Lecture 34 Chapter 29 Wave Properties of Light (Beyond Refraction)
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1 Lecture 34 Chapter 29 Wave Properties of Light (Beyond Refraction) 18-Nov-10 Light Wavefronts and Rays Circular wavefronts (could be electric field wave crests) Rays - show direction of wave motion.
2 Plane Waves Plane waves have wavefronts that are planes (in 3 dimensions) or straight lines (in 2 dimensions). The wavefronts are all parallel. Wavefronts far from a small source look like plane waves Huygens Principle Throw a rock in a quiet pool, and waves appear along the surface of the water. Huygens proposed that the wavefronts of waves spreading out from a point source can be regarded as the overlapped crests of tiny secondary waves. Wavefronts can be seen as made up of smaller wavefronts this is the basis of Huygens principle.
3 Huygens Principle Every point of a wavefront may be considered the source of secondary wavelets that spread out in all directions with a speed equal to the speed of propagation of the waves. Huygens Principle & Diffraction A line of small particles striking a barrier with an opening in it would cast a sharp shadow. Plane waves striking the same barrier would cast a fuzzy shadow -- wavefronts would spread into shadow regions Each point on the wavefront in the opening is a new source of spherical (circular) wavefronts As the width of the opening narrows, the spreading of waves into the shadow region becomes more pronounced.
4 Diffraction Diffraction Bending of waves by means other than reflection and refraction Property of all kinds of waves: sound, light,... Seen around edges of many shadows Diffraction Waves diffract after passing through a narrow opening. Plane waves passing through openings of various sizes. The smaller the opening, the greater the bending of the waves at the edges.
5 Diffraction Amount of diffraction depends on wavelength of the wave compared to the size of the obstruction that casts the shadow. Diffraction effects are greater for longer wavelengths. Diffraction a. Light casts a sharp shadow with some fuzziness at its edges when the opening is large compared with the wavelength of the light. b. When the opening is very narrow, diffraction is more apparent and the shadow is fuzzier.
6 Diffraction Effects of diffraction Puts limitations on focusing images in optical instruments object about the same size as wavelength of light, diffraction blurs object smaller than wavelength of light, no image Example: Use of blue light in Blue-Ray disks allows smaller tracks and more information storage than red light used in standard DVDs Better radio reception in shadows of buildings with long radio waves (AM) For dolphins and medical imaging, use of shorter wavelengths gives finer detail ultrasound Superposition and Interference Superposition of waves Waves in phase Waves out of phase Waves partly in phase, partly out of phase
7 Superposition and Interference Interference patterns of overlapping waves from two vibrating sources Superposition and Interference Interference pattern Caused by interference between a pair of waves
8 Superposition and Interference Interference pattern (continued) Constructive interference produces bright region where waves reinforce each other (waves arriving in phase). Destructive interference produces dark region where waves cancel each other (waves arriving half a wavelength out of phase). Superposition and Interference Interference Experiment Detail of Interference Pattern
9 Interference of Light CHECK YOURSELF The phenomenon of interference occurs for A. sound waves. B. light waves. C. Both A and B. D. Neither A nor B. Interference of Light CHECK YOUR ANSWER The phenomenon of interference occurs for A. sound waves. B. light waves. C. Both A and B. D. Neither A nor B. Explanation: Interference is a property that characterizes waves in general.
10 Superposition and Interference Single-color thin-film interference Reflection from the upper and lower surfaces of a wedge of air between two glass plates Superposition and Interference Interference colors by reflection from thin films. The thin film of gasoline is just the right thickness to result in the destructive interference of blue light.
11 Superposition and Interference CHECK YOURSELF If the thin film of gasoline was a bit thinner, the wavelength to be canceled would be A. shorter than that of blue. B. longer than that of blue. C. white. D. None of the above. Superposition and Interference CHECK YOUR ANSWER If the thin film of gasoline was a bit thinner, the wavelength to be canceled would be A. shorter than that of blue. B. longer than that of blue. C. white. D. None of the above.
12 If blue light were canceled from white light by the double reflection of sunlight from gasoline on a wet surface, the resulting color would likely be A. red. B. yellow C. green D. violet. Superposition and Interference CHECK YOURSELF If violet light were canceled by the double reflection of sunlight from gasoline on a wet surface, the resulting color would likely be A. red. B. yellow. C. green. D. violet. Superposition and Interference CHECK YOUR ANSWER Explanation: Yellow is the complementary color of blue.
13 Superposition and Interference CHECK YOURSELF If you see the color blue reflected in the interference from gasoline on water, and you lower your head so a greater angle from the normal results, you ll likely see a color having a wavelength A. shorter than that of blue. B. longer than that of blue. C. with a white appearance. D. None of the above. Superposition and Interference CHECK YOUR ANSWER If you see the color blue reflected in the interference from gasoline on water, and you lower your head so a greater angle from the normal results, you ll likely see a color having a wavelength A. shorter than that of blue. B. longer than that of blue. C. with a white appearance. D. None of the above. Explanation: The path through the gasoline would be longer, and a longer wavelength would be canceled. The result of a long wave being canceled is a shorter wave.
14 Superposition and Interference Interference colors Note the colors in the bubble are subtractive primaries magentas, yellows, and cyans. Diffraction Grating Diffraction grating - device for producing sharp optical interference patterns Composed of a large number of close, equally spaced slits or lines Good at dispersing white light into component colors Can see effect by viewing light reflected from DVD
15 Polarization of EM Waves Direction of Electric field determines polarization Polarization Direction Polarization Direction Unpolarized EM Waves Random polarization, or unpolarized light - many waves with different electric field directions Light from thermal sources (incandescent light bulb, candle, sun) and fluorescent light is unpolarized.
16 E has constant direction Vertical polarization E r Linear Polarization Produced by Reflection at certain angles Laser Unpolarized radiation through polarizing filter E r Horizontal polarization Polarization with Polarizing Filter Pass unpolarized wave through polarizing filter (Material having transmission axis & absorption axis) absorption axis E 1 E 1 passes through; E 2 absorbed E 2 transmission axis
17 If unpolarized EM wave strikes filter, transmitted wave is polarized: For light, use molecular wires -- Polaroid Two Polarizers Combined Amount of light passing through depends on relative alignment of transmission axes
18 Combination of Two Polarizers Polarization by Reflection Polaroid sunglasses with vertical transmission axis reduce glare from reflected light
19 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) LCD display with polaroid
20 Polarization CHECK YOURSELF Polarization occurs for waves that are A. transverse B. longitudinal. C. Both A and B. D. Neither A nor B. Polarization CHECK YOUR ANSWER Polarization occurs for waves that are A. transverse. B. longitudinal. C. Both A and B. D. Neither A nor B.
21 Polarization & 3-Dim Viewing Vision in three dimensions depends primarily on the fact that both eyes give their impressions simultaneously (or nearly so), each eye viewing the scene from a slightly different angle. Polarization & 3-Dim Viewing If you place the Polaroids in front of the projectors so that they are at right angles to each other, and you view the polarized image with polarized glasses of the same orientation, each eye will see the proper view, as with the stereoscopic viewer.
22 Key Points of Lecture 34 Huygens Principle Diffraction Superposition and Interference Polarization Before Friday, read Hewitt Chap. 29 (first half). Homework #24 due by 11:00 PM Monday Nov. 29
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