Index. Aridosols, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99

Transcription

1 Index Accessory information, satellite imagery, 68-69, Aerial photography, Aero-neg film, 133 black and white film, black and white infra-red film, colour film, 133 colour infra-red film, 134, 181 forest classification, 67 mapping, 34, 61, 131 sampling floristic composition, 54 small scale, vegetation boundaries, 35 vegetation classification, 12 vegetation identification, 131 see a/so Remote sensing Agricultural land, change of use, 6 deterioration, Agricultural species, identification, 149 Albedo changes, monitoring arid and semi-arid regions, 187 Alfisols, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99 Alpine regions, soil carbor content, 113 Allophane, 116 Amazonia, forest conversion, 103 Apollo-9, photographic studies, 138, 193 Architectural classifications, 52 Area deliniation, SAR, 176 Area identification, LANDSAT, Areal-geographic-floristic classification, 25,27 Argentine, crop production monitoring, 211 Arid regions, vegetation monitoring, 187 Aridosols, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99 Asia, forest conversion, Association types, Atmospheric haze, remote sensing, 182 penetration by colour infra-red film, 134 Atmospheric transmittance bands, 165 Australia, mapping tropical rain forests, crop production monitoring, 211 Beard's formation series approach, vegetation classification, 6 Bioclimatic analysis, vegetation zones, 42 Bioclimatic classification systems, tropical vegetation, Bioclimatic mapping, 36-39, 63 Biogeoclimatic zonation scheme, 39 Biogeocoenotic approach, potential vegetation mapping, 36 Biogeographic separation, Ellenberg scheme, 42 Biotic impoverishment, 6 Biotic residue decay, carbon dioxide release, 4 Boreal forest, field studies, 121 soil carbon content, 112, 113, 115 Brazil, crop production monitoring, 211 British Columbia, potential vegetation mapping, Braun-Blanquet association scheme, 26, 27,54 Brockmann-Jerosch map, 29, 30, 31, 39 Canada, wheat production monitoring, 192,211 Canopy texture, radar signal, Carbon, atomic weapon testing, 118 Carbon storage and release, 5-8

2 242 The role of terrestrial vegetation in the global carbon cycle Carbon dioxide, atmospheric, 3-5, 7, 11, 14, ,229 Carbon pools, 4-5 see also Soil carbon pools Carbon release, deforestation, Cell turgor, identification by infra-red film, 181 Chernozem soils, carbon content, 114 China, crop production monitoring, 211 Chlorophyll absorption bands, 122, , Classification error estimator, 167, 169 Classification systems, 10,21-79 limitations, 25-28, see also Computer classification; Multispectral classification Climate, vegetation mapping, Climate-diagrams, Hawaii, 70 potential vegetation mapping, 38 Climatic changes, effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide, 7 Cloud cover, LANDSAT systems, 149, 175, 215 radar systems, Cluster analysis technique, see Dendrogram cluster data analysis Clustering technique, computer system training, 145 Coastal regions, SEASATSAR data, 176 Coastal zone scanner, 162 Commercial purposes, forest classification, 67 Committee on Remote Sensing for Agricultural Purposes, 193 Computer-aided analysis, MSS data, 139, , 153 Computer classification, multispectral scanner data, 144, Cover types, spectral responses, Crop growth stages, evaluation of LACIE models, 207 identification, 184, 192, 197 Crop land, soil carbon content, 97, 98 soil orders, 95 Crop production monitoring, Crop stress, detection by colour infra-red aerial photography, , 181 detection by LANSAT systems, 204 detection by radar systems, 152 see also Vegetation stress Crop yield, in relation to weather, 193 models, 186, 188, , 215 Crops, identification by SLAR, 152 Cultivation, soil organic matter loss, 116 Cultivation practices, remote sensing, Dansereau's profile diagram method, vegetation mapping, 44,52,61,62 Data accuracy, satellite imagery, 173 Data correlation, 162, , Data delay, 162 Data processing, , 195 Data reformatting, 144 Data sampling, Deciduous species, identification with colour infra-red photography, 135 Deforestation, see Forest clearance Dendrogram cluster, data analysis, 22, 54, Desert, soil carbon content, 113 Direct gradient analysis, classification of tropical rain forest, 64 Discrimination process, remote sensing, 182 Disturbance, effect on soil carbon content, effect on vegetation carbon content, Disturbed land areas, 122 Dominance types, forest classification, 24,28,67 Dominant growth forms, 23 Drought conditions, LANDSAT data, 201 Dynamic-floristic classification, 25 Dystic histosol, 114 Earth Resources Technology Satellite, 67, 193 Ecological land classification, 36 Ecological maps, 74 Ecological series approach, potential vegetation, 36 Economic viability, repetitive remote sensing, 191, 195 Ecosystem types, distribution of soil carbon pool, 113 Ecosystems, 41, 42 remotely sensed imagery, 183 Ellenberg's classification of world ecosystems, 35, 36, 41, 52, 59 Enhancement techniques, LANDSAT data analysis, 144

3 Index Entisols, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99 Environmental classifications, 25, 27 Environmental criteria, Environmental gradient analysis, 26, 27, 63~5 EROS Data centre, 143 Erosion, soil organic matter loss, 116, 117 Europe, dominant tree species, 28 vegetation classification, 27 Feature colour, 182 Fertilizer, remote sensing, Field surveys, role in remote sensing, 182 Fire susceptibility, 176 Floristic association system, 27 Floristic criteria, 23 Floristic dominance-type classifications, 28 Floristic-structural classifications, Food and Agriculture Organization, 121 soil map, 94, 105 Forbs, identification with colour infra-red photography, 135 Forest acreage, CAAT estimates, 148 Forest area measurement, LANDSAT systems, 149, 161 Forest biomass, estimation, Forest classification, non-technical classifications, 67 Forest clearance, ,223, 226 monitoring, 78 radar imagery, 153 remotely sensed data, 144, 149, soil carbon loss, 4-8, , 116, ,233 Forest damage, assessment by satellite, 67 Forest fire, forest destruction, 103 Forest floor disturbance, oxidation of soil organic matter, 117, 229 Forest harvesting, see Forest clearance Forest land, soil orders, 95 Forest mapping, LANDSAT systems, 161 Forest re-establishment, 4, 223 Forest species, identification and mapping, 149 Formation systems, 23,26 Fosberg's classification, 46,54,61,62,66 Fossil fuels, carbon dioxide release, 3, Fuel requirements, forest destruction, 103 Gaussen's regional landscape system, 42, 59 Geographic criteria, 25 Global crop production, LACIE experiment, Global model, carbon cycle, Global temperature, effect on global carbon cycle, 123 Global sampling plan, 232 Global vegetation monitoring by LANDSAT, 153 Global wheat production, monitoring, 196 Gradient analysis, potential vegetation, 36 Grain, identification problems in LACIE, 197 Grassland, soil orders, 95 soil carbon content, 97, 98 Grasses, identification with colour infra-red photography, 135 Grazing land, expansion, 6 Green vegetation, spectral reflectance characteristics, , 145 Grid cell size, remote sensing, 186 Ground observations, correlation with remotely sensed data, Groundwater, transfer of soil carbon, Habitat-type mapping, potential vegetation, 36 Hawaii, carbon dioxide measurement, 3-5 climate diagram, 70 large scale maps, 34 layer diagrams of tropical montane forest, 48 profile diagram of tropical montane forest, 48, 50 topographic map, 75 vegetation and soil mapping, 32-33, 52-53,62,71-73 Heirarchical approach, classification of vegetation architecture, 45 Histosols, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 105 Hodridge's life zone mapping method, 37,58 Hubbard Brook ExperimentalForest, 118

4 244 The role of terrestrial vegetation in the global carbon cycle Hueck, mapping vegetationof South America, 40 Hueck and Siebert, vegetation map of South America, 30-32, 36, 64 vegetation map of Venezuela, 40 Human roles, Ellenberg's classification scheme, 41 Humus, 96, 115 IBP, see International Biological Program Ice structure, effect on return radar signal, 177 Identification process, remote sensing, 182 India, crop production monitoring, 211 potential vegetation mapping, 42 Indirect gradient analysis, 26 Inceptisols, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99 Industry, role in LACIE, 194 Information tabulation and display, 147 Instrument accuracy, remote sensing, 182 Insect infestations, detection by colour infra-red aerial photography, 136 Intensity resolution, 162 International Biological Program, 26, 46, 112, 114 International Committee for Vegetation Mapping, 40 K-band radar, 152 Krajina, British Columbia map, 36, 29-40, 59 Kuchler, vegetation map of United States, 30, 32, 36 vegetation map of Kansas, 32 Kuchler's formula, classification of vegetation architecture, 45-46, 61, 62 L-band radar, 152, 176 LACIE, see Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment Land cultivation, Land use, non-agricultural, 101 Land use changes, 100 LANDSAT data, 149 soil carbon content, 97 see also Forest clearance Land use types, soil orders, 95 LANDSAT-1,138 LANDSAT-2, LACIE, 197 LANDSAT-D, 174, 178 thematic mapper, , LANDSAT multispectral scanner system, ,171,183,186,197, capability testing, 191, 195 correlation with radar data, 176 crop production monitoring, data analysis, 192, limitations, 175, 197, 201 resolution limits, 192, 209, , 215 sampling plan, study of local effects, 187 vegetation classification, 9, 65 vegetation mapping, 65, 122, 138, 161, 222 vegetation stress monitoring, 14, 138, 153, 161, 173,204, see also Multispectral systems; Remote sensing; Satellite imagery Landscape classifications, 39, 59 Landscape mapping, potential vegetation, Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment, 13-14,149,184, Layer-diagram method, 47 Life form combinations, 23 Life zone mapping, tropical America, 37 Linear array sensors, , 178 Litter, 113 Look angle, radar systems, 151 Low temperatures, effect on decomposition of organic matter, 113 Meteorological data, remote sensing of crop production, Microwave sensing, Moisture content of vegetation, radar signal, 152 Moisture stress, LANDSAT detection, 204 Mollisols, 94, 95, 97, 98 Montane tropical rain forests, mapping, 34 soil organic matter, 113 Mosaic analysis, 26 Mountain soils, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99 MSS, see Multispectral scanner systems Mueller-Bombois classification system, 34, 35, 52 Multiband photography, 133 Multiband linear array sensor, 164, 178

5 Index Multicluster blocks technique, 146 Multidimensional ordination technique, Multiple observations, remote sensing, 183 Multispectral classification, Multispectral scanner band, 163 Multispectral scanner systems, vegetation classification, 12-14,67 see also LANDSAT, Remote sensing, Satellite imagery Multitemporal data, 168 Multivariate analysis techniques, 22 Noda approach, floristic classification, 54 Noise, 164, Non-supervised technique, see Clustering technique Ocean waves, SEASATSAR data, 176 Optical-mechanical mechanisms, data collection, 139 Ordination diagrams, 22 Organic matter, soil content, see Soil organic matter Oxidation, soil carbon loss, 106, 117, Oxisols, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99 Ozone-absorbing band, 165 Paired images, vegetation change detection, 9, Periodicity, 23 Phenological model, interpretation of remotely sensed data, 183, 184, 186 Photographic data, advantages, 154 Physiognomic classification, 23, Physiognomic-ecological classification, 65 Physiognomic-environmental classifications, 25, 26 Phytomass, estimation, 78 mapping, 10 Plant biomass, small scale vegetation maps, 32 Plant diseases, detection by colour infra-red aerial photography, 136 Plant life-form spectrum, 48, 51 Plant pests, remote sensing, Plant succession, Polar ordination, data analysis, Polarization, radarsystems, Population growth, effect on forest area, 104 Potential evapotranspiration, 37 Potential vegetation, mapping, 36-43, 65 Potato blight, detection by colour infra-red aerial photography, 136 Prehistory, soil carbon content, 99 Primary production, estimation, 78 mapping, 10 Profile diagrams, 22, 27, 47-48, 61, Hawaii,74-77 Push broom sensor, 164 Radar data, correlation with LANDSAT images, 176 Radar shadow, SLAR systems, 151 Radar systems, vegetation mapping and classification, 12, see also Remote sensing; Side-Looking Airborne Radar Raunkiaer plant life-form classification, 48,52 Reciprocal averaging, data analysis, 57 Refractory carbon compounds, 116 Regional landscape system, 42 Remote sensing, measurement of vegetation changes, 8, 12-14, , Repetitive measurements, LANDSAT, 221 Respiration, effect of temperature, 6-7 Sampling strategy, LACIE, 197,208 Satellite imagery, forest classification, intermediate scale maps, soil order mapping, 73 vegetation mapping, 8-10, 65-78, , see also LANDSAT; Multispectral scanner systems; Remote sensing Satellite orbit patterns, Scalar approach, potential vegetation mapping, 36 Schmithiisen map, 29 SEASAT synthetic aperture radar, 176 Seasonal behaviour, classification criterion, 48 Secondary forest, soil carbon content, Semi-arid regions, monitoring scheme, 187

6 246 The role of terrestrial vegetation in the global carbon cycle Sequential image inventory, 9 Shifting cultivation, forest destruction, 102 Shrubs. identification with colour infrared photography, 135 Shuttle imaging radar, Side-looking Airborne Radar, 12,67, Single image inventory, 8-9 Site selection, remote sensing, Skip orbit, satellite imagery, 171 Skylab, photographic data, 138 vegetation mapping, 148 SLAR, see Side-looking Airborne Radar Snow structure, effect on return radar signal, 177 Soil carbon content, 91-98, , 122, ,231 interpretation, 222 Soil carbon dynamics, hypothetical model, 119 Soil carbon loss, 10-12,99-107, , 123 Soil carbon pool, , 122 Soil changes, effect on carbon dioxide levels, Soil groups, areal extent, 122 Soil moisture, radar measurement, 177 Soil orders, land use types, 95 mapping, world land area, 94 Soil organic matter, oxidation, Soil parameter interactions, 177 Soil profiles, 112, Soil variation, classification schemes, 64 South America, potential vegetation mapping, 40 South Pole, carbon dioxide measurement, 3 Spacecraft photography, 138 Spatial resolution, radar systems, 151 Spatial sampling, Specht's classification scheme, 46, 62 Species differentiation, mapping, 149, 176 Species distributions, floristic classifications, 53 Species populations, structural analysis, Spectral differences, detection by colour infra-red film, 134 Spectral reflectance characteristics, vegetation, , 146 Spectral sampling, Spectral data analysis, Spodosols, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99 Sri Lanka, potential vegetation mapping, 42 Stand density, measurement, 175 Structural elements, satellite imagery, 66 Sun-synchronous satellite, repeat patterns, Supervised technique, computer system training, 145 Surface material characteristics, radar systems, 151 Swamp, soil carbon content, 113 Synthetic aperture radar systems, 150, 152,176, 178 Synusial approach, classification of vegetation architecture, 47,51-52 Target resolution, remote sensing, 182 Telemetry, 139 Temperate areas, soil carbon content, , 116 vegetation maps, 35 Temperature, effect on soil carbon loss, 123 effect on USSR wheat production, Temperature differences, association with vegetation stress, 165 Temporal factors, remotely sensed imagery, Temporal resolution, instrument design, 162 Temporal sampling, Terrain complexity, remote sensing crop production measurement, Thematic mapper, , Thematic mapper bands, , 165 Thermal infra-red scanner systems, 134 Thornthwaite, bioclimatic classification methods, 37, 58 Topographic characteristics, radar systems, 151 Topographic ecosystem profile, map interpretation, 74, Topography, vegetation mapping, Training statistics, definition, Tree height, SAR measurement, 176

7 Index Tropical forests, SAR inventory, 176 soil carbon content, 113 Tropical grasslands, 121 soil carbon contents, Tropical savannah, carbon concentrations after cultivations, 116 Tropical trees, architectural studies, 52 Tropical vegetation, mapping, ,67 Tropical wheat growth, measurement, 215 Tundra, soil carbon content, Two-way tabulation, data analysis, 22, 54-55, 57 Ultisols, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99 UN Food Conference (1974), 101 UNESCO, classification scheme, 26, 4G-41,59,65 Universities, role in LACIE, 194 United States, change detection methods, Federal Agency involvement in LACIE, 194 loss of agricultural land, 101 winter wheat production monitoring, 192, ,211 USSR, wheat production monitoring, 192, ,211 Vegetation, spectral reflectance characteristics, 140 Vegetation architecture, classification schemes, Vegetation boundaries, 35 Vegetation changes, detection, effect on carbon dioxide levels, measurement by satellite imagery, Vegetation floristic classifications, Vegetation floristics, 43, 53 Vegetation layers, 23 Vegetation mapping, 22, aerial photography, 131, CAAT, classification systems, interpretation, 222 radar systems, remotely sensed analyses, 182 satellite imagery, 71-72, 144, 150, Vegetation maps, 28-35, 74 Hawaiian montane forests, Vegetation monitoring, aircraft remote sensing, satellite remote sensing, Vegetation sampling, classification systems, 22 remote sensing, 170 Vegetation stress, detection, 176 temperature differences, 165 USSR, 204 see a/so Crop stress Vegetation structure, mapping, 61 Vegetation types, aerial photography identification, 131 satellite identification, 67 Vegetation units, comparison of maps for USA, comparison of maps for South America, Vegetational criteria, 25 Venezuela, potential vegetation mapping, 40 Vertisols, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99 Virgin forest, soil carbon content, Walter's climate diagram method, 58 Water absorption bands, , Weather, in relation to crop yield, 193, microwave systems, 175 Weather data, correlation with LANDSAT data, , Webb's physiognomic-architectural classification, Wheat production, remote sensing, 13-14, Wheat rust, detection by colour infra-red photography, Whitmore's classification of tropical rain forests, Wisconsin watershed, soil carbon losses due to erosion, 117 Wood products, oxidation, Woodland, soil carbon content, 113 World Atlas of Agriculture, 235 World Meteorological Organization, 191, 198 X-band radar, 152

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