Photovoltaic Glass Technologies. Photovoltaics potential for reducing U.S. and global CO 2 emissions Energy & Climate mini-workshop

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1 Photovoltaic Glass Technologies Photovoltaics potential for reducing U.S. and global CO 2 emissions Energy & Climate mini-workshop Dr. Doug Hall Director, Product Technology Corning November 3, 2008

2 Outline Solar Electricity What are Photovoltaics? Potential for energy production PV Technology Choices What needs to be done 2

3 Solar Electricity Technology Landscape Solar Electricity 0.02% of world wide energy needs in % by 2030 Can we increase this? Flat Panel Photovoltaic (PV) Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Wafered Silicon Thin Film PV Parabolic Trough Power Tower Linear Fresnel Dish Engine CPV ~81% 8% (~2GW e ) 3% (~0.1GW e ) Sources: IEA 2007 World Energy outlook, Alternative Scenario, Navigant (Dec 07), Emerging Energy Research for Global CSP (nov 07) 3

4 Photovoltaic Cell Electric current from photons solar photons glass transparent conductor semiconductor Load current metal conductor electron, -ve charge hole, +ve charge 4

5 PV Modules are in use today Rooftop near Boston Installation in Spain 5

6 Large area deployments will be necessary to impact global warming Modules: First Solar Size: 40 MW Installer: juwi solar GmbH Waldpolenz Energy Park (townships of Brandis and Bennewitz) Saxony (Germany) 6

7 Outline Solar Electricity What are Photovoltaics? Potential for energy production PV Technology Choices What needs to be done 7

8 PV and the Solar Resource back of the envelope In US Roads occupy about 0.4% of land area Military bases and reservations occupy 1.1% 8

9 Outline Solar Electricity What are Photovoltaics? Potential for energy production PV Technology Choices What needs to be done 9

10 Generation One PV Wafered Silicon 1.0 m 1.4 m Conversion Efficiency (W p /m 2 ) Improved material growth Silicon coatings Cover glass transmission Manufacturing Cost ($/m 2 ) Thinner wafers Use of lower purity silicon 10

11 Generation Two PV Thin-Film Photovoltaics 1.2 m Thin-film materials Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Copper-Indium di-selenide (CIGS) Thin-film Silicon t glass = 1.0 to 3.3 mm Glass superstrate 1.2 m Polymer encapsulant t = 500µm glass F:SnO 2 CdTe Soda-lime glass t glass = 3.3 mm Sb 2 Te 3 Mo 11

12 PV Figures of Merit (FOM) $ W p = $ m W 2 p 2 m $ = m CE P 2 solar, STC 12

13 Thin-film: Automation is key to lower cost production layout courtesy of Applied Materials 13 Illustration only. Actual design varies

14 We believe thin films will win the cost game $/W p PV Module cost [US $ 2002] Wafered Si Thin Film Advanced Concepts % ,000 10, ,000 1,000,000 Cumulative Production [MW p ] Source: Arnulf Jaeger-Waldau, European Commission, DG JRC, Ispra, Institute for Energy, Renewable Energies Presented at European PVSEC in Valencia on

15 PV Figures of Merit (FOM) 15

16 Summer and Winter PV Output - Topeka, Kansas PV System Output (We) :00 06:00 11:00 16:00 21:00 02:00 07:00 12:00 hour 17:00 22:00 03:00 08:00 13:00 18:00 23:00 Jan July

17 Daily PV Output vs. typical load Topeka, Kansas PV System Output July 1, 1990 normalized load Hour Model average load: J. Bebic NRELsubcontract report Feb 2008 SR

18 PV Figures of Merit (FOM) Thin-film lifetime assumption years. 18

19 Due To Rising Energy Costs, And Declining PV Prices, PV Could Reach Grid Parity by 2013 Source: EPIA, Credit Suisse 19

20 PV Figures of Merit (FOM) Nuclear fuel cycle: wide range of estimates g CO 2-eq /kwh V.M. Fthenakis, H.C. Kim Energy Policy 35 (2007)

21 Agenda Solar Electricity What are Photovoltaics? Potential for energy production PV Technology Choices What needs to be done 21

22 Long-Range Technology Needs Efficiency and cost are today s battlefield Storage for PV Compressed Air Energy Storage Hydrogen electrolysis Liquid fuel from electricity (via hydrogen?) Other ideas.. PV System Reliability Science 22