Minimal Sonority Distance requirements. LING 451/551 Winter 2011

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1 Minimal Sonority Distance requirements LING 451/551 Winter 2011

2 Sanskrit vs. Ancient Greek clusters Word initial, medial onset clusters differ Medial onset clusters not driven by Maximal Onset Principle Sonority Hierarchy for both lgs. glide - liquid nasal fricative - stop Minimum sonority distance requirement

3 Ancient Greek (400 B.C.) 2 types of onset clusters Core onset clusters word-internal or word-initial Marginal onset clusters word-initial only

4 Core onset clusters r l n p pn t tl k kl kn g gr

5 Core onset clusters in Greek Onset Formation σ C x C y where C x is less sonorous than C y (Also Minimum Sonority Distance requirement, below)

6 Marginal onsets m s p t d s sm sp z zd p ps k kt Note: Sonority decrease: [sp], [zd] Sonority plateaus: [kt]

7 Marginal onset clusters created by special adjunction word [ σ C C no sonority requirement

8 Why 2 types of onset clusters 1. Perfect formation /Ce/- (C reduplication) with core onset clusters /kleph/ ke-klopha 'steal' /e/- alone with vowel initial roots /angel/ e-angelka 'announce' [a:ngelka] /e/- with marginal onset clusters /kten/ e-ktona 'kill'

9 Analysis of perfect formation Form core syllables (klo)(pha) k(to)(na) Required of core onsets Sonority increase Minimal sonority distance of two glid liq nas fric glid liq nas fric stop stop kl kt

10 Perfect formation Prefix /e/- to all forms; syllabify e-klopha: (e)(klo)(pha) e-ktona: (ek)(to)(na) Reduplicate stem initial consonant if syllable initial (e)(klo)(pha) (ke)(klo)(pha) (ek)(to)(na Unusual case of P (syllabify) before M (reduplication) our model: M > P

11 2. Stress differentiates core, marginal onsets For medial core onset V 1 in V 1 CCV 2 scans as light : i.e. V 1.CCV (e.g. V.grV) (open syllable) For medial CC with same segments as word-initial marginal onset V 1 in V 1 CCV 2 scans as heavy : i.e. V 1 C.CV 2 (e.g. Vs.mV) (closed syllable, must be accented)

12 Sanskrit onsets Like Greek Core vs. marginal onset clusters Different from Greek Different MSD requirement

13 Sanskrit core onsets Core onset clusters need only be separated by one step of Sonority Hierarchy glide - liquid nasal fricative - stop r m ñ s ʂ s ś p d ʤ k śr dr sm ʤñ ps kʂ Triconsonantal: k

14 Sanskrit marginal onsets Fricative+stop [st, śc] only word-initially, by special adjunction

15 Summary of Greek, Sanskrit Word-internal syllabification obeys Son Hier, Minimum Sonority Distance Requirement 2 steps: Greek 1 step: Sanskrit Word edge syllabification Special adjunction (not subject to Son Hier, MSD requirements)

16 Ancient Greek Data on class web site Mycenean (Linear B) samples: arb.pdf

17 "Determine what decision the [orthographic] system makes to deal with the problem posed by consonant clusters." More generally, what is the mapping between phonology, orthography? Word-final consonants are not written knossos <ko-no-so> deksiwos <de-ki-si-wo> ksenwos <ke-se-nu-wo>

18 The first consonant in certain consonant sequences is not written aleksandra <a-re-ka-sa-da-ra> phasgana <pa-ka-na> phulakphi <pu-ra-pi> knossos <ko-no-so> The consonant sequences which are not represented orthographically consist of nasal+stop s+stop stop+stop s+s clusters with no sonority increase from C 1 to C 2

19 The high vowel [i] is not written in: aiksma <a-ka-sa-ma> If [i] in [aiksma] is really a glide [j], then another C not written is j + stop another cluster with no sonority increase from C 1 to C 2

20 The first consonant in other clusters is written (with copy of following vowel) aleksandra <a-re-ka-sa-da-ra> knossos <ko-no-so> deksiwos <de-ki-si-wo> ksenwos <ke-se-nu-wo> aiksma <a-ka-sa-ma> dosmiya <do-si-mi-ya> These consonant sequences consist of: stop + s stop + nasal stop + s + nasal stop + liquid s + nasal nasal + glide clusters in which sonority increases from C 1 to C 2

21 "Determine what decision the [orthographic] system makes to deal with the problem posed by consonant clusters." In the first type of cluster, not represented orthographically, there is a syllable boundary between the consonants, whereas in the second type of cluster, the consonants are tautosyllabic. Onsets, but not codas, are orthographically represented.

22 "Does this result shed any light on the syllabic structure operative in this dialect of Greek?" Apparently words were syllabified knos.sos de.ksi.wos kse.nwos a.le.ksan.dra phas.ga.na phu.lak.phi ai.ksma do.smi.ya Permitted onset clusters consisted of glide liquid nasal fric glide liquid nasal fric stop nw stop dr kn ks sm

23 Assuming Son Hier glide - liquid nasal fricative - stop Then MSD requirement = 1 in Mycenean 1 step separation: [sm], [ks] 2 step separation: [nw], [kn] 3 step separation: [dr]

24 Assuming that the Attic dialect discussed in section 6.5 is a later descendant of Mycenean, can you say anything about whether Sanskrit or Attic syllabification more closely reflects the system that must have operated in PIE?" Attic (4th c. BC) Mycenean ( BC) kl, tl nw ks, ksm Sanskrit śr gr dr dr sm kʂ, kʂɳ, ps sm kn, pn kn ʤñ

25 Attic (4th c. BC) Mycenean ( BC) Sanskrit MSD = 2 MSD = 1 MSD = 1

26 Simplest historical scenario PIE (MSD=1) Mycenean (MSD=1) Attic (MSD=2) Sanskrit (MSD=1) Attic has innovated by imposing a more stringent requirement on clusters

27 Alternative scenario PIE (MSD=2) Mycenean (MSD=1) Sanskrit (MSD=1) Attic (MSD=2) 3 historical changes required

The sound patterns of language

The sound patterns of language Phonology Chapter 5 Alaa Mohammadi- Fall 2009 1 This lecture There are systematic differences between: What speakers memorize about the sounds of words. The speech sounds