during the day. The introduction of a courtyard also aids the cooling of the building, together with narrow floor plates and adequate cross-ventilation. The office has a double-roof system, which aids the passive cooling of the human interface areas to a great extent. Key Components A clean room of 20m 2 has been included inside the electronic workshop that complies to US FED STD 209E Class clean room (ISO standard ISO 8 Equivalent). Image 15: Klerefontein Workshops, office and stores constructed for MeerKAT 56 of 98

57 Image 16: Klerefontein Workshops, office and stores Figure 5: Klerefontein support base workshop plan BLDS.SPLEX - Site Complex (Site, Dish Shed, Pedestal Shed, Accommodation, Security, KAT-7 Shed, Diesel) Dish Assembly Shed Extension design description In terms of the SKA1 Baseline Design, an assumption was made that the existing Dish Assembly Shed will be utilised for SKA1. The footprint of the Dish Assembly Shed Extension is designed with the indicative sizes of the dish moulds and specific dish manufacturing process taken into consideration for KAT-7 and MerrKAT. 57 of 98