BENZENE ANNUAL

Transcription

1 i BENZENE ANNUAL Table of Contents Page Number Table of Contents... i Introduction...13 Commercial Yields - Benzene to Derivatives...14 Benzene Specifications...15 Olefins Feedstocks & Yields...16 Technology...20 World Summary...43 World Top Ten Producing/Consuming Nations Major World Exporting/Importing Nations United States Energy Prices...46 United States Gasoline Demand...49 Benzene Producing/Consuming Capacity Increases...50 Global Supply/Demand Outlook...51 Actual World Supply/Demand Forecast World Supply/Demand World/Regional Benzene Production World/Regional Benzene Consumption Historical Supply/Demand Capacity by Nation to Produce & Consume Supply Demand by Country North America...65 Capacities/Actual Supply/Demand Forecast Supply/Demand Historical Supply/Demand Canada...71 Mexico...75 United States Benzene Production/Consumption...80 Annualized Price History Benzene Supply/Demand...82 Derivatives Production and Trade...87 Top Dozen Producers/Consumers...90 Capacities/Actual Supply/Demand Historical Supply/Demand (-000- Gallons) Historical Supply/Demand (-000- Tons) Forecast Supply/Demand

2 ii Page Number Supply Demand by Country - Continued North America United States - Continued 2012 Benzene Import/Export Statistics (Metric Tons) Styrene Import/Export Statistics (Metric Tons) Capacities (Millions of Gallons) Capacities (Thousand Metric Tons) South America Summary Capacities/Actual Supply/Demand Forecast Supply/Demand Historical Supply/Demand Argentina Brazil Colombia Venezuela Western Europe Summary Top Ten Producers/Consumers Capacities/Actual Supply/Demand Historical Supply/Demand Forecast Supply/Demand Belgium Finland France Germany Italy The Netherlands Portugal Spain Switzerland United Kingdom Central and Eastern Europe Summary Benzene Markets Region Capacities/Actual Supply/Demand Region Forecast Supply/Demand Region Historical Supply/Demand

3 iii Page Number Supply Demand by Country - Continued Middle East and Africa Summary Capacities/Actual Supply/Demand Forecast Supply/Demand Historical Supply/Demand Algeria Egypt Iran Iraq Israel Kuwait Nigeria Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia South Africa Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Asia and the Pacific Summary Top 10 Producers/Consumers Historical Supply/Demand Capacities/Actual Supply/Demand Forecast Supply/Demand Australia China Historical Supply/Demand Capacities/Actual Supply/Demand India Historical Supply/Demand Capacities/Actual Supply/Demand Indonesia Japan Historical Supply/Demand Capacities/Actual Supply/Demand Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Singapore...376

4 iv Page Number Supply Demand by Country - Continued Asia and the Pacific - Continued South Korea Historical Supply/Demand Capacities/Actual Supply/Demand Taiwan Historical Supply/Demand Capacities/Actual Supply/Demand Thailand Regional Benzene Capacity Tables Regional Benzene Derivatives Capacity Tables Styrene Ethylbenzene Cumene Cyclohexane Aniline Alkylbenzene Maleic Anhydride Chlorobenzene Other...476

5 INTRODUCTION

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7 13 INTRODUCTION As longer-term planning remains most critical to the continued good health of the industry, the Benzene Annual has been prepared with the main objective of providing you with a more useful and valuable tool to better aid in your long term planning efforts. This ANNUAL shows capacities as best identified out to The Supply- Demand forecasts again show for five years consolidated on a regional basis and for the world. The national spreadsheet showing individual company productionconsumption capacities for 2012 are shown following each national write-up. Our Technology section on methods of benzene production different types of extraction and toluene conversion, with process flow diagrams and a discussion of their economic drivers and margins in 2012 and The section also provides a comprehensive flow chart of benzene s major derivatives. The BENZENE ANNUAL Service warrants that we will provide our best analysis and make our best effort to tie together and integrate all of the relative, and sometimes conflicting, pieces of information into the type of service that is of maximum benefit to our clients and to the benzene & derivatives industry. The data provided is believed to be reliable, but because it is often revised by the sources providing the information, no guarantees are made as to the absolute accuracy of the information. The BENZENE ANNUAL represents only one portion of this Service. Although it contains a wealth of information and data, it is only the tip of the iceberg as far as regards benzene information. Underlying the knowledge it contains is the BENZENE & DERIVATIVES NEWSLETTER. This weekly summary of market prices and changing conditions in the world markets is compiled based on extensive conversations and personal visits with professionals involved in all facets of the industry. The analysis that emerges from the Newsletter information helps form an effective foundation for the ANNUAL, and the other pertinent information you receive along with this SERVICE. As the market prices have become more volatile, offers a premium benzene daily price reporting service as well, which covers daily market transactions for Europe, Asia and the US. It is important to use this ANNUAL in the right way. In it we have presented our forecasts of capacity, supply and demand, and what we believe to be the most probable future scenarios derived from this information and analysis. We believe that clients should use this data in the same way we at do. That is, to use it as high probability base case data whose sensitivity to alternative assumptions has to regularly be tested. Fresh market information is being generated constantly and a definitive study can quickly be rendered out of date. In our view, it is by subjecting a base case scenario to various supply and demand sensitivities that clarity is brought to many issues. As in prior years we thank our clients for their suggestions and input. We are particularly grateful for all suggestions as we strive to make this study as valuable as possible to you.

8 14 On the Regional supply/demand summaries, we include in the balance only net benzene imports and/or exports as external to the region. The World summary takes all imports and exports out of supply/demand, as they should be, to show production and consumption. Benzene trade is then shown separately as "External Trade". Aside from a few instances where we use millions or billions of US gallons for benzene and pounds for derivatives, we have used the metric ton throughout the ANNUAL as it is the unit accepted in the majority of countries. For conversion purposes for benzene at pounds (Avoir) per US gallon, we have used US gallons and 2,204.6 pounds to the metric ton. Anyone wishing to convert metric tons to US gallons simply has to multiply by to arrive at a very close approximation. Slight quantity variances may be noticed in the Annual that are caused by rounding off numbers or by the differences between gallons, barrels and metric tons. Capacities are generally shown as nameplate and, as a rule, we consider 330 days as nameplate capacity for a production year, with the balance being required for turnaround, maintenance, etc. While yields often vary from unit to unit depending on age, catalyst, technology or other factors, the following are generally accepted as reliable. Commercial Yields of Benzene to Derivatives Gals. Feed/ Tons Feed/ Product Lb. Product Ton Product Alkylbenzene (Hard) Alkylbenzene (Soft) Aniline Nitrobenzene Cumene Phenol (1.4 X cumene) Ethylbenzene Styrene Cyclohexane Maleic Anhydride

9 15 BENZENE SPECIFICATIONS Standard specification for ASTM D Refined Benzene-535 Appearance Clear Specific Gravity, 15.56/15.56 o C Color (Pt-Co) 20 Max Distillation Range, o C 1.0 Max including 80.1 o C Solidification Pt, o C 5.35 Min (Anhydrous Basis) Acid wash color 1 Max Acidity None detected H 2 S, SO 2 None detected Thiophene, wt. PPM 1 Max Copper Corrosion Passes Non-aromatics, wt. % 0.15 Max * The purity of this benzene is wt. % * In the manufacture of cyclohexane and aniline, the respective specifications on toluene and sulfur are critical and generally set tighter. A revised specification with tighter restrictions on selected impurities has been adopted by ASTM and revised as D Refined Benzene 545. Product meeting this spec is requested quite generally by many as quality becomes more important, in all end-uses, with the differences to Refined Benzene 535 shown here. Benzene Purity, wt. % Sulfur, wt. PPM 1 Max Thiophene, wt. PPM 0.6 Max Toluene, wt. % 0.05 Max Non-aromatics, wt. % 0.10 Max Bromine Index 20 Max Solidification Pt, o C 5.45 Min (Anhydrous Basis) Shipping Information Proper Shipping Name: Benzene Hazard Class: Flammable Liquid Dot Identification # UN 1114 EPA Reportable Quantity: RQ (1000 Lbs.) As one of the major sources of benzene production is from steam cracking where the choice of feedstocks has a significant effect upon the operation of the steam cracker, it is most difficult to forecast production from this source. Generally the heavier the feed, the greater are the volumes of benzene and other co-products produced as shown in the following table.

10 16 OLEFINS FEEDSTOCKS AND YIELDS (Per Ton of Ethylene) FEEDSTOCK COPRODUCTS Tons of Feed Per Contained Contained Tons of Ethylene Propylene Butadiene Butylene Benzene Ethane Low Severity Med. Severity High Severity Propane Low Severity Med. Severity High Severity n-butane Low Severity Med. Severity High Severity Light Paraffinic Naphtha Low Severity Med. Severity High Severity Full Range Naphtha Low Severity Med. Severity High Severity Raffinate Low Severity Med. Severity High Severity Atmospheric Gas Oil Low Severity Med. Severity High Severity Vacuum Gas Oil Low Severity Med. Severity High Severity

11 17 ARGUS DEWITT SERVICES serves its clients by assisting in developing solutions and opportunities to manage their day-to-day and longer term problems in the areas of marketing and planning. The company is composed of a group of consultants with direct industry experience, each of whom spends his or her full time analyzing the market for a specific product and its major derivatives. As an additional aid to the clients, each consultant writes a periodic newsletter which covers market trends and current product prices; makes product price forecasts; and compiles an annual report containing plant capacities, supply, demand, imports and exports. The following product areas are served by : Benzene & Derivatives; Toluene, Xylenes & Isomers PET Resin & Fiber; Fuels & Octane Report; Ethylene; Propylene; C4s; Polymers; Methanol & Derivatives and Hydrocarbon Rosin Resins. OTHER ARGUS DEWITT SERVICES ECONOMICS SERVICE - PETROCHEMICALS (ESP) - ESP provides manufacturing costs and analysis of producing olefins, aromatics and their derivatives on a global basis. World regions covered include North America, Western Europe and the Far/Middle East. The cost models are available in hard copy and software spreadsheet formats. DAILY PRICING SERVICES provides daily price reporting service for benzene and toluene/xylenes pricing in Europe, Asia and North America. SINGLE CLIENT STUDIES - Our staff is available to perform any economic, technological, or marketing studies a client may require. In fact, this is a growing and important part of our service and covers most petrochemical and related products. This ANNUAL represents only one portion of the Benzene Service. This, and all we do, is intended to serve as an extension of your business arm. As we are constantly looking to improve our Services, we are always open to any suggestions you feel would contribute to the Service and promise to remain willing to change for the better.