Plant Structure and Function. Professor Andrea Garrison Biology 3A Illustrations 2014 Cengage Learning unless otherwise noted
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1 Plant Structure and Function Professor Andrea Garrison Biology 3A Illustrations 2014 Cengage Learning unless otherwise noted
2 Plant Structure and Function Previously discussed adaptations for living on land Will elaborate on some of those adaptations here, as well as discuss additional aspects of plant structure Plant Structure and Function 2
3 Plant Structure and Function Already discussed Shoot system Leaves, stems, reproductive structures Root system Anchorage, absorption Root hairs Also see the vascular tissue extending throughout plant Plant Structure and Function 3
4 Plant Structure and Function Three tissue systems Ground tissue system Most of plant body Functions in metabolism, storage, support Vascular tissue system Transport Extends throughout roots, stems, leaves Dermal tissue system Plant Structure and Function 4
5 Three Tissue Systems in Leaf Plant Structure and Function 5
6 Ground Tissues A. Location of tissues in stem Dermal tissue (epidermis) Vascular tissues Xylem Phloem Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Ground tissues Plant Structure and Function 6
7 Vascular Tissues Vascular system Provides transport Water & P/S products carried throughout plant Provides support Walls strengthened with lignin Holds branches w/leaves up for sunlight Two types vascular tissue Xylem and phloem Also contain parenchyma cells and fibers Plant Structure and Function 7
8 Vascular Tissues Xylem Carries water and minerals from roots to leaves Dead cells Perforated wall End-to-end Act like straws Hollow with pores or pits to allow water movement Form woody parts of plant A. Tracheids, tangential section Pits in tracheid B. Part of a vessel Pits Vessel members Plant Structure and Function 8
9 Phloem Carries P/S products from leaves to rest of plant Also carries hormones Living cells Sieve tube members Plasmodesmata (=gap junctions) Vascular Tissues Plant Structure and Function 9
10 Phloem Over time nucleus and other organelles break down cytoplasm reduced to thin layer lining inside of cell wall Sieve-tube members still live several years In many angiosperms, parenchyma cells connected to mature sieve-tube members assist with uptake and unloading of sugars in tissues that are growing or storing food Vascular Tissues Plant Structure and Function 10
11 Dermal Tissues Protect surface of plants Epidermis covers plant in continuous layer of non-p/s cells May be single or multiple layers Secrete waxy cuticle Protects against desiccation and microbes Plant Structure and Function 11
12 Dermal Tissues Protect surface of plants Stomata allow gas exchange CO 2 in, O 2 and H2O vapor out (at night O 2 in and CO 2 out) Guard cells close over stomata when water levels get low due to desiccation Plant Structure and Function 12
13 Dermal Tissues Protect surface of plants Trichomes are outgrowths of epidermis Root hairs Stinging nettles: inject toxin into predators Hairy stems or leaves Plant Structure and Function 13
14 Vascular Tissue Function Xylem carries water and minerals up from roots to rest of plant Phloem carries P/S products from leaves to rest of plant Plant Structure and Function 14
15 Vascular Tissue Function Xylem in center of trunk Phloem around outer edges of trunk Plant Structure and Function 15
16 Xylem Function Transpiration pulls water out Water molecules adhere to each other due to H-bonds Roots actively pump minerals in, water follows via osmosis Plant Structure and Function; Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 16
17 Phloem Function -- Translocation 1. High sugar in leaves is actively pumped into phloem, water follows via osmosis from xylem 2. High pressure at source pushes sugar solution towards root 3. Sugar actively pumped into root, water leaves via osmosis into xylem Plant Structure and Function; Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 17
18 Plant Growth Primary growth Growth in length or height Occurs at tips of branches and roots Secondary growth Growth in diameter Plant Structure and Function 18
19 Plant Growth Meristematic tissue Region of plant cell growth Undifferentiated, unspecialized Rapid rate of mitosis Area of cell division Cells will differentiate later Plant Structure and Function 19
20 Plant Growth Apical meristem Found at tips of stems and roots Produces primary growth Cells formed here are primary tissues Will differentiate into stems, leaves, flowers later Plant Structure and Function; Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 20
21 Plant Growth Primary growth Growth occurs at tip One cell pushed forward, will wear off One cell pushed back, will elongate causing growth Will later differentiate Plant Structure and Function; Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 21
22 Plant Growth Lateral meristem Occurs as a ring of cells inside stems and branches Vascular cambium Produces secondary growth Cells here differentiate as they are formed Xylem is pushed inside the ring and dies» Form tree rings Phloem is pushed outside the ring» Living cells that eventually die (bark) and wear away» not permanent, no rings Plant Structure and Function 22
23 Secondary Growth Plant Structure and Function; Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 23
24 Secondary Growth Plant Structure and Function; Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 24
25 Secondary Growth Plant Structure and Function; Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 25
26 Secondary Growth Secondary growth gives rise to tree rings One ring = one year in temperate regions Count rings to tell age of tree Rings wider when season is wet More water uptake expands cells further Width of rings tells about climate that year Plant Structure and Function 26
27 Secondary Growth Plant Structure and Function 27
28 Tree Rings Plant Structure and Function 28
29 Tree Rings Plant Structure and Function 29
30 Lost Colony of Roanoke Plant Structure and Function; Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 30
31 Plant Hormones What is a hormone? Molecule that binds to receptor protein and triggers reaction inside cell Plant Structure and Function; Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 31
32 Plant Hormones What is a hormone? Molecule that binds to receptor protein and triggers reaction inside cell Hormones have target cells Different target cells may respond differently to same hormone Plant Structure and Function; Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 32
33 Plant Hormones Plants respond to hormones Start growing Stop growing Bends towards light Differentiation of specialized cell types Plant Structure and Function; Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 33
34 Plant Hormones Auxins Group of growth hormones Indoleacetic acid (IAA) most common Produced at stem tips, root tips, embryos, young leaves, fruit Plant Structure and Function; Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 34
35 Plant Hormones Auxins Shoot growth (primary growth) Plant Structure and Function; Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 35
36 Plant Hormones Auxins Shoot growth (primary growth) Auxin produced in apical meristem and migrates to zone of elongation Causes cells behind apical meristem to elongate Cut off stem tip no more auxin, no more primary growth Plant Structure and Function; Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 36
37 Plant Hormones Auxins Secondary growth Plant Structure and Function; Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 37
38 Plant Hormones Auxins Secondary growth Auxin produced in apical meristem eventually migrates to zone of differentiation Auxin stimulates differentiation of secondary xylem and phloem Plant Structure and Function; Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 38
39 Plant Hormones Auxins Abscission Dropping of leaves & fruit Plant Structure and Function; Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 39
40 Plant Hormones Auxins Abscission Dropping of leaves & fruit Older leaf and fruit stems auxin production Cells at base of stem disintegrate Leaves or fruit fall off branch Plant Structure and Function; Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 40
41 Plant Hormones Auxins Phototropism Growing tips bend towards light Plant Structure and Function; Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 41
42 Plant Hormones Auxins Phototropism Growing tips bend towards light Auxin migrates away from light Causes elongation on dark side of stem Stem bends toward light Plant Structure and Function; Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 42
43 Plant Hormones Auxins Apical dominance Plant Structure and Function; Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 43
44 Plant Hormones Auxins Apical dominance Auxin from apical meristem inhibits side branches Pinch off apical meristem to get bushy plants Plant Structure and Function; Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 44
45 Plant Hormones Auxins Gravitropism Plant Structure and Function; Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 45
46 Plant Hormones Auxins Gravitropism Stems grow up Roots grow down Stems and roots respond differently to auxin Plant Structure and Function; Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 46
47 Plant Hormones Gibberellins Group of growth hormones produced in stems, young leaves, seeds Cell division and elongation Stem elongation gibberellins gives long, thin stems w/few leaves Enhances auxins Fruit development Plant Structure and Function; Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 47
48 Plant Hormones Ethylene Ripens fruit Leaf abscission Fading of chlorophyll Fading of flowers What do you do with an avocado to ripen it more quickly? Plant Structure and Function; Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 48
49 Plant Hormones Ethylene Ripens fruit Leaf abscission Fading of chlorophyll Fading of flowers Plant Structure and Function; Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 49
50 Photoperiod Light helps regulate plant life cycle Most plants respond to amount of light/dark Flowering often triggered by photoperiod Short-day plants (actually long-night plants) Flower early spring or fall Long-day plants (actually short-night plants) Flower in summer Day neutral plants respond to something other than photoperiod Plant Structure and Function; Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 50
51 Photoperiod Mechanism for flowering Actually respond to #dark hours Phytochrome is agent of flowering Two forms P far-red and P red P red P far-red in light P far-red P red slowly in dark Phytochrome far-red is active form Inhibits flowering in short day plants Stimulates flowering in long day plants Plant Structure and Function; Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 51
52 P far-red inhibits flowers Photoperiod P far-red stimulates flowers Plant Structure and Function; Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 52
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