Absolute Monarchs Notes European History

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1 Absolute Monarchs Notes European History A. Absolute Monarchs In Europe a. Several countries in Europe come under the control of absolute monarchs, and Section 1 b. Spain s Empire and European Absolutism i. During a time of religious and economic instability, Philip II rules Spain with a strong hand. B. A Powerful Spanish Empire a. A New Spanish Ruler i. In 1556, Philip II begins ruling Spain and its possessions b. Philip II s Empire i. Philip seizes Portugal in 1580 ii. c. Defender of Catholicism i. ii. Spanish fleet helps defeat Ottomans at Lepanto in 1571 iii. Absolute Monarchs Page 1

2 C. Golden Age of Spanish Art and Literature a. El Greco and Velázquez i. El Greco uses unusual style to convey religious themes ii. Works of Velázquez show Spanish court life b. Don Quixote i. ii. Novel marks birth of modern European novel D. The Spanish Empire Weakens a. Inflation and Taxes i. ii. Taxes on lower class prevents development of middle class b. Making Spain s Enemies Rich i. Spaniards buy goods abroad, making Spain s enemies rich ii. Philip declares bankruptcy three times due to weak economy c. The Dutch Revolt i. Protestants in Netherlands win independence from Spain in 1579 E. The Independent Dutch Prosper a. A Different Society i. b. Dutch Art i. In 1600s, Netherlands becomes center of European art Absolute Monarchs Page 2

3 ii. and are famous Dutch painters c. Dutch Trading Empire i. ii. Dutch have world s largest trading fleet iii. Dutch replace Italians as Europe s bankers F. Absolutism in Europe a. The Theory of Absolutism i. ii. b. Growing Power of Europe s Monarchs i. Decline of, rise of cities help monarchs gain power ii. c. Crises Lead to Absolutism i. The 17th century is period of great upheaval ii. by increasing their own power Section 2 d. The Reign of Louis XIV i. After a century of war and riots, France was ruled by monarch of his time. Absolute Monarchs Page 3

4 G. Religious Wars and Power Struggles a. Henry of Navarre i. Henry ascends to French throne in 1589 and adopts Catholicism ii. Issues a declaration of religious toleration b. Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu i. Louis XIII s minister who rules France ii. iii. Also weakens power of the nobility H. Writers Turn Toward Skepticism a. A New Attitude i. b. Montaigne and Descartes i. Montaigne explores ideas about life s meaning in essays ii. Descartes uses observation and reason to create new philosophy I. Louis XIV Comes to Power a. A New French Ruler i. b. Louis, the Boy King i. Hatred of Mazarin young Louis s minister leads to riots Absolute Monarchs Page 4

5 c. Louis Weakens the Nobles Authority i. Louis takes control in 1661 ii. d. Economic Growth i. Jean Baptiste Colbert finance minister helps economy grow ii. In 1685, Louis cancels Edict of Nantes; Huguenots flee France J. The Sun King s Grand Style a. A Life of Luxury i. Louis lives very well, with every meal a feast b. Louis Controls the Nobility i. ii. Builds magnificent palace at Versailles c. Patronage of the Arts i. Versailles is a center of arts during reign of Louis XIV ii. K. Louis Fights Disastrous Wars a. Attempts to Expand France s Boundaries i. Louis fights wars in 1660s, 1670s to expand France ii. In 1680s, many countries unite against him in League of Augsburg iii. Absolute Monarchs Page 5

6 b. War of the Spanish Succession i. War of the Spanish Succession begins in 1701 ii. Attempts to prevent union of the French and Spanish thrones iii. Ends in 1714; France and Spain lose some possessions c. Louis s Death and Legacy i. Louis dies leaving mixed legacy ii. iii. Section 3 d. Central European Monarchs Clash i. After a period of turmoil, absolute monarchs rule Austria and the Germanic state of Prussia. L. The Thirty Years War a. Rising Tension i. b. Bohemian Protestants Revolt i. In 1618, Protestants revolt against Catholic Hapsburg rulers ii. c. Hapsburg Triumphs i. From 1618 to 1630, Hapsburg armies have many victories ii. Troops plunder many German villages Absolute Monarchs Page 6

7 d. Hapsburg Defeats i. e. Peace of Westphalia i. War ruins German economy, greatly decreases population ii. (1648) ends war iii. Treaty weakens Hapsburgs, strengthens France iv. f. Beginning of Modern States i. Treaty recognizes Europe as group of independent states M. States Form in Central Europe a. Economic Contrasts with the West i. b. Several Weak Empires i. Landowning nobles in central Europe block growth of kings power ii. Ottoman and Holy Roman empires are also weak c. Austria Grows Stronger i. Hapsburgs in Austria take more lands, rule large empire d. Maria Theresa Inherits the Austrian Throne i. becomes empress of Austria, faces years of war Absolute Monarchs Page 7

8 N. Prussia Challenges Austria a. The Rise of Prussia i. ii. Call themselves kings and become absolute monarchs iii. Nobles resist royal power, but king buys loyalty b. Frederick the Great i. becomes king of Prussia ii. Enforces father s military policies but softens some of his laws c. War of the Austrian Succession i. In 1740, Frederick starts war against Austria to gain Silesia ii. Maria Theresa resists Prussian power but loses Silesia in treaty iii. d. The Seven Years War i. ii. In 1756, Frederick attacks Saxony, launching Seven Years War iii. Section 4 e. Absolute Rulers of Russia i. Absolute Monarchs Page 8

9 O. The First Czar a. Ivan the Terrible i. In 1533, Ivan the Terrible becomes king of Russia ii. Struggles for power with landowning nobles iii. b. Rule by Terror i. In 1560, Ivan turns against boyars, kills them, seizes lands c. Rise of the Romanovs i. Ivan s heir is weak, leading to period of turmoil ii. In 1613, Michael Romanov becomes czar P. Peter the Great Comes to Power a. The Rise of Peter i. b. Russia Contrasts with Europe i. Land of boyars and serfs ii. Cut off geographically from Europe iii. iv. Religious differences widen gap c. Peter Visits the West i. In 1697, Peter visits western Europe to learn European ways Absolute Monarchs Page 9

10 Q. Peter Rules Absolutely a. Peter s Goal i. b. Peter s Reforms i. Brings Orthodox Church under state control ii. Reduces power of great landowners iii. c. Westernizing Russia i. Introduces ii. Starts Russia s first newspaper iii. Raises women s status iv. Adopts Western fashion v. Advances d. Establishing St. Petersburg i. ii. Fights Sweden to win port on Baltic Sea iii. In 1703, begins building new capital called iv. Building city takes many years; many serfs die in process v. Section 5 e. Parliament Limits the English Monarchy i. Absolute rulers in England are, and gains power. Absolute Monarchs Page 10

11 R. Monarchs Defy Parliament a. James s Problems i. of Scotland becomes king of England in 1603 ii. Struggles with Parliament over money, Church reform b. Charles I Fights Parliament i. James s son, Charles I, becomes king in 1625 ii. Also fights with Parliament over money iii. iv. Petition, but he ignores it S. English Civil War a. War Topples a King i. In 1641, Parliament passes laws to limit king s power ii. iii. In 1644, becomes general on Puritan side iv. After Puritans win, Charles faces trial and execution in 1649 b. Cromwell s Rule i. ii. Becomes military dictator iii. Suppresses rebellion in Ireland c. Puritan Morality i. Absolute Monarchs Page 11

12 T. Restoration and Revolution a. Cromwell s End i. After Cromwell dies in 1658, government collapses ii. b. Charles II Reigns i. ii. law requiring king to charge prisoner with crime c. James II and the Glorious Revolution i. Charles s Catholic brother James becomes king in 1685 ii. U. Limits on Monarch s Power a. A New Type of Monarchy i. Protestants become rulers of England ii. b. Bill of Rights i. In 1689, ii. Sets limits on royal power c. Cabinet System Develops i. ii. Ministers link majority party in Parliament with monarch Absolute Monarchs Page 12

The failure of the Spanish Armada in 1588 permanently crippled the Spanish navy.

The failure of the Spanish Armada in 1588 permanently crippled the Spanish navy. AP European History Mr. Mercado Name Chapter 15B Politics, Religion, and War (Note: only do the sections Politics, Religion, and War ; Changing Attitudes ; and Literature and Art ) A. True or False Where