Genetics Quiz Review

Transcription

1 Name: Genetics Quiz Review 1. Selective breeding is a technique that is used to A) give all organisms a chance to reproduce B) produce organisms from extinct species C) produce offspring with certain desirable traits D) keep farm crops free of all mutations 2. Some farmers currently grow genetically engineered crops. What would be an argument against the use of this technology? A) it increases crop production B) it produces insect-resistant plants C) its long-term effects on humans are still being investigated D) it always results in crops that do not taste good 3. One variety of strawberry is resistant to a damaging fungus, but produces small fruit. Another strawberry variety produces large fruit, but is not resistant to the same fungus. The two desirable qualities may be combined in a new variety of strawberry plant by A) cloning B) asexual reproduction C) direct harvesting D) selective breeding 4. The diagram below represents one technique used in biotechnology. The organic compound used to cut the bacterial DNA so that the human DNA could be inserted is a A) molecular base B) carbohydrate C) specific enzyme D) hormone

2 5. Electrophoresis is a method of A) separating DNA fragments B) changing the genetic code of an organism C) indicating the presence of starch D) separating colored compounds on a strip of paper 6. Which process could be used by breeders to develop tomatoes with a longer shelf life and to develop cows with increased milk production? A) natural selection B) sporulation C) genetic engineering D) vacination 7. Modem technology could be used to clone pet dogs and cats. The cloned animals would resemble the original pets because A) the genes of the new animals are different from those of the original pets B) half of the genetic information of the new animals is the same as that of the original pets C) the new animals have mutations not found in the original pets D) the new animals have the same genetic information as the original pets 8. A technique used to produce new plants is represented in the diagram below. 9. Base your answer to the following question on Steps in a reproductive process used to produce a sheep with certain traits are listed below. Step 1 The nucleus was removed from an unfertilized egg taken from sheep A. Step 2 The nucleus of a body cell taken from sheep B was then inserted into this unfertilized egg from sheep A. Step 3 The resulting cell was then implanted into the uterus of sheep C. Step 4 Sheep C gave birth to sheep D. Which sheep would be most genetically similar to sheep D? A) sheep A, only B) sheep B, only C) both sheep A and B D) both sheep A and C Which statement is best supported by the information in the diagram? A) The one leaf cell removed formed a zygote that developed into a new plant by mitotic cell division. B) This procedure is used to produce new tomato plants that are clones of the original tomato plant. C) The cell taken from the leaf produced eight cells, each having one-half of the genetic information of the original leaf cell. D) The new tomato plant will not be able to reproduce sexually because it was produced by mitotic cell division.

3 Base your answers to questions 10 through 13 on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. DNA samples were collected from four children. The diagram below represents the results of a procedure that separated the DNA in each sample. 10. State one way information obtained from this procedure can be used. 11. The DNA is most similar in which two children? Support your answer. 12. Band X represents the A) largest fragment of DNA that traveled the fastest B) smallest fragment of DNA that traveled the fastest C) largest fragment of DNA that traveled the slowest D) smallest fragment of DNA that traveled the slowest 13. Identify the procedure used to obtain these results. Base your answers to questions 14 and 15 on the diagram below, which illustrates some steps in genetic engineering and on your knowledge of biology. 14. State one way that enzymes are used in step 2.

4 15. What is the result of step 3? A) a new type of molecular base is formed B) different types of minerals are joined together C) DNA from the bacterial cell is cloned D) DNA from different organisms is joined together 16. Scientists have successfully cloned sheep and cattle for several years. A farmer is considering the advantages and disadvantages of having a flock of sheep cloned from a single individual. Discuss the issues the farmer should take into account before making a decision. Your response should include: how a cloned flock would be different from a noncloned flock one advantage of having a cloned flock one disadvantage of having a cloned flock one reason that the farmer could not mate these cloned sheep with each other to increase the size of his flock one reason that the offspring resulting from breeding these sheep with an unrelated sheep would not all be the same 17. Base your answer to the following question on Arrange the following structures from largest to smallest. a chromosome a nucleus a gene Base your answers to questions 18 through 21 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Chickens as Drug Factories Scientists in Scotland have successfully produced five generations of chickens that lay eggs containing certain protein-based drugs. The scientists changed the DNA of the chickens so that two drugs, one used to treat skin cancer and the other used to treat multiple sclerosis, were present in the egg whites. Cows, sheep, and goats have already been altered to produce protein-based drugs in their milk. Chickens are considered good "drug factories" because they are inexpensive to care for, they grow fast, and their chicks inherit the special drug-producing ability. Explain why scientists altered the DNA of the chickens instead of altering a protein already present in the chickens. In your answer, be sure to: 18. State one reason why some people might not support this method of drug production 19. State one advantage of using chickens for this procedure 20. State one reason why the scientists altered the DNA of the chickens instead of altering a protein already present in the chickens

5 21. Identify the technique used to alter the DNA Base your answers to questions 22 through 24 on the passage below and on your knowledge of biology. In Search of a Low-Allergy Peanut Many people are allergic to substances in the environment. Of the many foods that contain allergens (allergy-inducing substances), peanuts cause some of the most severe reactions. Mildly allergic people may only get hives. Highly allergic people can go into a form of shock. Some people die each year from reactions to peanuts. A group of scientists is attempting to produce peanuts that lack the allergy-inducing proteins by using traditional selective breeding methods. They are searching for varieties of peanuts that are free of the allergens. By crossing those varieties with popular commercial types, they hope to produce peanuts that will be less likely to cause allergic reactions and still taste good. So far, they have found one variety that has 80 percent less of one of three complex proteins linked to allergic reactions. Removing all three of these allergens may be impossible, but even removing one could help. Other researchers are attempting to alter the genes that code for the three major allergens in peanuts. All of this research is seen as a possible long-term solution to peanut allergies. 22. Explain how selective breeding is being used to try to produce commercial peanuts that will not cause allergic reactions in people. 23. How does altering the DNA of a peanut affect the proteins in peanuts that cause allergic reactions? A) The altered DNA is used to synthesize changed forms of these proteins. B) The altered DNA leaves the nucleus and becomes part of the allergy-producing protein. C) The altered DNA is the code for the antibodies against the allergens. D) The altered DNA is used as an enzyme to break down the allergens in peanuts. 24. Allergic reactions usually occur when the immune system produces A) antibiotics against usually harmless antigens B) antigens against usually harmless antibodies C) antibodies against usually harmless antigens D) enzymes against usually harmless antibodies

6 Answer Key genetics review 1. C 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. B 9. B 10. to determine paternity/maternity or help solve a crime or identify an accident victim or diagnose disorders 11. B and D are the most similar because they have the most bands in common. 12. B 13. electrophoresis or gel electrophoresis or DNA fingerprinting 14. Examples: Enzymes are used to cut the DNA. to cut the genetic material 15. D 16. (essay) 17. nucleus, chromosome, gene 18. We don't know the long-term effects of these drugs on the chickens. Some people think products from genetically modified organisms could be harmful. People with egg allergies might not be able to use these drugs. 19. They grow fast. They need less room than bigger animals. Chickens are less expensive. Baby chicks inherit the drug-producing ability. 20. DNA carries the code for making the proteins. DNA can replicate and the code will be passed on to offspring. Proteins cannot be used to pass on traits. so the chicks will inherit the drug-producing ability 21. genetic engineering genetic manipulation gene splicing forming recombinant DNA 22. Responses include, but are not limited to: Varieties of peanuts that are low in the allergens will be crossed with commercial types; Varieties of peanuts that are free of the allergens will be crossed with commercial types; A variety of peanut that has 80% less of one of the allergens will be crossed with commercial types. 23. A 24. C

7 Answer Key genetics review 16. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: There would be no variation. All would be identical genetic copies, unlike noncloned herds, where much genetic diversity would be present. All sheep would be the same. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: All sheep would have one or more desired traits (that the original individual possessed). Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Since all are the same, the entire flock could be lost if a disease to which they have no resistance were to infect them. The sheep may have a genetic flaw. shorter life span They would all be the same sex, so they could not mate with each other. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Both parents contribute genes to the offspring. Different gene combinations will result.