Bio 5/6 3 Cells and Tissues Study Guide

Transcription

1 Name: CELLS AND TISSUES: 3 Cells and Tissues Study Guide Period: The basic unit of structure and function in the human body is the cell. Each of a cell's parts, or organelles, as well as the entire cell, is organized to perform a specific function. Cells have the ability to metabolize, grow and reproduce, move, and respond to stimuli. The cells of the body differ in shape, size, and in specific roles in the body. Cells that are similar in structure and function form tissues, which, in turn, construct the various body organs. Activities in this chapter include questions relating to the structure and function of the generalized animal cell and to the general arrangement of tissues and their contribution to the activities of the various body organs. Anatomy of a Generalized Cell 1. Correctly label all of the cell structures and organelles in the figure. 1 Miss School, Miss Out

2 2. This figure is a diagram of a portion of a plasma membrane. Label the diagram and then respond to the questions that follow by inserting your answers in the answer blanks. a. Name the carbohydrate-rich area at the cell surface. b. Which part of a phospholipid molecule is nonpolar? c. Does nonpolar mean hydrophobic or hydrophilic? d. What are two roles of the membrane proteins? and 2 Miss School, Miss Out

3 Bio 5/6 3. Label the specialization of the plasma membrane, shown in the figure. Then, answer the questions provided below that refer to this figure. a. What type of cell function(s) does the presence of microvilli typically indicate? b. Which cell junction forms an impermeable barrier? c. Which cell junction is an anchoring junction? d. Which junction has linker proteins spanning the intercellular space? e. Which cell junction is not illustrated, and what is its function? Cell Physiology - Membrane Transport 4. Identify the various mechanism by which substances can move across cell membranes by labeling the diagram. 3 Miss School, Miss Out

4 5. This figure shows three microscopic fields (A-C) containing red blood cells. Draw arrows to indicate the direction of net osmosis. Respond to the following questions by inserting your responses in the spaces provided. The cells in this field are said to be: What does isotonic mean? 6. Identify the processes occurring in these diagrams. A B C a. Which microscopic field contains a hypertonic solution? b. Which microscopic field contains an isotonic bathing solution? c. Which microscopic field contains a hypotonic solution? What is happening to the cells in this field and why? 4 Miss School, Miss Out

5 7. Identify the phases of mitosis depicted in the figure by inserting the correct name in the blank under the appropriate diagram. Then label the diagram with the structures listed below. Nuclear membrane(s), if present Centrioles Nucleoli, if present Spindle fibers Chromosomes 5 Miss School, Miss Out

6 Protein Synthesis 8. This figure is a diagram illustrating protein synthesis. Using the terms below, label the corresponding structures in the diagram. Next, using the letters of the genetic code, label the nitrogen bases on strand 2 of the DNA double helix, on the mrna strands, and on the trna molecules. Then, answer the questions that follow by inserting your answers in the answer blanks. Backbones of the DNA double helix Backbone of the mrna strands trna molecules Amino acid molecules a. Transfer of the genetic message from DNA to mrna is called b. Assembly of amino acids according to the genetic information carried by mrna is called c. The set of three nitrogen bases on trna that is complementary to an mrna codon is called a(n). d. The mrna triplet AUG is called a the 6 Miss School, Miss Out

7 BODY TISSUES 9. Label the diagram below with the appropriate terms. 7 Miss School, Miss Out

8 10. Twelve tissue types are diagrammed in the figures that follow. Identify each tissue type by inserting the correct name in the blank below it and label any visible structures. 8 Miss School, Miss Out

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10 11. Using the choices, identify the following connective tissue types. Adipose connective tissue Dense fibrous connective tissue Reticular connective tissue Areolar connective tissue Osseous tissue Hyaline cartilage a. Provides great strength through parallel bundles of collagen fibers; found in tendons b. Acts as a storage depot for fat c. Composes the dermis of the skin d. Forms the bony skeleton e. Composes the basement membrane and packages organs; includes a gel-like matrix with all categories of fibers and many cell types f. Forms the embryonic skeleton and the surfaces of bones at the joints; reinforces the trachea g. Provides insulation for the body h. Structurally amorphous matrix, heavily invaded with fibers; appears glassy and smooth; contains chondrocytes i. Contains cells arranged concentrically around a nutrient canal; matrix is hard due to calcium salts j. Forms the stroma or internal "skeleton" of lymph nodes, the spleen, and other lymphoid organs 10 Miss School, Miss Out

11 Cellular Organelles 3 Cells and Tissues Cytoplasmic Organelles The Nucleus major structures The Plasma Membrane specializations types Membrane Transport Cell Division 25. results in Passive major types Active examples 26. Flow of Genetic Information Body Tissues special types of diffusion special types of vesicular transport major categories Miss School, Miss Out

12 Chapter 3 - Cells and Tissues Chapter Objectives Cells 12. Name the four elements that make up the bulk of living matter and list several trace elements. 13. Define cell, organelle, and inclusion. 14. Sketch a cell diagram showing the three major cell regions (nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane). 15. List the structures of the nucleus and explain the function of chromatin and nucleoli. 16. Sketch a cell diagram showing the major organelles and discuss the major function of each. 12 Miss School, Miss Out

13 17. Define selective permeability, diffusion (including simple and facilitated diffusion and osmosis), active transport, passive transport, solute pumping, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic. 18. Describe plasma membrane structure and explain how the various transport processes account for the directional movements of specific substances across the plasma membrane. 19. Describe briefly the process of DNA replication and of mitosis. Explain the importance of mitotic cell division. 13 Miss School, Miss Out

14 Body Tissues 20. Name the four major tissue types and their chief subcategories. Explain how the four major tissue types differ structurally and functionally. 21. Give the chief locations of the various tissue types in the body. Developmental Aspects of Cells and Tissues 22.Explain the significance of the fact that some tissue types (muscle and nerve) are largely amitotic after the growth stages are over. 14 Miss School, Miss Out

15 Notes: 15 Miss School, Miss Out