SPEED OF SOUND PURPOSE
|
|
- Primrose Gray
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 PURPOSE The purpose of this experiment is to study the propagation of longitudinal waves through an air column, to measure the wavelength of these waves and hence determine the speed of sound in air. The measurement will be carried out by studying the resonance phenomenon that occurs in a simple organ pipe apparatus. THEORY The apparatus used in this experiment is pictured below in Figure 1. It consists of a long glass column partially filled with water. The level of water within the column can be adjusted by raising or lowering the reservoir mounted on the post next to the tube. The column of air between the level of the water and the open end of the tube forms an "organ pipe" closed at one end (the water surface) and open at the other. Let the length of this air column be denoted by L. We will use two tuning forks of different frequencies as the sources of sound. We know that the air column will resonate only for certain values of the length, L, of the column. Resonance occurs when standing waves are formed in such a way that a node is formed at the closed end (water surface) and an antinode is formed at (or near) the open end (top) of the tube. Then, exactly an odd number of quarter wavelengths fit within the length L. That is, L n = (2n-1)λ/4 n = 1, 2, 3, 4 (1) The sound waves undergo a phase reversal upon reflection at the water surface. Although sound waves are longitudinal waves they can be graphically represented as transverse waves for ease of depiction. The first three resonance conditions are shown schematically in Figure 2. We must remember that the waves are longitudinal as they propagate through the column. In this experiment we hold one of the vibrating tuning forks of frequency f 1, about 1-2 cm above the top edge of the tube. By adjusting the length L, we can obtain one of the resonance conditions shown in Figure 2. VI-1
2 The length is fine-tuned by listening for the maximum intensity of sound. The range of values of L for which no change in intensity can be detected defines the uncertainty in the length L. How do we know which resonance condition we have? That is, how do we determine the mode number 'n' in Equation 1? By starting with the water level very near the top of the tube and gradually lowering it, the first resonance condition we encounter will correspond to n = 1, with length L 1. The next will correspond to n = 2, having length L 2 and so on. For each of the three resonance conditions shown in Figure 2, the wavelength can be calculated from Equation 1. We get, 4L λ = n (2) 2 n 1 In practice, the resonance condition used to derive Equation 1 is only an approximation that becomes more accurate as the ratio of the tube diameter to the tube length decreases. The position at the open end where the antinode (maximum particle displacement) is formed is actually a finite distance L above the end of the tube. That is, the actual wavelength is larger than the value predicted by Equation 2. Figure 3 shows this situation schematically for the case n = 2. We will assume that L is constant for all resonance conditions (all n). (This assumption could always be checked by performing a more detailed experiment.) Therefore Equation 1 has to be corrected as For n=1 we have from Equation 3 2n 1 L n + L = λ, n=1, 2, 3 (3) 4 and for n = 2 we get L 1 λ + L = 4 L 3 3λ + L = 4 If we subtract the n = 1 resonance condition from the n = 2 resonance condition, L cancels and solving for the wavelength gives ( L ) λ = 2 L (4) 2 1 VI-2
3 A similar relation can be derived from the n = 3 and n = 1 resonance conditions. You are asked to carry out the calculation in your pre-lab. Look what has happened! We have solved the problem of determining the actual wavelength without having to make any more measurements. This is an example of how processing the same data with a different method can give more accurate results. The final step in computing the speed of sound is through the fundamental wave relation, v = fλ (5) We can calculate the average value of v using the average of the wavelength in equation (4) and the wavelength found from the difference between the n = 3 and n = 2 modes. Following the same procedure we can calculate the average value of speed of sound in air for the second tuning fork. Finally, these two numbers can be averaged to yield a single estimate for the speed of sound in air. Comparison with an alternate method: There is another, much simpler method for determining the speed of sound in air which requires just a single measurement. This measurement is the air temperature. You will learn later in thermodynamics (or may already know) that the speed of sound in an ideal gas is given by the following relation. γ R T v = M 1/ 2 (6) where T is the absolute temperature (degree Kelvin) of the gas. Here R is the gas constant whose value is R = J mol -1 K -1 and M is the molecular mass of the gas. Since air is a composite gas, M is an average over the constituent gases. You are asked to compute M in the pre-lab taking air to be 78% N 2, 21% O 2 and 1% Ar. VI-3
4 Finally, γ is the ratio of specific heats (C p /C v ) of the gas. For an ideal diatomic gas at moderate temperatures (room temperature is moderate) γ = 7/5. Since air is essentially a mixture of diatomic gases, we will take this to be the value of γ. The laboratory thermometers measure the temperature, in degrees Celsius ( C), so you will need to convert to the Kelvin scale (K) using T(K) = T( C) The speed of sound is then calculated easily from Equation 6. This value can be compared with those obtained from the resonance method. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The apparatus for measuring the speed of sound is shown in Figure 1. It consists of a glass tube partly filled with air and partly filled with water. The tube is open at the top, and its length can be varied by changing the water level (by raising or lowering the reservoir) 1. Set the reservoir at its highest level and fill it with water until the water level is about 6 cm below the top of the tube. 2. Holding the tuning fork in your hand, strike the fork with the rubber mallet and hold it above the tube. Make sure that the fork vibrates along the vertical. DO NOT STRIKE THE FORK WITH ANYTHING BUT THE RUBBER MALLET. (Hard surfaces will damage the fork and change its frequency). DO NOT STRIKE THE FORK NEAR THE GLASS TUBE. (The glass will break if the fork hits it). 3. Lower the reservoir until resonance occurs (i.e. you hear maximum intensity of sound from the system). Measure the smallest column length L 1 that produces resonance. By raising and lowering the water level slightly, repeat your measurements at least three more times. Enter the frequencies (f 1 and f 2 ) of the tuning forks in Table 1. (Note: A spreadsheet template of the Table is provided in the software.) 4. Lower the reservoir until the second and third resonances are found. Record the column lengths (L 2 and L 3 and repeat your measurements) at least three more times in each case. 5. Repeat the steps 2, 3 and 4 for the second tuning fork and enter the values in Table For one resonant height, move the tuning fork to several different positions above the top end of the tube. This is to see whether the resonating length and the maximum intensity of sound heard change with the position of the fork. Record any changes in the resonant height. Measure the tube diameter. DATA ANALYSIS 1. Determine the mean value of L 1 (smallest length of air column that produces resonance) from your measurements for fork #1 and enter its value in Table Also determine the mean values of L 2 and L 3 and enter them in Table 1. VI-4
5 3. Use the mean values of L 1,L 2 and L 3 to compute the values of (L 2 - L 1 ) and (L 3 - L 1 ). Enter these in Table From these values of (L 2 - L 1 ) and (L 3 - L 1 ), find the values of λ 1 and v Repeat steps 1-4 for fork #2 and determine the values of λ 2 and v From the values of v 1 and v 2, find the average value of velocity of longitudinal waves in air. Enter this result in Table Measure the tube diameter. Estimate the value of L from average values of λ 1 and L 1 for fork #1. Repeat this for fork #2. Find the ratios of these values to the diameter of the tube. VI-5
6 NAME Sec/Group Date TABLE 1 Frequency of fork (1)...Hz (2)... Hz FORK LENGTH (cm) Mean L n Difference (cm) 1 L 1 L 2 (L 2 - L 1 ) = L 3 (L 3 - L 1 ) = 2 L 1 L 2 (L 2 - L 1 ) = L 3 (L 3 - L 1 ) = Determination of average wavelength and velocity Fork 1: λ 1 /2 = (L 2 - L 1 ) λ 1 = 2(L 2 - L 1 ) =... cm λ 1 = (L 3 - L 1 ) =... cm Average λ 1 =... cm Velocity V 1 = f 1 λ 1 =... cm/s Fork 2: λ 2 /2 = (L 2 - L 1 ) λ 2 = 2(L 2 - L 2 ) =... cm λ 2 = (L 3 - L 1 ) λ 2 = (L 3 - L 1 ) =... cm Average λ 2 = cm Velocity V 2 = f 2 λ 2 =... cm/s Average value of velocity of longitudinal waves V = (V 1 + V 2 )/2 =... cm/s =... m/s Tube Diameter (d)... cm Fork 1 : Fork 2 : L = λ 1 /4 - L 1ave L = λ 2 /4 - L 1ave =... cm =... cm VI-6
LAB #11: RESONANCE IN AIR COLUMNS
OBJECTIVES: LAB #11: RESONANCE IN AIR COLUMNS To determine the speed of sound in air by using the resonances of air columns. EQUIPMENT: Equipment Needed Qty Equipment Needed Qty Resonance Tube Apparatus
More informationWaves and Sound. AP Physics B
Waves and Sound AP Physics B What is a wave A WAVE is a vibration or disturbance in space. A MEDIUM is the substance that all SOUND WAVES travel through and need to have in order to move. Two types of
More information1) The time for one cycle of a periodic process is called the A) wavelength. B) period. C) frequency. D) amplitude.
practice wave test.. Name Use the text to make use of any equations you might need (e.g., to determine the velocity of waves in a given material) MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes
More informationResonance in a Closed End Pipe
Experiment 12 Resonance in a Closed End Pipe 12.1 Objectives Determine the relationship between frequency and wavelength for sound waves. Verify the relationship between the frequency of the sound, the
More informationv = λ f this is the Golden Rule for waves transverse & longitudinal waves Harmonic waves The golden rule for waves Example: wave on a string Review
L 23 Vibrations and Waves [3] resonance clocks pendulum springs harmonic motion mechanical waves sound waves golden rule for waves musical instruments The Doppler effect Doppler radar radar guns Review
More informationPHYSICS 202 Practice Exam Waves, Sound, Reflection and Refraction. Name. Constants and Conversion Factors
PHYSICS 202 Practice Exam Waves, Sound, Reflection and Refraction Name Constants and Conversion Factors Speed of sound in Air œ $%!7Î= "'!*7/>/
More informationAP1 Waves. (A) frequency (B) wavelength (C) speed (D) intensity. Answer: (A) and (D) frequency and intensity.
1. A fire truck is moving at a fairly high speed, with its siren emitting sound at a specific pitch. As the fire truck recedes from you which of the following characteristics of the sound wave from the
More informationexplain your reasoning
I. A mechanical device shakes a ball-spring system vertically at its natural frequency. The ball is attached to a string, sending a harmonic wave in the positive x-direction. +x a) The ball, of mass M,
More informationState Newton's second law of motion for a particle, defining carefully each term used.
5 Question 1. [Marks 28] An unmarked police car P is, travelling at the legal speed limit, v P, on a straight section of highway. At time t = 0, the police car is overtaken by a car C, which is speeding
More informationChemistry 212 VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Chemistry 212 VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER LEARNING OBJECTIVES The learning objectives of this experiment are to explore the relationship between the temperature and vapor pressure of water. determine the molar
More informationThe Physics of Guitar Strings
The Physics of Guitar Strings R. R. McNeil 1. Introduction The guitar makes a wonderful device to demonstrate the physics of waves on a stretched string. This is because almost every student has seen a
More informationCarbon Dioxide and an Argon + Nitrogen Mixture. Measurement of C p /C v for Argon, Nitrogen, Stephen Lucas 05/11/10
Carbon Dioxide and an Argon + Nitrogen Mixture Measurement of C p /C v for Argon, Nitrogen, Stephen Lucas 05/11/10 Measurement of C p /C v for Argon, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide and an Argon + Nitrogen Mixture
More informationState Newton's second law of motion for a particle, defining carefully each term used.
5 Question 1. [Marks 20] An unmarked police car P is, travelling at the legal speed limit, v P, on a straight section of highway. At time t = 0, the police car is overtaken by a car C, which is speeding
More informationPhysical Science Study Guide Unit 7 Wave properties and behaviors, electromagnetic spectrum, Doppler Effect
Objectives: PS-7.1 Physical Science Study Guide Unit 7 Wave properties and behaviors, electromagnetic spectrum, Doppler Effect Illustrate ways that the energy of waves is transferred by interaction with
More informationIndiana's Academic Standards 2010 ICP Indiana's Academic Standards 2016 ICP. map) that describe the relationship acceleration, velocity and distance.
.1.1 Measure the motion of objects to understand.1.1 Develop graphical, the relationships among distance, velocity and mathematical, and pictorial acceleration. Develop deeper understanding through representations
More informationIDEAL AND NON-IDEAL GASES
2/2016 ideal gas 1/8 IDEAL AND NON-IDEAL GASES PURPOSE: To measure how the pressure of a low-density gas varies with temperature, to determine the absolute zero of temperature by making a linear fit to
More informationChapter 17: Change of Phase
Chapter 17: Change of Phase Conceptual Physics, 10e (Hewitt) 3) Evaporation is a cooling process and condensation is A) a warming process. B) a cooling process also. C) neither a warming nor cooling process.
More informationPHYSICS EXPERIMENTS (SOUND)
PHYSICS EXPERIMENTS (SOUND) In the matter of physics, the first lessons should contain nothing but what is experimental and interesting to see. A pretty experiment is in itself often more valuable than
More information18 Q0 a speed of 45.0 m/s away from a moving car. If the car is 8 Q0 moving towards the ambulance with a speed of 15.0 m/s, what Q0 frequency does a
First Major T-042 1 A transverse sinusoidal wave is traveling on a string with a 17 speed of 300 m/s. If the wave has a frequency of 100 Hz, what 9 is the phase difference between two particles on the
More information1. The Kinetic Theory of Matter states that all matter is composed of atoms and molecules that are in a constant state of constant random motion
Physical Science Period: Name: ANSWER KEY Date: Practice Test for Unit 3: Ch. 3, and some of 15 and 16: Kinetic Theory of Matter, States of matter, and and thermodynamics, and gas laws. 1. The Kinetic
More informationA. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) = the idea that particles of matter are always in motion and that this motion has consequences.
I. MOLECULES IN MOTION: A. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) = the idea that particles of matter are always in motion and that this motion has consequences. 1) theory developed in the late 19 th century to
More informationChemistry 13: States of Matter
Chemistry 13: States of Matter Name: Period: Date: Chemistry Content Standard: Gases and Their Properties The kinetic molecular theory describes the motion of atoms and molecules and explains the properties
More informationCLASSICAL CONCEPT REVIEW 8
CLASSICAL CONCEPT REVIEW 8 Kinetic Theory Information concerning the initial motions of each of the atoms of macroscopic systems is not accessible, nor do we have the computational capability even with
More informationExperiment 12E LIQUID-VAPOR EQUILIBRIUM OF WATER 1
Experiment 12E LIQUID-VAPOR EQUILIBRIUM OF WATER 1 FV 6/26/13 MATERIALS: PURPOSE: 1000 ml tall-form beaker, 10 ml graduated cylinder, -10 to 110 o C thermometer, thermometer clamp, plastic pipet, long
More informationPhysics 9e/Cutnell. correlated to the. College Board AP Physics 1 Course Objectives
Physics 9e/Cutnell correlated to the College Board AP Physics 1 Course Objectives Big Idea 1: Objects and systems have properties such as mass and charge. Systems may have internal structure. Enduring
More informationSolution Derivations for Capa #13
Solution Derivations for Capa #13 1 Identify the following waves as T-Transverse, or L-Longitudinal. If the first is T and the rets L, enter TLLL. QUESTION: A The WAVE made by fans at sports events. B
More informationEXPERIMENT 13: THE IDEAL GAS LAW AND THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF GASES
Name Section EXPERIMENT 13: THE IDEAL GAS LAW AND THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF GASES PRE-LABORATORY QUESTIONS The following preparatory questions should be answered before coming to lab. They are intended to
More informationWaves: Recording Sound Waves and Sound Wave Interference (Teacher s Guide)
Waves: Recording Sound Waves and Sound Wave Interference (Teacher s Guide) OVERVIEW Students will measure a sound wave by placing the Ward s DataHub microphone near one tuning fork A440 (f=440hz). Then
More informationWaves-Wave Characteristics
1. What is the wavelength of a 256-hertz sound wave in air at STP? 1. 1.17 10 6 m 2. 1.29 m 3. 0.773 m 4. 8.53 10-7 m 2. The graph below represents the relationship between wavelength and frequency of
More informationDoppler Effect Plug-in in Music Production and Engineering
, pp.287-292 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijmue.2014.9.8.26 Doppler Effect Plug-in in Music Production and Engineering Yoemun Yun Department of Applied Music, Chungwoon University San 29, Namjang-ri, Hongseong,
More information4.4 WAVE CHARACTERISTICS 4.5 WAVE PROPERTIES HW/Study Packet
4.4 WAVE CHARACTERISTICS 4.5 WAVE PROPERTIES HW/Study Packet Required: READ Hamper pp 115-134 SL/HL Supplemental: Cutnell and Johnson, pp 473-477, 507-513 Tsokos, pp 216-242 REMEMBER TO. Work through all
More informationEXPERIMENT 15: Ideal Gas Law: Molecular Weight of a Vapor
EXPERIMENT 15: Ideal Gas Law: Molecular Weight of a Vapor Purpose: In this experiment you will use the ideal gas law to calculate the molecular weight of a volatile liquid compound by measuring the mass,
More informationEnergy Transport. Focus on heat transfer. Heat Transfer Mechanisms: Conduction Radiation Convection (mass movement of fluids)
Energy Transport Focus on heat transfer Heat Transfer Mechanisms: Conduction Radiation Convection (mass movement of fluids) Conduction Conduction heat transfer occurs only when there is physical contact
More informationGases. Macroscopic Properties. Petrucci, Harwood and Herring: Chapter 6
Gases Petrucci, Harwood and Herring: Chapter 6 CHEM 1000A 3.0 Gases 1 We will be looking at Macroscopic and Microscopic properties: Macroscopic Properties of bulk gases Observable Pressure, volume, mass,
More informationGiant Slinky: Quantitative Exhibit Activity
Name: Giant Slinky: Quantitative Exhibit Activity Materials: Tape Measure, Stopwatch, & Calculator. In this activity, we will explore wave properties using the Giant Slinky. Let s start by describing the
More information= 1.038 atm. 760 mm Hg. = 0.989 atm. d. 767 torr = 767 mm Hg. = 1.01 atm
Chapter 13 Gases 1. Solids and liquids have essentially fixed volumes and are not able to be compressed easily. Gases have volumes that depend on their conditions, and can be compressed or expanded by
More informationStanding Waves on a String
1 of 6 Standing Waves on a String Summer 2004 Standing Waves on a String If a string is tied between two fixed supports, pulled tightly and sharply plucked at one end, a pulse will travel from one end
More information= 800 kg/m 3 (note that old units cancel out) 4.184 J 1000 g = 4184 J/kg o C
Units and Dimensions Basic properties such as length, mass, time and temperature that can be measured are called dimensions. Any quantity that can be measured has a value and a unit associated with it.
More informationLecture 24 - Surface tension, viscous flow, thermodynamics
Lecture 24 - Surface tension, viscous flow, thermodynamics Surface tension, surface energy The atoms at the surface of a solid or liquid are not happy. Their bonding is less ideal than the bonding of atoms
More informationChapter 15, example problems:
Chapter, example problems: (.0) Ultrasound imaging. (Frequenc > 0,000 Hz) v = 00 m/s. λ 00 m/s /.0 mm =.0 0 6 Hz. (Smaller wave length implies larger frequenc, since their product,
More informationPractical 1: Measure the molar volume of a gas
Practical Student sheet Practical : Wear eye protection. Ensure the delivery tube does not become blocked. Ethanoic acid will sting if it gets into cuts in the skin. Equipment boiling tube stand and clamp
More informationDetermining Equivalent Weight by Copper Electrolysis
Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to determine the equivalent mass of copper based on change in the mass of a copper electrode and the volume of hydrogen gas generated during an electrolysis reaction.
More informationCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
Chapter 20. Traveling Waves You may not realize it, but you are surrounded by waves. The waviness of a water wave is readily apparent, from the ripples on a pond to ocean waves large enough to surf. It
More informationCSUS Department of Chemistry Experiment 8 Chem.1A
EXPERIMENT #8 Name: PRE-LABORATORY ASSIGNMENT: Lab Section 1. The alkali metals are so reactive that they react directly with water in the absence of acid. For example, potassium reacts with water as follows:
More informationLesson 11. Luis Anchordoqui. Physics 168. Tuesday, December 8, 15
Lesson 11 Physics 168 1 Oscillations and Waves 2 Simple harmonic motion If an object vibrates or oscillates back and forth over same path each cycle taking same amount of time motion is called periodic
More informationExperiment 1: SOUND. The equation used to describe a simple sinusoidal function that propagates in space is given by Y = A o sin(k(x v t))
Experiment 1: SOUND Introduction Sound is classified under the topic of mechanical waves. A mechanical wave is a term which refers to a displacement of elements in a medium from their equilibrium state,
More informationphysics 1/12/2016 Chapter 20 Lecture Chapter 20 Traveling Waves
Chapter 20 Lecture physics FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS a strategic approach THIRD EDITION randall d. knight Chapter 20 Traveling Waves Chapter Goal: To learn the basic properties of traveling waves. Slide
More informationAcoustics: the study of sound waves
Acoustics: the study of sound waves Sound is the phenomenon we experience when our ears are excited by vibrations in the gas that surrounds us. As an object vibrates, it sets the surrounding air in motion,
More informationA Determination of g, the Acceleration Due to Gravity, from Newton's Laws of Motion
A Determination of g, the Acceleration Due to Gravity, from Newton's Laws of Motion Objective In the experiment you will determine the cart acceleration, a, and the friction force, f, experimentally for
More informationPhysics Notes Class 11 CHAPTER 2 UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS
1 P a g e Physics Notes Class 11 CHAPTER 2 UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS The comparison of any physical quantity with its standard unit is called measurement. Physical Quantities All the quantities in terms of
More informationSOLUTIONS TO CONCEPTS CHAPTER 15
SOLUTIONS TO CONCEPTS CHAPTER 15 1. v = 40 cm/sec As velocity of a wave is constant location of maximum after 5 sec = 40 5 = 00 cm along negative x-axis. [(x / a) (t / T)]. Given y = Ae a) [A] = [M 0 L
More informationKinetic Theory & Ideal Gas
1 of 6 Thermodynamics Summer 2006 Kinetic Theory & Ideal Gas The study of thermodynamics usually starts with the concepts of temperature and heat, and most people feel that the temperature of an object
More information(1) The size of a gas particle is negligible as compared to the volume of the container in which the gas is placed.
Gas Laws and Kinetic Molecular Theory The Gas Laws are based on experiments, and they describe how a gas behaves under certain conditions. However, Gas Laws do not attempt to explain the behavior of gases.
More informationDispersion diagrams of a water-loaded cylindrical shell obtained from the structural and acoustic responses of the sensor array along the shell
Dispersion diagrams of a water-loaded cylindrical shell obtained from the structural and acoustic responses of the sensor array along the shell B.K. Jung ; J. Ryue ; C.S. Hong 3 ; W.B. Jeong ; K.K. Shin
More informationHEAT UNIT 1.1 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES. 1.1.1 Introduction. 1.1.2 Postulates of Kinetic Theory of Gases
UNIT HEAT. KINETIC THEORY OF GASES.. Introduction Molecules have a diameter of the order of Å and the distance between them in a gas is 0 Å while the interaction distance in solids is very small. R. Clausius
More informationChapter 15 Collision Theory
Chapter 15 Collision Theory 151 Introduction 1 15 Reference Frames Relative and Velocities 1 151 Center of Mass Reference Frame 15 Relative Velocities 3 153 Characterizing Collisions 5 154 One-Dimensional
More information1.4.6-1.4.8 Gas Laws. Heat and Temperature
1.4.6-1.4.8 Gas Laws Heat and Temperature Often the concepts of heat and temperature are thought to be the same, but they are not. Perhaps the reason the two are incorrectly thought to be the same is because
More informationDetermination of Acceleration due to Gravity
Experiment 2 24 Kuwait University Physics 105 Physics Department Determination of Acceleration due to Gravity Introduction In this experiment the acceleration due to gravity (g) is determined using two
More informationPractice Test SHM with Answers
Practice Test SHM with Answers MPC 1) If we double the frequency of a system undergoing simple harmonic motion, which of the following statements about that system are true? (There could be more than one
More informationReview of Chapter 25. Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Review of Chapter 25 Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The time needed for a wave to make one complete cycle is its b. velocity.
More informationMOLES, MOLECULES, FORMULAS. Part I: What Is a Mole And Why Are Chemists Interested in It?
NAME PARTNERS SECTION DATE_ MOLES, MOLECULES, FORMULAS This activity is designed to introduce a convenient unit used by chemists and to illustrate uses of the unit. Part I: What Is a Mole And Why Are Chemists
More informationPhysics 1114: Unit 6 Homework: Answers
Physics 1114: Unit 6 Homework: Answers Problem set 1 1. A rod 4.2 m long and 0.50 cm 2 in cross-sectional area is stretched 0.20 cm under a tension of 12,000 N. a) The stress is the Force (1.2 10 4 N)
More informationAnswer the following questions during or after your study of Wave Properties. 4. How are refraction and the speed of wave in different media related?
Wave Properties Student Worksheet Answer the following questions during or after your study of Wave Properties. 1. A person standing 385 m from a cliff claps her hands loudly, only to hear the sound return
More informationStudy the following diagrams of the States of Matter. Label the names of the Changes of State between the different states.
Describe the strength of attractive forces between particles. Describe the amount of space between particles. Can the particles in this state be compressed? Do the particles in this state have a definite
More informationCambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level
Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level *0123456789* PHYSICS 9702/02 Paper 2 AS Level Structured Questions For Examination from 2016 SPECIMEN
More informationRefractive Index Measurement Principle
Refractive Index Measurement Principle Refractive index measurement principle Introduction Detection of liquid concentrations by optical means was already known in antiquity. The law of refraction was
More informationAtmospheric pressure in low-cost demonstrations and measurements
Atmospheric pressure in low-cost demonstrations and measurements ALEXANDER KAZACHKOV 1, ABRAHAM SALINAS CASTELLANOS 1 Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine. C E C y T Carlos Vallejo Márquez,
More information13- What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the subshell 3d? a) 1 b) 3 c) 5 d) 2
Assignment 06 A 1- What is the energy in joules of an electron undergoing a transition from n = 3 to n = 5 in a Bohr hydrogen atom? a) -3.48 x 10-17 J b) 2.18 x 10-19 J c) 1.55 x 10-19 J d) -2.56 x 10-19
More informationPhysics 101 Hour Exam 3 December 1, 2014
Physics 101 Hour Exam 3 December 1, 2014 Last Name: First Name ID Discussion Section: Discussion TA Name: Instructions Turn off your cell phone and put it away. Calculators cannot be shared. Please keep
More informationThe Mole Notes. There are many ways to or measure things. In Chemistry we also have special ways to count and measure things, one of which is the.
The Mole Notes I. Introduction There are many ways to or measure things. In Chemistry we also have special ways to count and measure things, one of which is the. A. The Mole (mol) Recall that atoms of
More informationHeat. LD Physics Leaflets. Determining the adiabatic exponent c P /c V of various gases using the gas elastic resonance apparatus P2.5.3.
WZ 013-06 Heat Kinetic theory of gases Specific heat of gases LD Physics Leaflets P..3. Determining the adiabatic exponent c P /c V of various gases using the gas elastic resonance apparatus Experiment
More informationStatistical Mechanics, Kinetic Theory Ideal Gas. 8.01t Nov 22, 2004
Statistical Mechanics, Kinetic Theory Ideal Gas 8.01t Nov 22, 2004 Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Old & Fundamental Understanding of Heat (I.e. Steam) Engines Part of Physics Einstein
More informationMelting Point, Boiling Point, and Index of Refraction
Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Index of Refraction Melting points, boiling points, and index of refractions are easily measured physical properties of organic compounds useful in product characterization
More informationMaterials 10-mL graduated cylinder l or 2-L beaker, preferably tall-form Thermometer
VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER Introduction At very low temperatures (temperatures near the freezing point), the rate of evaporation of water (or any liquid) is negligible. But as its temperature increases, more
More informationLaminar and Turbulent flow. Flow Sensors. Reynolds Number. Thermal flow Sensor. Flow and Flow rate. R = Mass Flow controllers
Flow and Flow rate. Laminar and Turbulent flow Laminar flow: smooth, orderly and regular Mechanical sensors have inertia, which can integrate out small variations due to turbulence Turbulent flow: chaotic
More informationDecimals Adding and Subtracting
1 Decimals Adding and Subtracting Decimals are a group of digits, which express numbers or measurements in units, tens, and multiples of 10. The digits for units and multiples of 10 are followed by a decimal
More informationName Date Class STATES OF MATTER. SECTION 13.1 THE NATURE OF GASES (pages 385 389)
13 STATES OF MATTER SECTION 13.1 THE NATURE OF GASES (pages 385 389) This section introduces the kinetic theory and describes how it applies to gases. It defines gas pressure and explains how temperature
More informationEXPERIMENT 13: GAS STOICHIOMETRY
EXPERIMENT 13: GAS STOICHIOMETRY PURPOSE To collect a gas produced in a reaction and compare the volume actually collected to a "target volume". To discover and compensate for assumptions made in the stoichiometric
More informationCHAPTER 12. Gases and the Kinetic-Molecular Theory
CHAPTER 12 Gases and the Kinetic-Molecular Theory 1 Gases vs. Liquids & Solids Gases Weak interactions between molecules Molecules move rapidly Fast diffusion rates Low densities Easy to compress Liquids
More informationKinetic Molecular Theory and Gas Laws
Kinetic Molecular Theory and Gas Laws I. Handout: Unit Notes II. Modeling at the Atomic Scale I. In another unit you learned about the history of the atom and the different models people had of what the
More informationThe Physics of Music: Brass Instruments. James Bernhard
The Physics of Music: Brass Instruments James Bernhard As a first approximation, brass instruments can be modeled as closed cylindrical pipes, where closed means closed at one end, open at the other Here
More informationName: Class: Date: 10. Some substances, when exposed to visible light, absorb more energy as heat than other substances absorb.
Name: Class: Date: ID: A PS Chapter 13 Review Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true. 1. In all cooling
More informationChapter 1: Chemistry: Measurements and Methods
Chapter 1: Chemistry: Measurements and Methods 1.1 The Discovery Process o Chemistry - The study of matter o Matter - Anything that has mass and occupies space, the stuff that things are made of. This
More informationSound and stringed instruments
Sound and stringed instruments Lecture 14: Sound and strings Reminders/Updates: HW 6 due Monday, 10pm. Exam 2, a week today! 1 Sound so far: Sound is a pressure or density fluctuation carried (usually)
More informationPhysics 2521 Laboratory Manual. Edited by: Brian Cudnik & Qwadwo Agyepong
Physics 2521 Laboratory Manual Edited by: Brian Cudnik & Qwadwo Agyepong Spring 2006 1 Table of Contents The following is a list of experiments prepared for Physics 2521. Of this list of fifteen, ten to
More informationChemistry 112 Laboratory Experiment 6: The Reaction of Aluminum and Zinc with Hydrochloric Acid
Chemistry 112 Laboratory Experiment 6: The Reaction of Aluminum and Zinc with Hydrochloric Acid Introduction Many metals react with acids to form hydrogen gas. In this experiment, you will use the reactions
More informationSolved with COMSOL Multiphysics 4.3
Vibrating String Introduction In the following example you compute the natural frequencies of a pre-tensioned string using the 2D Truss interface. This is an example of stress stiffening ; in fact the
More informationIB Chemistry. DP Chemistry Review
DP Chemistry Review Topic 1: Quantitative chemistry 1.1 The mole concept and Avogadro s constant Assessment statement Apply the mole concept to substances. Determine the number of particles and the amount
More information2 MATTER. 2.1 Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
2 MATTER Matter is the material of which the universe is composed. It has two characteristics: It has mass; and It occupies space (i.e., it has a volume). Matter can be found in three generic states: Solid;
More informationEXPERIMENT 3 Analysis of a freely falling body Dependence of speed and position on time Objectives
EXPERIMENT 3 Analysis of a freely falling body Dependence of speed and position on time Objectives to verify how the distance of a freely-falling body varies with time to investigate whether the velocity
More informationSample Questions for the AP Physics 1 Exam
Sample Questions for the AP Physics 1 Exam Sample Questions for the AP Physics 1 Exam Multiple-choice Questions Note: To simplify calculations, you may use g 5 10 m/s 2 in all problems. Directions: Each
More informationFigure 1. A typical Laboratory Thermometer graduated in C.
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES, EXPONENTS, AND SCIENTIFIC NOTATION 2004, 1990 by David A. Katz. All rights reserved. Permission for classroom use as long as the original copyright is included. 1. SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
More informationThe Distance Learning Centre
The Distance Learning Centre STUDENT ASSESSMENT SHEET SUBJECT: Physics UNIT TITLE: Introduction to Physics: Solving Problems in Basic Physics LEVEL: 3 Formative Assessment (Ungraded) CREDITS: 3 How to
More informationEXPERIMENT O-6. Michelson Interferometer. Abstract. References. Pre-Lab
EXPERIMENT O-6 Michelson Interferometer Abstract A Michelson interferometer, constructed by the student, is used to measure the wavelength of He-Ne laser light and the index of refraction of a flat transparent
More informationGases. States of Matter. Molecular Arrangement Solid Small Small Ordered Liquid Unity Unity Local Order Gas High Large Chaotic (random)
Gases States of Matter States of Matter Kinetic E (motion) Potential E(interaction) Distance Between (size) Molecular Arrangement Solid Small Small Ordered Liquid Unity Unity Local Order Gas High Large
More informationWaves - Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
Waves - Transverse and Longitudinal Waves wave may be defined as a periodic disturbance in a medium that carries energy from one point to another. ll waves require a source and a medium of propagation.
More informationTemperature. Number of moles. Constant Terms. Pressure. Answers Additional Questions 12.1
Answers Additional Questions 12.1 1. A gas collected over water has a total pressure equal to the pressure of the dry gas plus the pressure of the water vapor. If the partial pressure of water at 25.0
More informationChapter 28 Fluid Dynamics
Chapter 28 Fluid Dynamics 28.1 Ideal Fluids... 1 28.2 Velocity Vector Field... 1 28.3 Mass Continuity Equation... 3 28.4 Bernoulli s Principle... 4 28.5 Worked Examples: Bernoulli s Equation... 7 Example
More informationCHEMISTRY GAS LAW S WORKSHEET
Boyle s Law Charles Law Guy-Lassac's Law Combined Gas Law For a given mass of gas at constant temperature, the volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure PV = k The volume of a fixed mass of gas is
More information